Acc. to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography, "Ernst Fetterlein was in the Tzarist Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1896, and solved German, Austrian and British codes. He was eventually made chief cryptographer. ... 1917 he fled to Britain, and was recruited to Room 40 in June 1918 to work on Austrian, Bolshevik, and Georgian codes. The Russians used an overly complicated version of the Vigenere Cipher... The French Army employed Georges Painvin, and Etienne Bazeries..., on German ciphers...".

"General Bonch-Bruyevich was close to leading generals who, in 1917, were instrumental in engineering the abdication of the Tsar. Certainly influenced by his Bolshevik brother, he contributed much to the poor military planning. Some of the spies who operated around the Minister of War (who himself may have been maneuvered by the Germans) later participated in revolutionizing and, in a concealed fashion, in the German operation with Lenin. ...

Some of the salient events are described by W. K. Korostowetz, Lenin im Hause der ... (Berlin: Kulturpolitik, 1928), esp. Chapters VII and VIII: and Mikhail D. Bonch-Bruyevich, Petrograd, Erinnerungen eines Generals (Berlin: Verlag des Ministeriums fur nationale Verteidigung, 1959), Ch. 5-9.
W. K. Korostowetz / Korostowiec / Korostowetz was an official of the Petrograd Foreign Office and specialized in communications intelligence. He was related to many high-ranking officials and aristocrats, and his information is, on the whole, dependable.

General Bonch-Bruyevich, brother of Lenin's comrade, had many counter-intelligence assignments. A liberal during the war, he later joined the Bolsheviks and became something like the premier soldier of the Red army. The information by the two authors is largely corroborative".

The Korostovetz family:
Alexandra K. Sluchevskaya, was the youngest daughter of the poet K. K. Sluchevsky / Konstanty Slichevski. She was born in St. Petersburg in 1890.
Her mother was Agnes F. Snetkova. Agnes F. did not belong to the nobility. 1896 to 1903 in St. Petersburg, first at the Nikolayev street, 7 then on the Fontanka, 127; Alexandra Konstantinovna Sluchevskaya after the death of her elder brother Constantine, in 1913, married Vladimir Konstantinovich Korostovets, its close relative; Vladimir K. Sluchevsky graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University; Vladimir Konstantinovich Sluchevsky was hired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and served under P. N. Milyukov. Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, father of the writer Vladimir Nabokov (К. Д. Набоков next of kin with В. В. Набоков), was on friendly terms with Konstantin Konstantinovich Slichevski / Sluchevsky. Vladimir Konstantinovich and Konstantin Konstantinovich Slichevski / Sluchevsky and V. D. Nabokov were members of the Law Society at St. Petersburg University. Brother of Vladimir Dmitrievich - Konstantin Dmitrievich Nabokov served in the Foreign Ministry with nephew of K. K. Sluchevsky - I. Ya. Korostovets / Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862-1933), Russian prominent diplomat, scholar, author of books on the history of China; The Pfalz-Fein family, was in close kinship with the family Nabokov. Korostovetz Konstantin b. 1857 died 1912, his brother Lieutenant General Ishmael V. Korostovetz / Ismail Vladimirovich Korostovetz (Tallinn, where the last Governor-General before the revolution was Ishmael V. Korostovetz). Education: Page Corps 1877, captain Guard 1885, Major-General 1904; lieutenant general 1912. Nicholas Sluchevsky (1882-1920), Power Engineer / energy engineering profession, son of the poet K. K. SLUCHEVSKY; Nicholas was born in a noble family Kapitonovna Olga nee Longinov and Konstantin Konstantinovich (1837-1904) Sluchevsky; Nicholas's mother came from a wealthy family; father was a famous poet. 1911 he was married. Korostovetz Ivan Yakovlevich (1862-1933). Korostovets Michael, Vadim and Natalia. Korostovetz Lidia, landowner, she decided to go to the Cheka, and a few days later was shot; Along with her was shot her son, Anthony K. Korostovetz, 24-25 years old, just graduated from university. Ancestry Sluchevsky with family Korostovetz three times were affinity for the last century. Kirill K. Korostovetz married Valentina Fyodorovna Buhmeyer; Valya Elizabeth Skuling - Korostovetz living in England; Rall family was very friendly with family Korostovetz as Catherine Rall studied with Lydia Alexandrovna Sluchevskaya, niece of the poet, in Switzerland. CYRIL Korostovetz KONSTANTINOVICH / Korostovetz Kirill Konstantinovich b. 1885 Petersburg, d. 1961; of the nobility, participated in Russian - Japanese war. In 1915 he was sent to England, where oversaw the construction of the first five icebreakers for Russia after 1917, to Russia has not returned; died in London.

Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862-1933), Russian diplomat, from the Poltava province; A graduate of the Imperial Alexander Lyceum in 1884; the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 1890 in Beijing, 1894 in Rio de Janeiro, 1896 Lisbon; 1899 Port Arthur, 1900 Tianjin, 1913 Korostovetz was appointed ambassador to Persia, 1915 - June 1917 he was a member of the Board of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Emigrated to Finland. Lived in exile in Berlin. From marriage to Alexandra V. Gordanov, had children: Olga, Flavia and Vadim.
Ismail Vladimirovich Korostovets / Ishmael Vladimirovich Korostovetz / Измаил Владимирович b. 1863 died 1933 in Poznan (the Gernet family, too); General and Senator, Governor of Estland, graduated from the Corps of Pages 1884, Lieutenant-General in 1915, as vice - governor of Courland 1903-1905 and governor of Estonia 1907-1915; 1915 he was appointed a senator for the Department of Heraldry, he emigrated to Poland, lived in Poznan. Brother of above Ishmael: Korostovetz Konstantin / Коростовец Константин Владимирович b. 1857, died after 1912. Education: Page Corps 1877, captain Guard 1885, Major-General 1904; lieutenant general 1912.
Ludmila Korostovetz (1794 - 1883), married to the famous traveler,

Admiral P. I. Rikord, Petro Rikord / Pyotr Rikord b. 1776, Russian admiral, explorer, scientist, diplomat, writer, shipbuilder, from Toropets in the Pskov province, now Tver region, his father:

Johann Ignatievitch Ricord / Johan =
Jean-Baptiste Ignatievich Rikord, from Nice / Nicea,
after in Poland,
in 1772 major in the Russian service. 1843 P. I. Rikord was promoted to admiral, 1850 appointed chairman of Marine Scientific Committee, an honorary member of the Imperial Moscow University, the State Department of the Admiralty.

Jean François Ricord
was appointed judge of the revolutionary court of criminal department and he was elected to the District Court of Nice; Jean François Ricord (1760-1818) was a French advocate of d'Aix / Aix and in Grasse; and was elected deputy of the Var to the National Convention in 1792; close to Robespierre, he was sent as a representative mission in Toulon; 1794 he was commissioner of the Convention with Augustin Robespierre to the army of Italy. 1794 requisitioned for oil for the city of Genoa; Jean François Ricord arrived in Nice to install a Robespierre's system; May 1795 the Thermidorian period begins. In 1815 during the Hundred Days of Napoleon appointed him as Commissioner General of Police to Bayonne; died 1818 at Paris or Belgium. In Cannes born RICORD Françoise Marie in 1811. In Grasse was RICORD Louis in 1776.
In Nice Ignatius Ricord 1734-1736.

Probably Ignatius Ricord born ca 1710 / 1715 and maybe he was a father to Jean-Baptiste Ignatievich Rikord, from Nice / Nicea (b. ca 1745 / 1750), who was after in Poland, Russia and USA.
From this family we know about:
John Ricord / Jean Baptiste Ricord-Madianna II, b. 1813 in New Jersey, died in Paris in 1861; was a lawyer and world traveler. His father, Jean Baptiste Ricord de Madianna, was a physician and naturalist who had escaped the French Revolution with his parents.
Brother of above named John Ricord:
Frederick William Ricord, a judge and Mayor of Newark, New Jersey.
Philippe Ricord (1800 in Baltimore - 1889) was a French physician. His father had escaped the French Revolution in 1790 from Marseille (to Poland and Russia, next in USA); Philippe Ricord back to Paris in 1820.
He was the brother of mentioned above Jean Baptiste Ricord / Jean Baptiste Ricord de Madianna (1777–1837) who was a physician and naturalist in America. Jean Baptiste's son (Phillipe's nephew) took the name John Ricord, traveled through the Republic of Texas, Oregon Territory, the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the California. Jean Alfred Fournier, student of Ricord, was actually his son-in-law?
Probably Admiral P. I. Rikord, Petro Rikord / Pyotr Rikord b. 1776, Russian admiral, explorer, scientist, diplomat, writer, shipbuilder, was brother of above mentioned Jean Baptiste Ricord / Jean Baptiste Ricord de Madianna (1777–1837) who was a physician and naturalist in America, and brother of Philippe Ricord b. 1800 in Baltimore.
This Russian Admiral was living in Toropets / Toropiec, in the Pskov province, now Tver region.
His father was Johann Ignatievitch Ricord / Johan = Jean-Baptiste Ignatievich Rikord, from Nice / Nicea (b. ca 1745 / 1750), who escaped the French Revolution in 1790 from Marseille to Poland, and in 1772 was major in the Russian service; next in USA.

RICORD Boniface, born in 1722.
RICORD Marianne, who died in 1760.
RICORD Ignace, born in 1782.
Above named Johann Ignatievitch Ricord / Johan = Jean-Baptiste Ignatievich Rikord, from Nice / Nicea, next in Poland and Russia.

Next Ignace Ricord was born November 4, 1782. Parents Jean RICORD and Marguerite MOUTTET.

Marie Madeleine RICORD, from GUAVA. Guava / Goyav, a French commune, located in the department of Guadeloupe. We know on RICORD Philippe (1800-1889) and John Ricord (1711-1733).

By Andy Drummond: Xenia Loginov /
Ksenia Ivanovna Loginova, was born 1807 on Kamtchatka.
Ksenia was brought up in Petropavlovsk in 1817, in the household of the Governor of Kamtchatka, Pyotr Ivanovich Rikord (1776-1855), and his young wife Ludmila Ivanovna Korostovez (1794-1883). She married
John Cochrane in 1822 in Irkutsk
(Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone and his brother the Admiral Alexander Cochrane in the West Indies; servant of Prince Alexander Labanov in Russia; Charles Stuart Cochrane b. 1796, son of Alexander Cochrane, career in the Royal Navy, 1823 in Gran Colombia, the firm of Rundell, Bridge & Rundell, for exploitation of the pearl fisheries in Gran Colombia; 1830 in France; next in Glasgow);
after the death of John Cochrane in 1825, Ksenia Cochrane remained in Great Britain to London to John's Cochrane sister Eliza until 1827; next in Petersburg in 1827; here
she met the famous Arctic explorer, Pyotr Anjou (b.1796 / 1797), and married him in St Petersburg; Ksenia Anjou had six children: Ludmila, Pyotr Anjou a naval man, Fedor, Ivan, Aleksandra, and Elisaveta in St Petersburg and Oranienbaum.
Pyotr Anjou / Pyotr Fyodorovich Anjou / Пётр Фёдорович Анжу, was an Arctic explorer and an admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy.
Pyotr Anjou / Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou b. 1796 or 1797
in Vyshny Volochyok, near Tver

(see:
A.
Leonti V. Dubbelt / von Dubelt was owner of the factory Kuvshinovo, Tver region; he enjoyed high confidence and patronage of the king. Von Dubelt, Leonti Vasilyevich / Leonti Wassiljewitsch Dubelt (b. 1792 died 1862), born into a family of Vasily Ivanovich Dubbelt by his wife - Mary Grigorievna Shperter vel Medina Celli, Princess; his brother Peter, Colonel. Von Dubelt is the German noble family from Livonia since the beginning of the 18th century. Ivan Dubbelt entered the Russian service. His sons, Vasily and Mikhail Dubbelt. Above Leonti V. Dubbelt married Anna Nikolaevna Persian nee Mordvinov in 1818. In marriage, had two sons: Nicholas / Nikolai (1819-1874) and Michail / Michael (1822-1900). Michael Leontievich was Lieutenant-General (1897). Dubbelt / Dubelt Michael or Michail Leontievich who was born February 8, 1822 in Kiev, Russian cavalry Major General, he was commandant of the Tiflis Alexandropol / Aleksandrapol fortress 1887-1890. His first wife Nataly / Natalia Puszkin / Natalja Aleksandrovna Pushkin since 1853, born May 23 / 4 Jun 1836 in St. Petersburg, was the daughter of Alexander Pushkin, poet. This son - M. Dubelt in 1860, lost above named Kuvshinovo factory in gambler to hands of Peter Troubetzkoy Nikitich b. 1826 died 1880, the leader of the provincial nobility.
B. Now about the Pushkin family tree: Interesting reading from the book 'BEFORE THE STORM' by Carl, Baron Wrangell-Rokassovsky, dedicate this story to his mother BARONESS VERA ROKASSOWSKY / Wiera Rokossowska: "...on the wall of the Kolpino gallery was a portrait of Joseph Juriewicz/ Jozef Jurewicz, a direct descendant of a Lithuanian princely family. Their appanage was the Orsha district in the province of Mogilev. ... He came into possession of Kolpino after his marriage to Anna Deszpot-Zienowicz, my great-grandmother. His principal estates were Kraszuty (Wielkie-Kraszuty / Krashuty, a village in the Mikolajewska area, a district of Polock, goverment of Witebsk / Vicebsk; Soltan, 1853-1905, engineer from Lodz, the Congress Poland, owner of Kraszuty, married to Amelia Maria Weyssenhoff; this estate located north-east of Polock / Polatsk, close to present border of Belarus and Russia; Savino 3.6 km north east) and Porzecze, and in Kolpino he was only a visitor. ...At the time of his marriage to Lady Joanna, he had informed his brothers and his sister, Anna von Wrangell, who was seventeen years younger than he, that he had decided to give up in their favor his share in the landed estates of his father's family. The estates were in Belorussia, and after the death of his parents, Stanislaw Juriewicz, as the oldest brother, divided these properties among his brothers. His brother, Michal Juriewicz, received Kraszuty, a large estate covered by a dense forest, known to contain bears, moose, and other big game. His brother Jan received two estates, Franopol and Porzecze. Franciszek, another brother, lived in St. Petersburg, where he occupied an important position in a government department. ... My grandmother, Anna von Wrangell received three estates: Kolpino, Reblio, and Zabelja. The estate Kolpino had belonged to her mother, Zienowicz / Despoth / Deszpot - Zienowicz. Originally, this estate had belonged to the Princes Oginski; Polonia Oginska / Apolonia Oginski was the maternal grandmother of Anna von Wrangell. The title to the estate Porzecze was left in the name of Stanislaw Juriewicz ... The only son of Stanislaw Juriewicz, Mieczyslaw, was a student at St. Petersburg University. ... By that time, Czar Peter the Great was dead, and on the throne of Russia was his widow, Empress Catherine I. The young Hannibal joined an artillery company with the rank of Lieutenant. However, in 1727, this young Lieutennat got into a dispute with the all-powerful Field- Marshal Prince Alexander Danilovitch Menshikoff, a favorite of the late Tsar / Czar, who, during the short reign of his widow, was the actual ruler of Russia. As a result of this dispute, the Field-Marshal banished the poor Negro to Siberia...".
C. Carl Wrangell-Rokassovsky / Karol Wrangel - Rokossowski calls his book "History of the life of my father." But in reality, it tells the story of his family from 1787 to 1913. ...the family estate Kolpino - what was then Sebezhsky county. Until 1924 the county was part of the Vitebsk province. Now Kolpino Pustoshka is in the district of the Pskov region... Wrangel, more precisely, the two branches of this kind. The first branch - the family Gyubentalya von Wrangel, the second - the family Wrangel, who lived in Pskov. ..."Stanislav Karlovic Frangel von Gyubental", Lutheran, who owns an estate in Kolpino, Soinskoy parish. Alexander Pushkin back in 1824 from Odessa to Mikhailovsky, was in Kolpino, close to present city Pustoshka. In those years it was owned by Ignatius Despot-Zenovich, a member of the Masonic Lodge in St. Petersburg. In the second half of the XIX century, owner of the Kolpino estate was Stanislav Wrangell (1844-1913) - son of the famous physician Carl Philipp von Wrangel Gyubentalya (1786-1858). Carl Wrangel was married twice. From his first wife Constance, he had two sons. After the death of Constance in 1832, he married Anna Yurevich. In 1844 they had a son Stanislav, the future judge and the owner of the estate in Kolpino. Anna Jurevich had three estates in Vitebsk - Kolpino, Reblino and Zabel. Kolpino belonged to her mother, nee Despot-Zenovich. Originally, the estate was owned by the Duchess of Polonia Oginska. The first owners of the estate were the descendants of Rurik, the princes Oginski / Ahinskis. Princess Polonia Oginskaja married Joseph Deshpo-Zenovich, and their daughter married Joseph Jurevicha (Jurewicz - Polish princes). Stanislav Yurevich, with whom the poet Pushkin met in Mogilev, accounted Ignatius Despot Zenovich nephew owner of the estate. Apolonia Oginska has twice married to Jerzy Szemet and Michal Despot Zienowicz.

D.
KONSTANTINOVICH Lev, son of Lev / Lew Konstantynowicz, was born in 1900 in Toropets / Toropiec; in 1918 / 1919 a student of a secondary school in Pskov. During the occupation of 'white' was mobilized and after during their retreat, came to Poland. At the beginning of 1922 return to Soviet Russia and arrived in Pskov; May 22nd was arrested and in November, 1922 again re-arrested, 16 March 1923 - sentenced to 2 years in a concentration camp and sent to Petrograd. In March 1923 his mother Olga Chelishchev - Konstantinovich wrote to the chairman of the Central Executive Committee Mikhail Kalinin. Ольга Васильевна Константинович / Olga Vasilievna Konstantinovich was living in Pskov, str Kalinin, No 15/11, Apt. 1. Olga Chelishchev - Konstantinovich / Olga Tchelischev daughter of Vasilij Chelishchev and she was married to Lew Konstantynowicz - b. ca 1865 / 1875. Olga b. ca 1875, her son Lew Lwowicz Konstantynowicz born 1900. Above named Vasilij Chelishchev was born ca 1840 / 1850. Lew Konstantynowicz - b. ca 1865 / 1875, was next of kin with Aleksander and Konstantyn / Konstantin Konstantynowicz from Riga.
E. Olga's Konstantynowicz relatives:
1. Mikhail P. Rehbinder, he studied at the St. Petersburg School of Jurisprudence and worked at the Law Faculty of the University; he lived in an estate Lyadno in the Novgorod province; he was trying to create together with peasants agricultural co-operative in his estate in the Novgorod province; he left his family and went to the USA in 1909; his wife Victoria Konstantynowicz / Константинович, daughter of Ivan / Jan Konstantynowicz; her son Alexander died d. 1906. Lyadno / Liadno / Лядно - a village in central part of the Porkhov / Порхов / Порховск / Porchovsk district in the Pskov oblast; close to Туготинская волость / Tugotinskaya volost - around 50 / 55 km east - south - east of Pskov / Pskow.
2. Weimar Orest E., b. 1845 died 1885, prominent physician in St. Petersburg, the owner of orthopedic clinics; populist, organized the escape of Kropotkin from prison in 1876 acc. to 'Notes of a revolutionary' by Kropotkin; he was arrested in 1879 and sentenced to 15 years in prison; it was the Russian-Turkish war period and this prison shortened to 10 years; he died in prison at Kara; his wife Victoria Konstantynowicz daughter of Jan / Ivan Konstantinovich / Konstantynowicz - she was b. 1846 and died in 1899 / 1900.
3.
Константинович / Konstantynowicz / Konstantinowicz / Konstantinovich Anna Petrovna was a daughter of Brigadier-General Piotr H. Konstantinovich / Konstantynowicz / Константинович (b. ca 1785) and was the second wife of Ivan Vasilyevich Vernadsky. Anna Petrovna, nee Konstantinovich / Konstantynowicz / Константинович born 1837 - died 1898. H. Konstantinovich that is Христофорович, son of Christofor / Hristofor Konstantinovich that is Krzysztof Konstantynowicz (here was error: Henryk, Gawrila, Havrila) born 1741.
F.
Tver Oblast, Kuvshinovo, close to Puzakovo; ca 120 km west of Tver. Zhurnollo L. A. (Dziurnollo?), engineer and commerce adviser, factory director and board member of the Society of electromechanical installations 'Dyuflon, Konstantynowicz and Co.', a board member of the Society of Tver city railway.
G.
Arthur Eugene Leonard Frauchi / Artour Khristianovitch Frautschi / Arthur Hristianovich Artuzov Frautschi / Artur Khristyanovich Artuzov b. 1891, Tver region. Family of Christian Frautschi, came from Switzerland to Russia in 1881 and settled in the estate of Popov landowner, Apashkovo, Tver province, where his older brother Paul / Peter Frautschi, arrived in this region 1879, next in Yurino estate, manor Zhdanov, Mikhailovsky, Putjatino, the village Davydkovo / Davydovo, 17 km north-west of Kashin, and north-east of Tver. Cheesemaker was working in the estate Mykolaivka, and Christian Frautschi married Augusta Didrikil, Didrikil family was of mixed origin, the Latvian and Estonian, her grandfather was a Scot; after the wedding, the young family settled in the estate at Kashin County, Tver province. Leonti V. Dubbelt / von Dubelt was owner of the factory Kuvshinovo, Tver region.

Apashkovo, Tver province / Paszkowo / Pashkovo 1, by Kiesma small river; in the Тверская oblast, in the Весьегонский count: Пашково, close to Staroje Shilkovo, Kuliberovo, Vanievo, Kiesma, Danilkovo; south of Viesiegonsk; east of Sandovo. The Тверская oblast, area of Молоково, Пашково 2, close to Kostromino, Cholm / Holm; south-west of Kiesma; north of Krasnyj Cholm; north-east of Tver.
The Frautshi / Frauchi family was living in a village Davydkovo / Davydovo, 17 km north-west of Kashin, and north-east of Tver; east of Wyshnij Volotshek; ca 85 km south of Krasnyj Cholm.

H.
Admiral P. I. Rikord / Petro Rikord / Pyotr Rikord b. 1776 in Toropets in the Pskov province, now Tver region.
I.
Pyotr Anjou / Pyotr Fyodorovich Anjou / Пётр Фёдорович Анжу, was an Arctic explorer and an admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. Pyotr Anjou / Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou b. 1796 or 1797 in Vyshny Volochyok, near Tver.
Vyshny Volochyok / Вышний Волочёк, close to Borkovo, ca 80 km north of Torzok; 85 km north-east of Kuvshinovo; 140 km north-west of Tver. 1773 to 1782, Count Sivers Jakov / Яков Ефимович Сиверс acted here, was Tver and Pskov governor; next Jozef Korycki / Осип Иванович Корицкий in 1824/1828).

Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou Young - his grandfather, a Protestant, fleeing religious persecution settled in Moscow and served as a watchmaker profession. Anjou's grandfather was a Frenchman who entered the service of Russia in the middle of the 18th century. His son, Fyodor Andreyevich Anjou (1758-1824) was as a doctor and took Russian citizenship. Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou Young was noticed by Sorokin, professor of mathematics in college, that he had a passion for the sea and distant travel. Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou made his entry into the Naval Cadet Corps in 1808; he met Count Ferdinand von Wrangel, after graduation, the young men were assigned to the port of Revel in Estonia. In 1812, Pyotr Fyodorovich Anjou was promoted midshipman, in 1815, a naval officer. In 1816, in a squadron under the command of Anton Vasilyevich Moller, went to Kronstadt, next in Cadiz. Two years later, they took part in the expedition to the land of Yakuts.

By Людмила ВЛАСОВА, Борис Худяков and Georges Cyrille C. in 2011 - 2013:
The Anjou first arrived to Moscow in 1740 as a master watchmaker at the request of Catherine the Great. This is
Adrien-Jean d'Anjou from noble French family, might come from Germany or
Switzerland because they spoke German and was Protestant.
They received Russian citizenship and were sailors, admirals and commanders of the ship and the name D'Anjou was given to new islands of Siberie. All Protestant archives burned in Moscow during Napoleon's entry into this city. Xenia Anjou, is the great-granddaughter of the famous Admiral Peter Fedorovich Anjou, discoverer, Arctic explorer. Вышний Волочек / Vishny Volochek - is a home of the most famous of Russian Anjou. Fedor Anjou / Федор Анжу was a naval doctor; Anjou, Peter F. - Admiral; his son Peter Anjou / Анжу sailed on the frigate Pallada, his grandson was the captain of the first rank and the commander of the squadron, who brought the king of France to
sign a treaty between France and Russia in 1909. But the first of Anjou in the 1750s was a watchmaker.
In Russia, his watches were very much needed. In general, all the sailors. They are French, of course, by origin, but may have come from Germany, as spoke German and were Protestants. I am thinking from Switzerland. Maybe come from Anjou - a former county, with Angers of western France; traditional name was Andegavia, and left France when Catholics slaughtered Protestants; from France to Switzerland, and next to Russia? The Anjou family built in Moscow a house, between 1740 and 1750; 1759 there was a mansion. Admiral
Peter Fedorovich Anjou, was the great friend of Wrangell. Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou born 1796 / 1797. Baron Ferdinand Friedrich Georg Ludwig von Wrangel / Фердина́нд Петро́вич Вра́нгель / Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel b. 1796 / 1797 in Pskov, died in Dorpat in Estonia; was a Baltic German explorer; graduated from the Naval Cadets College in 1815; took part in Vasily Golovnin's world cruise in 1817–1819. A governor of the Russian settlements in Alaska. Piotr Fyodorovich Anjou made his entry into the Naval Cadet Corps in 1808; he met Count Ferdinand von Wrangel, after graduation, the young men were assigned to the port of Revel in Estonia.

Ksenia Ivanovna Loginova was daughter of Ivan Loginov, was adopted by Captain Rikord.

Count Beniowski / Moritz Benyovsky, the Polish adventurer, b. 1741, was exiled to Kamchatka in 1770; escaped on the island of Okinawa, and then Formosa, to Macao, sailed across the Indian Ocean, at Mauritius, and then Madagascar, rounding the Cape, Paris - all above database
copyright by http://www.andydrummond.net/Novgorod.

John Dandes Cochrane / John Dundas Cochrane / Cochran, British explorer, Captain of the Royal Navy, b. 1780 - d. 08/12/1825.
In 1820 journey across Siberia, which went to Kamchatka and back; from Ekaterinburg he went to Tobolsk and Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and to the Chinese border, Zmeinogorsk, Kolivan and Barnaul and Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, to Yakutsk, then Verkhoyansk, and Lower Kolyma and the Upper Kolyma and Oymekon to Okhotsk, crossed to Kamchatka to Petropavlovsk; a year in Kamchatka, he moved to Okhotsk, to Yakutsk and the Lena up in Irkutsk, Nercinsk and Tsuruhaytu on the Chinese border, Kiakhta, Irkutsk (John Dundas Cochrane / John Cochrane was in 1822 in Irkutsk or 1823), Tomsk, Omsk, Tobolsk, the Urals. John Cochran, at journey from St. Petersburg across Siberia to Kamchatka, married in 1822 to the Siberian girl and returned to England and published an interesting book about his journey in Philadelphia (1824) and Edinburgh (1824), Weimar, 1825, Jena, 1825, Vienna, 1826.

Kotchoubey suspected him of being a spy, in a letter to Speranskii in 1872;

Cochran is called "the British fleet service captain" and 'Englishman Cochran took foot journey across Siberia'; and returned to England, acc. to "Complete Poems", Khvostova, 1829, p. 219. Death of John Cochrane in 1825, Ksenia Cochrane remained in Great Britain in London with John's Cochrane sister Eliza until 1827; next in Petersburg in 1827.

Note: James Holman met Captain Rikord in the city of Kazan.
Captain John Dundas Cochrane, d. 1825, was a Scottish naval officer,
son of Scottish adventurer Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone; he was a

cousin of Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, and nephew of Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane.

"Cochrane married Ksenia Ivanovna Loginova (1807-1870) in 1822; she was an adoptive daughter of Admiral Pyotr Rikord, the Russian governor of Kamchatka. As a widow, she married Pyotr Anjou, an Arctic explorer and Russian admiral", by Wikipedia. John Dundas Cochrane died in 1825 in Valencia, Colombia. Above mentioned

Andrew James Cochrane-Johnstone b. 1767, a Scottish soldier, politician and adventurer; was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. The youngest son of Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald b. 1691, from Jane Stuart b. 1722; 1793 he married Georgiana Hope-Johnstone, a daughter of James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun;

had one daughter. 1797 was promoted to Colonel and then made Governor of Dominica; next he had married Amelia Constance Gertrude Etienette, a widow and the only child of a French governor of Guadeloupe, in 1803. Above named

Thomas Cochrane, 8th Earl of Dundonald b. 1691, a Scottish nobleman, army officer and politician.

Thomas was born in 1691, the seventh son of William Cochrane of Ochiltree, and Lady Mary Bruce, eldest daughter of Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine, by Wikipedia.

Vladimir Konstantinovic Korostowec / W. K. von Korostowetz, Polnische Auferstehung; Publisher: Berlin, Verl. f. Kulturpolitik, 1929. Vladimir K. Korostovetz b. ca 1880 ?

(V. K. Korostovtsev, a former official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at the Ministry he did not enjoy the sympathy, until 1930 he lived in Berlin

(in Poland 1919);

then met with an Englishman Mound Gregory, a wealthy man who was interested in politics; Mound Gregory was a Catholic and a monarchist; invited Korostovtsev to England to write anti-Soviet themes and generously funded its publication; Korostovetz published in London monthly review 'Whitehall Gazette and St. James Review'; since 1930 Korostovetz started a violent propaganda in England; he hated Russian more than the Bolsheviks),

his wife Alexandra K. Sluchevskaya b. 1890 - her father

Sluchevsky Konstantin (1837 - 1904), Russian poet, writer, translator;

his son Nicholas and his sister Olga; Konstantin Sluchevsky was born in St. Petersburg, 1837. Descended from the nobility of the Chernigov province, son of Constantin Afanasevich Slichevski 2nd / Sluczewski b. 1793, Colonel, St. Petersburg police chief, Constantine Afanasevich 2nd began his military career with the rank of captain at the age of 19 years, participated in the war with Napoleon. Constantine, originally followed his father, was educated in the First Cadet Corps, 1855 after graduating stood in Gatchina, and will later be transferred to Tsarskoye Selo; Several years studying in Paris, Berlin and Heidelberg, where in 1865 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; a member of the Board of the General Administration of Press. In 1870, Konstantin married Olga nee Longinov 1849-1921, who came from a wealthy family; died on September 25, 1904.
Александра Константиновна Случевская has unknown mother; but her father was Константин Константинович Случевский b. 1837 - 1904, father's ex-wife Ольга Капитоновна Лонгинова. Husband of above Alexandra Konstantinovna Sluchevsky that is Vladimir K. Korostovetz / Владимир Константинович Коростовец (born ca 1880?), from unknown father!

Maybe his father: Korostovetz Konstantin Vladimirovich b. 1857 died after May 1912 (his brother Lieutenant General Ishmael V. Korostovetz / Ismail Vladimirovich Korostovetz, in Tallinn, where he was the last Governor-General before the revolution). Education: Page Corps 1877, captain Guard 1885, Major-General 1904; lieutenant general 1912.

"...Another significant mistake of the Germans was to be excessively systematic in sending daily routine official reports to naval units and even to individual ships by radio. For example, a detailed radio message sent by the Germans in the first hour of each day with the new reencryption key contained about 10% of the information needed to decrypt it. Often within 30 minutes - almost always within 90 minutes - either the Russians or the British had the new key worked out and then passed it on to the other. Even in 1916, when the German Navy introduced a new codebook with new words and phrases, the later edition kept the same alphabetical order as the replaced version, which allowed the Russians to interpolate unknown locations with those already known. The ultimate success of this cryptanalytic operation can be attributed, on the Russian side, to the efforts of Captain Rengarten, Fetterlein-Popov, and the cryptanalysts of Shpitkhami / Shpitgamn. ... Following on these early efforts, it was decided that a more systematic effort at cryptanalysis was needed. Therefore it was decided to concentrate the cryptanalytic effort in the Baltic at the Shpitkhami / Shpitgamn radio intercept station. For this purpose, six officers who know the German language well and had experience in cipher work were selected. At the head of this operation the Naval General Staff placed ... E. Fetterlein".
Ernst Fetterlein was from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and he assigned to the 'Black Cabinet', as the Shpitkhami / Shpitgamn cryptanalytic group was known; here was a group of the naval officers: captain Nepenin and cpt. Rengarten. The main task was still discovering the daily key which served to reencrypt the German code, and British Navy Headquarters also worked closely with the Russian Naval Headquarters in this efforts. All material published by the Russians was sent to the British, that within an hour of intreduction of the new FEK into operation by the Germans, the Russian or British side would report it immediately to their counterparts.
All above acc. to: Cryptolog. April 1984, NSA, 2012 declassified.

Adrian / Andrian Nepenin Ivanovich, b. on October 21, 1871 in The Great Luke / Wielkie Luki and died on March 4, 1917 in Helsinki / Helsingfors; he was Vice - Admiral, the last commander of the Imperial Baltic Fleet; the founder of naval intelligence and communications; in service since 1889. He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1892. Captain 1st rank - 1911 and since 1911, the Chief of Staff of communication for the Baltic Sea Fleet; 1911 - 1914 the chief of the communications service of the Naval Commander of the Baltic Sea headquarters. Rear Admiral on December 23, 1913 (30 July 1915). Founder on July 17, 1914 and the first chief (A. I. Nepenin as chief of the Baltic Sea Fleet Communications and Intelligence Service) of the Baltic Sea communications, organized for the Baltic Fleet aviation exploration and effective service of decoding of German radio messages. When A. I. Nepenin, on July 13, 1914 was appointed chief of defense of the sea fortress of Emperor Peter the Great , captain 2 rank M. P. Davydov, by order of August 18, was ordered to start execution responsibilities of the Chief of communications.
On August 6, 1916 - Vice-Admiral and Commander of the Baltic Fleet. During the February Revolution in Helsingfors, Vice Admiral A. N. Nepenin joined the revolution happening, recognizing the power of the State Duma. Nepenin arrested Finnish Governor-General Franz Albert Zane / Zein. On March 2, Nepenin supported Nicholas II abdicated the throne. On March 4, 1917 was issued order number 302: "...On behalf of the new Government and the Free Great Russian officers once again urge for calm and unity with the team and strictly prohibited the shedding of blood, ... Russia needs a victorious war against a foreign enemy". On March 4, 1917 Nepenin was killed in Helsingfors port by unknown persons. After him was Andrew S. Maximov b. 1866 d. 1951, Russian Vice - Admiral, 1915-1917 he was head of the mine defense of the Baltic Sea, after the February Revolution of March 4, 1917 elected to the sailors of the Baltic Fleet as commander - in this post was to June 2, 1917; September 1917 - Chief of Naval Staff of the Supreme Commander, after the October Revolution as a senior inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic in 1918. And it is important to note that the radio issues were not organizationally united under a single leadership in Russian Navy until 1917: were in charge of different heads, shipboard radio was headed by mine specialists and a navy coastal radio stations were part of the Communication Services of fleet, headed by the Chief of Communications; these positions in the Baltic Fleet occupied Senior Lieutenant Ivan Rengarten and captain Adrian I. Nepenin: I. Rengarten was recognized in the Navy authority on radio, both in the technical and tactical aspects of the use of radio communication in the Navy; Nepenin, had no special training in radio matters; between Rengarten and Nepenin existed oral agreement. In the winter of 1911-1912 the headquarters of the Baltic Fleet was organized the shore stations involving ships wintering in Libau. In June 1912 the flagship radiotelegraph officer Rengarten put forward the idea of the special reconnaissance campaign in areas of combat training of the German fleet to gather information about the organization of radio and radio specifications of the German ships. The flagship radiotelegraph senior lieutenant A. M. Shchastny wrote in a report on the radiotelegraph of Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea for 1911. To solve this problem was chosen cruiser 'Hercules', and was developed a wide-range reconnaissance receiver on this ship. In Kilkonde, a signals intelligence missions have begun to tackle on September 8, 1914, in Gange, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, and on November 12 - the third - the lighthouse top at Dagerort / Dago. Were later installed in Windau, in Hapsal / Haapsalu and elsewhere of Baltic coast.

Acc. to I. I. Rengarten we read on a number of important additional information about the activities of Russian radio intelligence service in fall of 1914. Thus, in early October 1914 at the headquarters of the fleet were found approaches to disclosure of existing German ciphers, and in the second half of November 1914, fully decrypted code 'gamma - alpha', introduced on October 7, 1914, that led to a successful reading of the German fleet ciphers, and were read so well many previously adopted radiograms. The Baltic Fleet initiated the establishment of a special coastal radio station that would resolve problems of intelligence signals, with support and guidance of the Naval General Staff. In February 1915, the Minister of Marine decided to organize the Southern District of the Baltic Sea stations, with three officers (chief radio, 2 assistants) and 50 privates. In the spring of 1915 this station was organized on the southern coast of the Gulf near Cape Shpitgamn. Order of the Commander of the fleet number 308 of March 19, 1915, appointed as chief, Lieutenant P. A. Kolokoltsov. Later, in July 1915, P. A. Kolokoltsov replaced V. P. Przhilentsky / Przylencki, who served in the office until 1917; during February - April 1915 on the radio were appointed Lieutenant D. P. Izmalkov, V. I. Markov, O. O. Proffit and I. M. Yamchenko. According to experts in the field of radio intelligence, the radio station has successfully solved all the tasks assigned to it. It should be noted that in the decryption Bureau, with naval experts also participated representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In July 1915, were appointed Y. Pavlovich / Павлович and Б. Орлов / B. Orlov. And in early 1916, when appeared the first serious problems with deciphering of the German radio messages, caused by the introduction of new ciphers and a new signal book, here was specially sent one of the leading cryptologist E. Fetterleyn, with co-operation of the British radio intelligence service, sharing the most confidential information on signals intelligence and cryptanalysis. A documents suggest about such contacts with specialists of the French decryption service, by the beginning of the campaign in 1915; introduced on March 8, 1915 the new German code gamma - alpha was discovered two days later, a work headed by the radiotelegraphic officer I. I. Rengarten.

Ernst Constantin Fetterlein was born in St Petersburg in 1873 d. 1944, was a Russian cryptographer. The son of Karl Fedorovich Fetterlein, a German-language tutor, and Olga Fetterlein, née Meier. "She was almost certainly Jewish and so Ernst can certainly be counted as of Jewish origin". Above named Karl was a German-language instructor at the Saint Petersburg Military-Judicial Institute and director at the Imperial Public Library ca 1900.

Carl F. Fetterleyn or Karl Fedorovich Fetterlein born 1828 in Riga and died on 16.06.1902 in Gapsal / Haapsalu / Hapsala / Haapsal, Estonia (check Pushkin and von Gernet and Dunkel Baltic German families); was librarian; son of Prussian actor, until 1858 he studied at Tartu University, arriving to St. Petersburg, 1859 began teach at the 1st military Gymnasium / 1st Cadet Corps, to 1878.

The Pavlovsky Military School, since 1880. The friend of Schilder and M. Korf (for collecting materials about the life and reign of Nicholas I), also S. N. Urusov and I. D. Delianov. Actively participated in the work of F. and N. K. Schilder on collecting materials on the reign of Alexander I. He was closest assistant of M. A. Korf; the friend of Vladimir Stasov.
By L. A. Shilov for the National Library of Russia, 2011-2013. Ernst Constantin Fetterlein in 1896 joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and became the chief cryptologist. Ernst was a cryptanalyst under Tsar Nicholas in his 'Black Cabinet' and reached the equivalent rank of admiral. During World War I, he was known as Ernst Popov; he solved German, Austrian and British codes. In 1917, Ernst Constantin Fetterlein fled to Western Europe with his wife on board a Swedish ship. He contacted the British and French intelligence services and on 9 March 1918 a letter to the Director of Naval Intelligence, Rear-Admiral Reginald Hall, the British naval attache in Helsingfors / Helsinki, from Captain W. H. Cromie in Petrograd, described Fetterlein as 'a cipher clerk in the Russian Foreign Office for twenty-five years' who came 'highly recommended'. Fetterlein began work for the British intelligence in June 1918; he was recruited to Room 40 to work on Georgian, Austrian and Bolshevik codes. After the end of World War I, he worked for the Government Code and Cypher School - worked on Soviet Communist traffic; his brother, P. K. Fetterlein, also worked for the Government Code and Cypher School.
See: Victor Madeira, 2004; Ralph Erskine, 2004; Stephen Budiansky, 2000; Michael Smith; Thomas R. Hammant; David Kahn and Budiansky, 2000.
Acc. to: A. V. Sinel'nikov, 'Codes and Russian revolutionaries': By the beginning of the World War I Russia had the strongest in the world decryption service, and some of its employees as a result of all the troubles were after October 1917 in the Entente countries. But we know that in the early 1920s, the Russian section of the British decryption service taken Ernest Fetterleyn, since 1897 leading cryptanalyst for the Committee of tsarist Foreign Ministry, in reading a diplomatic correspondence of hostile states. His superior was V. Sabanin.

A note on the Gernet family from Estland / Estonia:

Natalie Praskowia Rehbinder b. 1796 died 1862, her father Peter Woldemar Rehbinder b. 1757 d. 1823; her husband Alexander August von Gernet b. 1786 in Lehhola / Lehola, Estonia and died on October 5, 1865 in Lehhola. Lehola is a settlement in Keila Parish, Harju County in northwestern Estonia, 15 km south-west of Harku, and 18 km west of Saku. His father Carl Gustav von Gernet b. 1747 died 1812 in Lehhola / Lehola, Estonia.

Brothers of above Aleksander Gernet: Georg Gustav von Gernet 1780 - 1846, Wilhelm Adolf von Gernet 1792 - 1867, Karl Johann von Gernet 1776 who died on November 8, 1857 in Lauenhof, Podrala, Valdamaa / Valgamaa County, Estland / Estonia.

Son of above Karl Johann Gernet:

Karl Jakob Rudolf von Gernet 1826 died April 20, 1912 in Hapsal / Haapsalu, Estonia.

His brother: Magnus Friedrich von Gernet 1824 died October 22, 1909 in Reval / Tallinn, Estonia - and his son:
Rudolf Jakob von Gernet was born 1864 and died in 1944. Rudolf Jakob von Gernet 1864 - 1944, and

his mother Katharina Kitty Helene Amelie von Gernet (nee von Gruenewaldt / Grünewaldt) 1833 - 1909, were near by the Pilchau Pilar family.

Brother of Rudolf: Richard Adolf von Gernet of 1863, known as Adolf, or Adolph. He was born on 14 April 1863 in Sellenkull / Seljakula, Seljaküla close to Keedika; north-east of Haapsalu - 27 km, and south-west of Lehola. He was a graduate of the cathedral school / 'Domschule zu Reval' (a German-language institution, but it was closed in 1893) 1876 - 1881, and Dorpat in 1881-1886. He was a noted metallurgist after 'M. Inst. M.M.' that is the 'Institute of Mining and Metallurgy'. Adolf von Gernet worked in 'Privatlaboratoriums von Dr. Werner Siemans' in Berlin by Erik Thomson, where he was made ​​head of this laboratory of Werner von Siemens. In 1889 he built a gold wash in Yekaterinburg in the Urals. In 1892 he was representative of the company in America. Around 1895 he followed his brother Rudolf to South Africa where he was a Director of the 'Central Rand Gold Mine Ore Reduction Works'. He patented a process for extracting copper, which became known as Siemens-Halske electric precipitation process later. He presented a paper before the 'Society of Chemists and Metallurgists' in Johannesburg on electrical precipitation; von Gernet, representing the firm of Siemens & Halske, of Berlin, introduced the process in the Transvaal, and for several years it was extensively used. In the 1890s he studied with John Hays Hammond off the coast of Cape Town, the gold content in the sea water ('investigations off the coast of South Africa, not far from Capte Town, to determine the gold content of sea water in that place'). There was a 'Von Gernet Copper Company', but it was liquidated in October 1905. In 1898 he became the first Russian Vice Consul in Johannesburg. In 1901, he traveled through Peru and Bolivia. Later he was in Brussels. Acc. to me he back to Estonia / Russia 1906 ? - to 1917 ? He died on January 4, 1942 in Dingolfing, Bavaria. Adolph von Gernet married in 1898 Leonilla princess of Mestscherski with whom he had a daughter, Alexandra von Reitzenstein (1900-1965). Above Rudolf Jakob von Gernet 1864, as Rudolf. He was born on 30 December 1864 in Sellenkull, Poenal, Laanemaa, (Sellenkull = Seljakula, Seljaküla close to Keedika. North-east of Haapsalu - 27 km and south-west of Lehola) Estonia. A doctor, who was latterly appointed by the Boer authorities to superintend the hospital, by James Francis Harry St. Clair-Erskine Rosslyn. Rudolf Jakob von Gernet, migrated to South Africa in the late nineteen nineties together with his wife Olga Antoinette Vera von Dehn.

Rudolf Jakob von Gernet b. 1864 in Sellenküll (Seljaküla), d. 1944, was son of Magnus Friedrich and Katharina Kitty Helene Amelie; his children: Hedwig Alexandra and Hans Jürgen; his brothers and sisters: Hedwig Alexandrine Kitty, Johann Friedrich, Anna Julie, Richard Adolf (b. 1863, in Seljaküla / Sellenküll, 'Estonia' member, managing metallurgy), Hedwig Luise Elisabeth, Eva Natalie, Julie Alexandrine Sara Mühlen and Adam Richard Ernst von Gernet. He was Dr. med., lived in Pretoria, Transvaal.

Here in the text below I hid a certain curiosity of family history Konstantynowicz, one of the interesting facts on the life of our ancestry, the Gernet and the Pilar family / von Pilchau Pilar:

Rudolf von Gernet 1826 - 1912, was the first boss - the Commodore Club - of the Estonian Marine Yacht Club, which was founded in 1888 (Eestimaa Meri Jaht-Klubi or Эстляндский морской яхт-клуб) and which began to operate in Haapsalu (address: Veskiviigi port, Holmi No 14, Haapsalu). The club's Admiral, an honorary position, was His Imperial Highness, The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovitch.

Pilar von Pilchau family was owner of Enivere, a village in Martna Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia, north-east of Kiideva and Haeska; a village on the south-east of Haapsalu, also famous Karjaküla / Karjaküll, Haeska, and Palivere.

Gustav Adolf Pilar von Pilchau (1841 - 1918), was mayor of Haapsalu in 1878.

On the Eestimaa Mere-jahtklubil Commodore in Haapsalu:

The Estonian Marine Yacht Club / German yacht club was the first to organize in Haapsalu and Tallinn in 1890, founded by the 'Baltic Sail Sport', became the Imperial Yacht Club.

The club had nine Commodore. The first was in Haapsalu - Rudolf Gernet, and he remained in that position for 24 years (Rudolf V. Gernet was Haapsalu Marine Yacht Club Commodore 1871-1878 acc. to others sources; or 13 December 1888 was elected to the club commodore Rudolph von Gernet in Haapsalu [Eestimaa Merejahtklubi]; who remained in office for the next 28 years!?) that is 1888 - to 1912. That is son of Karl Johann Gernet - Karl Jakob Rudolf von Gernet b. 1826 died April 20, 1912 in Hapsal / Haapsalu (Carl Jacob Rudolph born in Neuenhof, son of Hedwig Elisabeth von Patkul; he was brother of Julie Johanna von Kursell, Hedwig Charlotte von Rosen, Richard and Magnus Friedrich). Honorary members of the club have been crowned heads: Kristjan X, King of Denmark, Crown Prince Olaf of Norway and Prince Wilhelm of Sweden - the Duke of Södermanland.

Haapsalu was a small resort town in his time with the Estonian Yachting center; Foundation was held in December 1888, the club's office was located in a villa 'Friedheim', In 1897 the Estonian Marine Yacht Club had the center in Tallinn; the Board of Estonian Maritime Yacht Club went to Tallinn, but Haapsalu remained as an Department. In 1885 built villa 'Friedheim', where Katharina von Gernet organized chamber music evenings; had a rich library of music books. In the 1920s, the house rented August Hanko. The club was based in Haapsalu. In 1890 the club owned 12 sailboat, who organized his yacht anchorage in Tallinn.
In 1936 the Commodore was Voldemar Vau,

and the Harbor Master Mr. A. Jansen.

In the Parnu Marine Yacht Club acted Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau / Adolph Jacob Constantin (1851 - 1925 in Pärnu), who was the marshal of the district magistrate in Parnu.

Friedrich Rudolf Hermann von Gernet, b. 1857 in Polve, Waimel, Voru, Estonia. Son of Richard von Gernet and Magdalene Pauline Charlotte von Stackelberg; his children: Ludwig Richard, Maguerite / Margarethe von Roth and Madeleine von Gernet; his brothers and sisters: Magdalene Molly, Olga, Adam Ludwig Richard, Marie Elisabeth Pauline Hedwig, Pauline Katharine Sophie, Johann Peter, Konstantin August Richard, Henriette Marie Luise.
Dr Rudolf Gernet died on 18 February 1893. He was living in Kiideva / Kiwidepäh, a village in the Ridala Parish (Jula Dunkel b. 1840 from the Ridala Parish, Lääne County and her father Kustas Dunkel b. 1814 from Haeska, 7 km east of Kiideva (Gernet) and south-east of Haapsalu), and lived in Pikkjärve - Karula (Langensee), east of Valga, close to the Latvia border. Dr. Rudolf Gernet of Kiideva / Kiwidepäh that is Friedrich Rudolf Hermann von Gernet b. June 26, 1857 in Polve, Waimel, Võru, eastern Estonia. His son Ludwig Richard von Gernet born in Hapsal (Haapsalu), but his two daughters were born in Sompa (Sompäh) / Сомпа - east of Rakvere, eastern Estonia.

At margin on the history of the Yacht Club in Pärnu (Pärnu Sail Club, 1908 - the Pärnu Yacht Club):
it was proposed by a Russia Navy officers, led by Chief of Harbor, Dmitri Lukhmanov / Luhmanov on June 21st, 1906. Dmitri Lukhmanov was elected to be the first Commodore, three yachts were registered - Nora, Pai and Anna in 1907. On March 28th, 1908, William Bett was elected Commodore (acted Dmitri Lukhmanov and Pilar von Pilchau, Baron, Country Marshal of the Livonian Knighthood, the owner of the Audru / Audern, estate - 8 km west of Parnu).

Protestant Cemetery, Rome (or Napoli / Neapol): Stone 1202, inf. on death in Neapol, 1896: Cecyl Mariano born = native Pilar Pilchau (Cecilia / Cecylia Mariano Pilar von Pilchau died 29th December 1896 in Italy, Neapol; Марьяно Сесилия Ливония from Аудерн, the Лифляндская government, b. 1847.01.21, see: Genealogisches Handbuch der Baltischen Ritterschaften. Teil Estland, Band II, Gorlitz). She was born on January 21, 1847 in Audern, close to Parnu, Livonia. Pauline Julie Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau b. 1855 in Audern, daughter of Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, from Audern and Berta Johanna Carolina Pilar von Pilchau; she was second wife of Rafael Mariano / Raffaele Mariano. She was sister of Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau; Johanna Sophie Konstanze Keyserling; Charlotte Julie Pila von Pilchau; Ada Pilar von Pilchau (Helene Bertha Johanna Adele von Gruenewaldt 1853-1889); Theodor Gustav Otto Peter Pilar von Pilchau; and Hilda Pilar von Pilchau. We have got different inf.: Paulina Cecilia Mariano Julia Elizabeth 1847-1896, nee Pilchau von Pilar, the wife of Rafael Mariano - a church history professor at the University of Naples. And also - Paulina Julia Elisabeth von Pilar Pilchau (1847-1896), was married to the professor of the University of Naples. Relatives: Adolph (ALF), Jacob Constantin von Pilar Pilchau (1851 - 1925 in Pärnu, Baron of Livonia, and the marshal of the district magistrate in Parnu); and Helene Bertha Johanna von Adele Gruenewaldt (1853-1889, nee Pilchau von Pilar, married Walther Gruenewaldt). That is on Cecilia Paulina Julia Elisabeth Pilar von Pilchau (1847–1896), from Italian cementery. The first wife of above Rafael Mariano / Raffaele Mariano was (by geni.com) Charlotte Julie Pilar Pilchau / Charlotte Julie Cäcilie Pilar von Pilchau born on January 9, 1847 in Audern, death on December 17, 1896 in Neapol / Neapel. Her family: father Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of Audern and mother Berta Johanna Carolina Freiin Pilar von Pilchau. She was sister of Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau; Johanna Sophie Konstanze Keyserling; Ada; Pauline Julie Elisabeth; Theodor Gustav Otto Peter; Hilda Pilar. Above Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, of Audern / Audru, Pärnumaa, born 1814, d. 1870 in Audern close to Pärnu. He was son of Jakob Johann Pilar Pilchau and Juliane Elisabeth Vietinghoff; and he was brother of Pauline Luise Pilar von Pilchau. Burial in Pärnu. Born 1774, d. 1814. Grandfather: Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau and Catharina Helena von Tausas.

Gorki was living on Capri Island (Lenin and Dzierzynski were here). Capri is close to Sorrento, ca 13 km on west; south of Napoli / Neapol where was living MARIANO, Raffaele / Raphael Mariano / Mariano Mariani - was an Italian philosopher and historian; student of Augusto Vera; his two wifes from the Pilar Pilchau family of Audern and Parnu. From Capri to Napoli: kilometers 32, bearing: SW.

Data on Мариано / Mariano Mariani (born in Capua, ca 35 km north of Napoli): his book: 'Il fatto cooperativo nell'evoluzione sociale', Bologna, 1906. The Mariani family genealogy:

A. in FLORENTIA: Palace of La Giostra was never finished, after the death of the last of the family of dell'Antella the old palace passed to the Biagi, and then to the Delia Stufa, it now belongs to Signor Mariani. B. Bartolomeo Mariani, provost of Sant'Angelo, canon of Rieti.

C. Below data under copyright by geni.com:

1. ALESSANDRO Mariani, b. 1853, Cetona, Siena, Tuscany (north of Roma), Italy; son of DOMENICO Mariani and VIOLANTE Buoni (VIOLANTE Buoni, b. 1824, daughter of SILVESTRO Buoni and CATERINA, wife of DOMENICO Mariani, mother of SABATINO Giovanni Battista Mariani [SABATINO Giovanni Battista Mariani b. 1849 in Cetona, Sienna, Tuscany; husband of SAVINA Saracini and ROSA Basili, father of DOMENICO Mariani], ALESSANDRO Mariani and NATALE Mariani), husband of ANNUNZIATA Baglioni, father of RAFFAELLO Mariani (this RAFFAELLO Mariani, b. on November 25, 1882 in Cetona, Sienna, Tuscany, son of ALESSANDRO Mariani and ANNUNZIATA Baglioni, husband of CESIRA Roghi, father of CORRADO Mariani and ANNA Mariani; copyright by MASSIMO Cinelli on January 24, 2012 at geni.com); brother of SABATINO Giovanni Battista Mariani and NATALE Mariani; Copyright by: MASSIMO Cinelli in 2012 at geni.com. 2. DOMENICO Mariani, b. 1817 in Chianciano Terme, Sienna (north of Roma), Tuscany, Italy; he was son of GIUSEPPE Mariani and MARIA DOMENICA Canapini, husband of VIOLANTE Buoni. Brother of LUIGI Mariani; copyright by MASSIMO Cinelli at http://www.geni.com/people/GIUSEPPE-Mariani/. 3. GIUSEPPE Mariani b. 1747 / 1801, son of GIOVANNI BATTISTA Mariani and ANNA Finocchi Balestrieri?; husband of MARIA DOMENICA Canapini, father of LUIGI Mariani and DOMENICO Mariani, brother of ANGIOLA Mariani and FRANCESCO Mariani. 4. GIOVANNI BATTISTA Mariani b. 1719 / 1779, husband of ANNA Finocchi Balestrieri?; father of ANGIOLA Mariani; GIUSEPPE Mariani and FRANCESCO Mariani. 5. Above GIUSEPPE Mariani father of LUIGI Mariani and DOMENICO Mariani, brother of ANGIOLA Mariani and FRANCESCO Mariani. 6. Above GIUSEPPE Mariani, son of GIOVANNI BATTISTA Mariani and ANNA Finocchi (Balestrieri?), husband of MARIA DOMENICA Canapini, father of LUIGI Mariani and DOMENICO Mariani, 7. Above LUIGI Mariani b. 1802, son of GIUSEPPE Mariani and MARIA DOMENICA Canapini, husband of MADDALENA Grinchi and ASSUNTA Mariotti; father of ASSUNTA Mariani; CAROLINA Mariani; SANTI Mariani; PIETRO Mariani and MARIA DOMENICA Mariani; brother of DOMENICO Mariani. And on above Santi Mariani: b. on November 11, 1843 in Cetona, Siena, Tuscany, son of LUIGI Mariani and MADDALENA Grinchi, husband of MARGHERITA Basili, father of ENRICHETTA Mariani; brother of ASSUNTA Mariani; CAROLINA Mariani and PIETRO Mariani, half brother of MARIA DOMENICA Mariani. We know about Agostino MARIANI, b. 1809 in Borgotaro, Parma, Italy, brother of Antonio MARIANI b. 1816 (by GMS in 2009 and by Anderson) and second brother b. 1805 / 1820?!. And next branch: Adamo Mariani, b. between 1709 and 1769, husband of Crisandra, father of Gaetano Mariani and Rosa Mariani. This Gaetano Mariani, b. 1775, d. 1854, father of Pasquale Mariani (no other data); Giuseppe Cesar Mariani (private inf.) and Filippo Angiolo Giuseppe Mariani (no other inf.). Copyright by Tina Rossi on March 4, 2009 at geni.com.

Raphael Mariano, wrote in International Journal of Ethics, No 4, 1894. MARIANO, Raffaele / Raphael Mariano / Mariano Mariani, an error which no administration has yet to be corrected; b. in Capua, on September 5, 1840 - d. Florence, 1912; was an Italian philosopher and historian; student of Augusto Vera, took philosophy and the history of religions; professor of Church History at the University of Naples 1885-1904; oriented towards the interpretation of Hegel, as a philosopher can be placed together with his teacher in the trend established in the second half of the nineteenth century that called orthodox Hegelianism, that 'philosophy must be ensured by religion'; Benedetto Croce, responds harshly to the arguments proposed by Mariano on the 6th number of 1908 the 'Criticism. Magazine of Literature, history and Philosophy'; 1864 in a debate on the the death penalty, as his teacher Augusto Vera. The hometown of the philosopher, Capua. Italian Encyclopedia (1934) by Guido Calogero: MARIANO, Raphael, scholar of philosophy and the history of religions, born in Capua 1840, died in Florence in 1912. From 1885 to 1904 he was professor of church history at the University of Naples. Follower of Hegelianism in southern Italy, was in fact animated by a tendency of Eclectic, which on the one hand drew him to the Christian faith and the other left him between Catholicism and Protestantism; among his writings are: Lassalle ..., The individual and the state, The return to Kant and neo-Kantians, Buddhism and Christianity, Francis and some of his most recent biographers, Judaism, paganism, Roman Empire; The conversion of the pagan world to Christianity; Christianity in the first centuries; Pope, the clergy and the Church in Italy; Around the Church's history.

Georg Lukács in 1936 wrote 'Eulogy for Maxim Gorky: A Great Proletarian Humanist', that: '...The last great writer of the European galaxy of realists is dead. And with him died the first great classic writer of Socialist realism. ... however, Gorky’s style differs fundamentally from that of Tolstoy. Gorky inherited Tolstoy’s broad view of the world, ... of which Hegel spoke, and which results in the world also taking a 'reasonable view' of such men...'. 'Hegel, Freedom and the Ideological Roots of Soviet Foreign Policy', by IGOR LUKES: "...In the preface to the Science of Logic, Hegel wrote, 'If it is remarkable when a nation loses its constitutional theory ... it is certainly no less remarkable when a nation loses its metaphysics'. In this article, Mr. Lukes examines the Hegelian notion offreedom and traces its development in the writings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Lukacs. ... On November 7, 1917, reports Gorki, both Lenin and Trotsky were already poisoned with the venom of power, and this was 'evidenced by their shameful attitude toward freedom of speech, the individual, and the sum total of those'. ... Maxim Gorki, Untimely Thoughts, ed. New York, p. 83. Hegel, Phenomenology, p. 377. ... The new leaders, as the Romanov government before them, 'seize and drag off to prison all those who think differently'. Hegel noticed that antiquity saw wisdom and virtue in living 'in accordance with the customs of one's own nation'. Lenin, on the other hand, came to impose his will upon it. Gorki writes: 'The working class cannot fail to understand that Lenin is only performing a certain experiment on their skin and on their blood, that he is striving to push the revolutionary mood of the proletariat to its furthest extreme and see - what will come of this?' Life, in all its complexity, warns Gorki, is unknown to Lenin, who is not without the psychological traits of a Russian nobleman. The anarchy does not disturb Lenin; he has learned from his books how to raise masses on their hind legs. 'The working class,' concludes Gorki, 'is for Lenin what ore is for a metalworker ... What does Lenin risk if the experiment should fail?' ... Gyorgy Lukacs was a true philosopher and also a brilliant practitioner of an important art: survival in Stalin's Russia as well as in Nagy's government. His Hegelian roots are well known; some of his works are quite serious, honest, and scholarly. Sadly, however, an equally voluminous part of his production is less serious...".

Richard Ernst Adam von Gernet, Fridrichovic, that is son of Friedrich von Gernet and Katheerin von Gruenewaldt, was born on 17.8.1878 / 29.8.1878 in Kiwidepäh and d. on 1.7.1944 in Hamburg; and his wife: Jul. Marg. Bar. Maydell b. on 22.6.1882 in Mitau.

Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau, a Baltic German politician, regent, the owner of the Audern, his birthplace after his father's death in 1870. He returned to independent Estonia in 1923. Audru / Audern, 8 to 10 km north-west-north of Parnu city, is a small borough. Sauga / Sauck, 6 km north of Parnu core, in Pärnu County, southwestern Estonia. Adolf (Alf) Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau died June 17, 1925 in Pernau (Pärnu), Pärnumaa, Estland. Baron Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau b. 1851, nickname Alf, b. in Audern / Audru, Pärnumaa. His wife Julie Olga Eugenie von der Pahlen born in Pleskau or Pskow / Pihkva in 1865, her mother Helene Charlotte Louise von der Pahlen nee von Toll 1833 - 1910, and her grandmother Olga Karoline Olga von Toll nee von Strandman 1796 - 1861, her brother Karl Gustav von Strandmann 1787 - 1855, and her sister Wilhelmine Charlotte von Ungern-Sternberg nee von Strandmann 1785 - 1813. The son of above Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau was Adolf Constantin Theodor Baron Pilar von Pilchau born in Sauga, Pärnumaa in 1885; the daughter Olga Marie Hildegard Bertha Pilar von Pilchau b. 1886 and her sons Nikolaus Eduard Roderic Adolf and Friedrich Adolf Walther Konstantin. Olga's Marie Hildegard Bertha Pilar von Pilchau husband: Charles Wilhelm Eduard von Lillenfeld b. 1880 in Kehtna, Rapla County, Estonia. The sister of above Adolf Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau was Johanna Sophie Konstanze von Keyserling nee Pilar von Pilchau 1856 - 1925.

The father of Adolf Pilar von Pilchau was Fredrik Adolf Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau, Baron, born and died in Audru / Audern, 1814 - 1870.
Grandfather Jakob Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1774 - 1814,
has brothers:
1. Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau 1767 - 1830

(Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830, the Russian commander of the Napoleonic wars, Maj.-Gen., von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig, from the family of a professional military, his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801.
Georg Ludwig (Egor Maksimovich) Pilar von Pilchau b. 1767 in Kirna, Türi vald, Järvamaa; but his father Magnus Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau b. 1734 and died on November 25, 1801 in Jöggis (Jogisuu). He was son of Georg Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau and Anna Sophia.
Jogisoo (Jogisuu) ca 3 km south-west of Kullamaa, south-east-east of Haapsalu, Läänemaa county. But we know about different Jöggis, ca 5 and 1/2 km south from Saue, and south-west of Saku, also ca 7 km south-east of Keila and east of Lehola.
Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik
north - east of Tallinn or rather
south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremoisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757),

2. Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 in Jöggis / Jogisoo, Kullamaa, Läänemaa, Estland, and 3. Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1761 - died 1819 in Reval / Tallinn. They has stepfather Gotthard Johann II Zoege Reichsgraf von Manteuffel 1717 - 1753, acc. to Peter Trefilov and Mikael Lillieström (under copyright by geni.com).

Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830, the Russian commander of the Napoleonic wars, Maj.-Gen., von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig, from the family of a professional military, his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801. Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremoisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757. Recorded in service 1780, above Yegor Maksimovic exactly one year later was promoted to sergeant. Received his primary education at home, with the rank of lieutenant was transferred to Narva Infantry Regiment; next to the Vyborg Infantry Regiment; Yegor Maksimovic Pilar participated in a battle with the Swedes under Nyslott; 1803 has been married to Anna Fyodorovna von Hesse / Johanna Agnetha b. 1779, had three sons and two daughters: Alexander (1804 - 1866), Lieutenant-Captain of the Guards; Nicholas (1815 - 1887) and George (1819 - 1882); Elizabeth 1808, Elena 1811. Brothers of Yegor Maksimovic Pilar: Major Maxim / Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau, b. 08.06.1768 (1769?), Engineer Major Jacob Maksimovic / Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1774, Captain Vladimir Maksimovic / Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau b. 1777.

Above named Adolf Pilar von Pilchau in 1881 rented Sauga in Pärnu County, Estonia and took out a lease production of potato vodka under the name 'Audru'. Acc. to Wikipedia, the political career he started in 1876 in Pärnu region as the parish judge; 1878 the supervision of the district judge and the Pärnu / Pernau city councillor in 1879; he was elected a member of the Livonian Noble Corporation in 1882, and in 1899 he became a church curator of Livonia, Pärnu and Viljandi; 1902 he became also an economic Livonia president. In 1884 married to Julie Olga Eugenie / Jenny von der Pahlen born in Pleskau in 1865; Julie Eugenie von der Pahlen was daughter of the Pskov governor, Konstantin Magnus von der Pahlen; their four children: Adolf Konstantin Theodor von Pilar Pilchau 1885-1958, Olga von Pilar Pilchau, Friedrich von Pilar Pilchau 1888-1914 and Andreas von Pilar Pilchau; 1891 - 1906 they moved to more spacious home close to Parnu. 1905 Adolf Pilar von Pilchau was in Petersburg; 1906 relocated to Riga and Livonia, and he moved to Riga; 1908-1918 he was the land marshal of the Livonian knighthood to carry out economic and administrative reforms, 1912 he was elected to the Supreme Council from the Baltic provinces of Russia as a representative member, to share life in Riga and St. Petersburg; 1915 the Russian soldiers of Pavel Rodzjanko raided his house in Pärnu; 1916 he was living in Tartu and Riga. In April 1917, he performed his duties for the last time in St. Petersburg. After 3 September 1917 in Riga he participated in negotiations with the German occupation authorities to restore the power of knighthood, which failed. In July 1918, he resigned from the office. On 12 April 1918 it was sent a joint petition of Estonia, Livonia, Courland nobility on the creation of the Duchy, and on 22 September 1918 an independence was recognized by the emperor and the Baltic Duchy was formed in November 1918 - he was the regent of the United Baltic Duchy in 1918. On 3 January 1919 Adolf Pilar von Pilchau escaped on a ship from Riga to Stettin, and he lived in Berlin. 1923 returned to Estonia but his estate in Pärnu had already been nationalized. Removed to Tallinn, died 17 June 1925, and was buried in Audru.

Genealogy of Romuald Ludwig Pilar von Pilchau / Пилляр Роман Александрович / Роман Людвиг Пилар фон Пильхау / Ромуальдас-Людвикас Адольфович Пилляр фон Пильхау. Romuald Ludwig Pilar von Pilchau or Roman Pilar von Pilchau / Roman Pilljar / Romuald Pilar von Pilchau / Romuald Ludwig von Pilar Pilchau, born 1894 in Mickuny close to Wilno / Vilnius. 1905 to September 1910 - Vilnius secondary school, followed by Zurich in real school (1910 - 1911), where he graduated in 1911. In September of the same year, he continued study in Kuressaare Gymnasium. When German troops occupied the Saaremaa, Pilar von Pilchau evacuated to the Yaroslavl Province.
Some details of the genealogy of Romuald Ludwig Pilar von Pilchau or Roman Pilar von Pilchau:

Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830, the Russian commander of the Napoleonic wars, Maj.-Gen., von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig, from the family of a professional military, his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801. Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremoisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757. Recorded in service 1780, above Yegor Maksimovic exactly one year later was promoted to sergeant. Received his primary education at home, with the rank of lieutenant was transferred to Narva Infantry Regiment; next to the Vyborg Infantry Regiment; Yegor Maksimovic Pilar participated in a battle with the Swedes under Nyslott; 1803 has been married to Anna Fyodorovna von Hesse / Johanna Agnetha b. 1779, had three sons and two daughters: Alexander (1804 - 1866), Lieutenant-Captain of the Guards; Nicholas (1815 - 1887) and George (1819 - 1882); Elizabeth 1808, Elena 1811.
Brothers of Yegor Maksimovic Pilar:
Major Maxim / Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau, b. 08.06.1768 (1769?), Engineer Major Jacob Maksimovic / Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1774, Captain Vladimir Maksimovic / Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau b. 1777.
Aleksander Pilar von Pilchau, d. 1871 (that was Carl Alexander Pilar von Pilchau, born 10.2.1802, his sister Sophia, father was born in 1769 - Magnus Fabian Pilar von Pilchau - in Lida, Vilna province in Poland, after Major of the Russian army) in Wilno; his son Stanisław Count Pilar von Pilchau owner of Mickuny close to Nowa Wilejka, polonised, but from the Baltic German from Estland and Latvia, married to Zofia Januszewska

(from Ignacy Januszewski b. 1804 and Kazimiera born 1806),

she died on 28 Jan 1898, Wilno; her son Aleksander Pilar von Pilchau, born 1860, married 1890 to Helena Joanna Krzywiec, he died on 12 Oct. 1939 in Mickuny, next of kin of Feliks Dzierżyński; Helena Joanna Krzywiec born 1864, died on 8 Aug. 1955 in Mickuny; her son Roman Pilar von Pilchau, b. 1894, d. 1937.

Counts Pilar von Pilchau of the Wilno province: Stanislaw owner of Mickuny close to Nowa Wilejka, his wife Januszewska Zofia - relatives of Feliks Dzierzynski. His father - Aleksander (1871). And unknown: Fiodor Pilar von Pilchau (1835 - died ?). Major of the Russian Army in 1859, Czeczelnik, Olhopol and Balta = Józefgród, under command of colonel Kozlianinow.
The Vilnius Bernardine Cemetery, Lithuania (genealogia.okiem.pl), 1. Zofija Pilar fon Pilchau (? - 1898); 2. Wilhelmina Matulaitis Mackiewicz died in 1962 at the age of 95, good Bolshevik, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, her daughter Aldona died in 1986, widow executed by firing squad Janisie Bruninsz, she lived more than 85; Aldona's son - Volodar (Darik) died in 1990; her daughter Aldona (Ada), the Lithuanian writer, lives in Vilnius. Tombs of the Matulaitis family are at the Vilnius cemeteries: Wilhelmina Idalia Marozzeti. 3. Pilar von Pilchau: Alexandra von Pilar Pilchau, died 25 October 1901 and her sister Wilunia 1866-1872, died Jan. 1, 1872; Pilar Kulwinska Joanna, died in 1876. Izabella Pilar von Pilchau Kulwinska, died in 1891, aged 83. Zofija Pilar von Pilchau died January 28, 1898 (sister of buried in the same cemetery Januszewski Dzerzhinsky Helena, mother of Felix Dzerzhinsky, deceased in 1896); Alexander von Pilar Pilchau, judge of the border in the county of Vilnius, died in 1871 (grandfather of Roman Pilar). Pilar Pilchau Henryk, 1818 - 2.VI.1876.

From Mickuny / Mickūnai of the Becu family and the Pilar Pilchau property (near by Terlecki, Ozieblowski, Januszewski, Dzierzynski and Pilsudski families), to Zalesie / Zalesse / Залесье of the Oginski family - close to Smorgon / Smargon / Smorgonie - is ca 60 km to south-east.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the property Mickuny belonged to August Becu (1771-1824) - Professor of Medicine at the Imperial University of Vilnius (he was in Scotland 1803 - 1804), the second husband of the Salome / Salomea Slowacki, the mother of the famous poet Juliusz Slowacki (he was next in Switzerland in the years 1834-1835).

In the Part III of Adam Mickiewicz's 'Forefathers' Augustas Ludvikas Bekiu (1771—1824) served as a 'Doctor'. August Bécu as a professor and board member of the University of Vilnius was received by the Adam Mickiewicz, as a traitor and collaborator of Senator Nikolai Nowosilcow. In 1832, Juliusz Slowacki, after reading Part III of 'Dziady' / 'Forefathers', believed that a presentation of his stepfather is unfair and defamatory; he wanted to challenge to a duel with Adam Mickiewicz; and it ended up mutual dislike of poets. In response Juliusz Slowacki in 1834 had wrote 'Kordian' - drama.

Probably about 1815 Mickuny / Mickūnai became the property of Alexander Pillar von Pilchau / Pilar Pilchau, then judge of the district of Vilnius. Alexander Pillar, in Mickuny in 1826 built a new chapel. In the mid-nineteenth century Mickuny / Mickunai belonged to Stanislaw Pillar, the son of Alexander. 1923 owner of Mickuny - next Alexander Pillar.

But his brother, Roman Pillar (1895-1937) before World War I, began to study law at the University of St. Petersburg, where he was soon involved with the Bolsheviks activity of Felix Dzierżyński.

See: Baron Adolf Konstantin Jakob Pilar von Pilchau b. 1851, was a Baltic German politician, regent of the United Baltic Duchy (1918). Adolf (Alf) Konstantin Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1851 - 1925, b. in Audern (Audru), Pärnumaa, died June 17, 1925 in Pernau (Pärnu), Pärnumaa, Estland.

Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау
born on 8 June 1768 and his cousins and closest next of kin:

Бокельберг or Фокельберг / Vokelberg, Фридрих фон Руктешель in Йоггис; Шталь фон Гольштейн / Holstein;

фон Людер / Luder died 1857;

Екатерина Николаевна Кудашева / Kudashev, b. 1811; Дунина / Dunin, b. 1799; 1798 m. to Иоганн Густав Юст / Iust; 1766 born in Халлик, Иван Крутов / Krutov / Krutow; Иоганна Агнета Гессе / Hesse b. 1779;

Мария Цецилия фон Бекю / Bekiu / Becu;

1798 m. to Иоганн Дитрих Бенджамин Альтхан; Сукни (Suckni) / Sukni d. 1838; фон Рамм / von Ramm, b. 1779; фон Мореншильдт b. 1811; Наталья Николаевна Карпова / Karlow; Михайловна Езерская / Jezierski, died 1919; фон Штааль b. 1843; Васильевна Чулкова b. 1855; Домудовская / Домудовски; фон Эссен / Essen b. 1847; Раиса Митрофановна Филиппова / Filippow d. after 1932; Беренд фон Мореншильдт d. 1861; Симсен; 1801 Франц Герман Экбаум; 1801 Фридрих фон Руктешель.

On the Dziershynski / Dzierzhynsky / Dzierzynski family:
"...I say that not only Slovatsky, but Roman Pilar, and Dzerzhinsky on this stone had sat and dreamed himself of liberty, equality and fraternity. ... Roman's mother, Helena Pilarowa / Helena Pilar. She lived deep in old age. Halina Radkiewicz, a resident of Mickuny remembers it well. Pilar Helena, the wife of Count Alexander. The Pilar count's title is not used. Von Pilchau survived on the tombstones of the cemetery. I wrote not Pilhau, but Pilchau. A very decent family. Alexander, has three names, but only use the first name. Helena Joanna nee Krzywiec. Alexander and Helena were married in 1890. In 1894 (or 1895), was born their first-born, Roman. And then gave birth to his younger brothers. It is common in human memory that was still two. Well, Roman had three brothers. The youngest was named Marian, Marys ... All the boys were very well, very capable, with the exception of the latter. Marys / Marian Pilar Pilchau was a child of bad health, mentally ill and died at the age of ten years. The boys were brought up in the spirit of patriotism, a Catholic, even though their father, Alexander von Pilar Pilchau, was a Lutheran. The Lutheran, but two of his houses gave for the use of the Roman Catholic Church rectory. In education the greatest influence has mother, Helena Pilar, loved by all three sons. It's true, Roman Pilchau von Pilar was definitely under the influence of his uncle, Felix Dzerzhinsky. Because it was a family. The sister of Dzerzhinsky's mother, Zofia Januszewski, married to Stanislaus Pilar of Mickuny. Stanislaw Pilar - the father of Alexander, the grandfather of Roman. ... The Pilars then were not wealthy, but still Helena sent Roman Pilchau Pilar to study in Switzerland. Nothing helped. He came back. Then he went in the other direction, to Russia, to Petrograd, where he studied law. From Dzerzhinsky not departed. Halina Radkiewicz a long time worked in a school as a teacher. Conducted historical museum. And all of this museum was from Pilar Helena, mother of Roman. They were together in good contacts. Pilar gave her the souvenirs. Halina Radkiewicz all this gave to the school... Old, historic photographs from the nineteenth and early twentieth century, signed by famous photograp names in Vilnius / Vilna, FLEURY, and the last letters written to his mother by Roman. ... On July 20, 1926, news of the death of the Iron Felix went around the whole of Russia, and soon the world. With a significant delay (26 July 1926) also reported on the Cracow 'Time': "He died suddenly in Moscow, one of the most famous actors of the Bolshevik revolution and the most prominent of Lenin Soviet governments, Felix Dzerzhinsky, of Polish origin. He was a man uncommonly clever...". The sudden death of Felix Dzerzhinsky aroused a wave of rumors about unnatural character. ... about suicide. A murder or poisoning. Conducted the autopsy showed a general slowing of the blood vessels, and death due to heart aneurism. The ruling was signed by a few most prominent Moscow doctors and professors. ... the French Prime Minister, Edouard Herriot in 1922, visited Moscow and Warsaw. In Warsaw, met with Jozef Pilsudski, which also spoke about Dzerzhinsky... The niece of Winston Churchill, a young English aristocrat, sculptress Clare Sheridan in October 1920 went secretly to Soviet Russia to sculpt Lenin and Dzerzhinsky. When the family learned of her intentions, she became enraged. Winston Churchill said that he would not talk to her. Clare returned to England. In 1921, in London wrote the book 'Russian portraits', and seven years later in New York, '... truth'. In her memoirs, Dzerzhinsky appears to be extremely interesting, handsome man... The second wife of Pilar Roman was supposedly Polish woman exceptionally beautiful. Pilar had with her two children (born 1927 and 1932). In Moscow, the Pilars often were in the company of the Wilno girls. Apolonia and Bronislawa Kozlowski. ... Bronisława Kozłowska (document dated March 30, 1967). She came from a peasant family. She was a few years younger than Pilar (born December 9, 1898). What's been doing in Vilnius during the First World War ... In 1918, she met members of the Bolshevik illegal organization. It was the family of Joseph Lickiewicz. He was a shoemaker, he worked at home, had three sons - John, Mieczyslaw and Stefan. Also met Elena and Anna Drabowicz. ...met a young Vilnius residents, Joseph Adamowicz, Stanislaus Kobak and Albina Ejdukiewicz, the daughter of Francis Ejdukiewicz / Eidukevičius ... June 20, 1919, after the treatment... Jan Lickiewicz, Joseph Adamowicz / Adasiek, Roman Pillar / Pilar Pilchau, the son of Alexander ('Romuald'), Constantine Kiernowicz and Albina Ejdukiewicz, the daughter of Francis. At the end of 1919 in December as a first was transported to exchange Roman Pilar and Constantine Kiernowicz. ... Kiernowicz Constantine was born in 1887 in Vilnius. He came from a working class family. He was a good carpenter. From early youth sympathized with the revolutionary movement... In 1905 he was a board member of the carpenters union in Vilnius. Soon was among the Polish socialists, ... It is known, however, that since 1918, after returning from Russia Roman Pilar and Kiernowicz were a close associate. He and Pilar will be a delegate to the congress of the party. In 1922 Kiernowicz acted in Minsk GPU, so again, along with Pilar. He worked there until 1930. And suddenly in 1931 Kiernowicz is already in Rostov-on-Don, works there as an ordinary carpenter. In 1937, Constantine Kiernowicz is arrested and charged with espionage to a foreign country (Poland) ... Shot him in Rostov on September 11, 1938. On March 28, 1937 or May 16, 1937 was arrested Roman Pilar? ...after all, in the years 1915-1917 he studied law at the University of Petrograd (earlier studies in Estonia and Switzerland). Particularly puzzling mistake is the birthplace of Roman Louis Pilar / Roman Ludwik Pilar Pilchau. Sources of Soviet special services provide Vilnius. Lithuanian encyclopedias, on Romanas Liudvikas Pileris that was born in Poland, in Łapy (Bialystok province). The year of birth. The sources of Soviet secret police: 08/08/1894. The Lithuanian Soviet encyclopedias: 08/08/1895. I believe to the Lithuanian Soviet encyklopedia. Bialystok lie near by Krzywice - a family estate of Louis Roman mother's: Pilar / Pilarowa Helen (nee Krzywiec). Roman Pilar, shot on September 2, 1937 and was buried in Kommunarskie NKVD headquarters in Moscow. The nephew of Felix Dzerzhinsky, spy since 1920, and later from 1935 the Soviet general. The head of the NKVD in Saratov, who speaks five languages ​​fluently (including German). ... Kiernowicz was removed in 1930 from Minsk. Earlier, a year after the death of Dzerzhinsky, was killed in unfortunate circumstances, Joseph Opański, which Pilar worked together. JOSEPH OPAŃSKI (aka Juozas Opanskis). Born in Onikszty in Lithuania. He joined the Bolshevik Party in Petrograd in 1916. He met there at that time a student Pilar. In 1918 Opański returned to Lithuania, where, together with Pilar formed the Bolshevik party structure. In 1921, Felix Dzerzhinsky sent him together with Jonas Gruodis to Minsk. Opański Joseph died in 1927, in a car accident. ARTHUR Nowicki (aka Kazys Naujokaitis). He was about a year (or two) younger than Pilar. Born in 1896 in the village Auszkadary in Lithuania. He came from a peasant family. Doctor. He studied medicine at Dorpat, where he met Roman Pilar. In May 1917 Nowicki was in Minsk, where he drew the revolutionary movement. In 1918, in Minsk. Nowicki - Naujokaitis - Nowickij working within the structures of the GPU in Minsk, moved to Novosibirsk, then to Tashkent. In 1934 arrives to Saratov. It is not known whether Pilar pulled him there, whether it was the opposite. In 1937 he was arrested, August 21 - shot. ... (Others figures) A close associate of Dzerzhinsky - Stanislaw Pestkowski, Soviet agent and diplomat. In the great purge, Bolesław Przybyszewski (son of writer Stanislaw Przybyszewski). ... November 7, 1988 published an article of 1919, when Pilar Pilchau Roman came at the hands of Polish legionnaires. During the exchange of political prisoners was given him to sign a document that he has no pretensions to the Polish Foreign Ministry. He signed, and shortly afterwards, when Pilar worked in the Soviet Union, reported to him a man from Poland, and pointed him to the last sentence in the document, in which he - Pilar - undertook to submit the information to the Polish intelligence. ... Who was born August 8, 1894 in Vilnius and was arrested on 28 March 1937 in Saratov, or - who was born on August 8, 1895 in Łapy, in the province of Bialystok and was arested in the Saratov May 16, 1937? The text of Danguoli Repšiene (written in 1988), say to us, on a document confirming Roman Pilar death. On what basis Roman Pilar in 1957 was rehabilitated? ... The Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol 3, ed. 1968, given the date of death of Roman Pilar / Romanas Pileris - September 2, 1937 and the similarly specified, where he died - in Moscow. As published in Vilnius, 1978, by the same publishing house Mintis, in Volume 3, the date of death - September 2, 1937. There is also a word that Pileris was rehabilitated...".

All above according to Alwida A. Bajor.
And details:

Alexandra von Pilar Pilchau, died October 25, 1901 and her sister Wilunia, died January 1, 1872;

Pilar Joanna nee Kulwiński, died in 1876.

Izabella Pilar von Pilchau Kulwiński, died in 1891, aged 83 years.

Zofija Pilar von Pilchau died January 28, 1898 - she was sister of Januszewski Dzerzhinsky Helena, mother of Felix Dzerzhinsky, who died in 1896.

Alexander von Pilar Pilchau, Judge of the district of Vilnius, died in 1871 - he was great-grandfather of Roman Pilar!
Father of Roman Pilar, died Oct. 12, 1939.

Александр Карл Пилар фон Пильхау born 1802, in Wilno / Вильнюс, was married to Ионна Станиславовна Кульвинска /
Joanna nee Kulwinska daughter of Stanislaw Kulwinski
(Kulwiński with the Bończa coat of arms was living in 1819 in Wilno; Kulwiński Antoni, 1810-28 in Wilno; and Kulwinski in Jaminy, close to Augustow, Russia 1759-1800; in Suwałki; from 1584 in Kulwy in the Wilno province).
His mother
Maria Cecylia von Bécu
/ Мария Цецилия фон Бекю and father Магнус or Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау born 1768. His grandfather Магнус Вильгельм Пилар фон Пильхау born 1734, married 1756 in Tallinn / Ревель, to Катарина Хелена фон Таузас. Place of living: Халлик and Йоггис; Hagar / Hallik in Tamsalu, Estonia, county of Laane-Viru, south-west of Rakvere - eastern Eesti.

Bécu: Augustas Ludvikas Bekiu / August Ludwik Becu /
August Ludwik Bécu b. 1771
in Grodno, his father - Jan Ludwik Bécu, in 1775 noble family, mother Karolina nee Hein.

August Ludwik Bécu owner of Mickuny, married
ca 1800 to von Pilar Pilchau 1770-1816,
and has two daughters: Aleksandra Mianowski nee Becu 1804-1832, closest friend of
Juliusz Słowacki,
and Hersylia Januszewski 1808-1872, m.

Teofil Januszewski, brother of Salomea - mother of poet Juliusz Słowacki.

August Ludwik Bécu in August 1818 married second time to Salomea Słowacki, when Juliusz Slowacki aged 8.
August Ludwik Becu was sent in 1803 - 1804 from (Russia) the Vilna University to Scotland (UK) to investigate smallpox vaccination.

Jakob Johann Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1774 - 1814, has brothers:

1. Georg Ludwig / Egor Maksimovich Pilar von Pilchau 1767 - 1830
(Yegor Maksimovic Pillar / Pilar von Pilhau 1767-1830, the Russian commander of the Napoleonic wars, Maj.-Gen., von Pilhau Yegor Maksimovic or Georg Ludwig, from the family of a professional military, his father was retired major of the Polish army - Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilhau 1734 - 1801. Magnus Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1734-1801), landlord of Hallik north - east of Tallinn or rather south-west of Rakvere, Lehtse south-west of Rakvere, Meremoisa close to Keila-Joa, Major (1756), served for the Polish army as Major in 1757),
2. Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 in Jöggis / Jogisoo, Kullamaa, Läänemaa, Estland,
and 3. Wilhelm Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1761 - 1819 in Reval / Tallinn.
They has stepfather Gotthard Johann II Zoege Reichsgraf von Manteuffel 1717 - 1753, acc. to Peter Trefilov and Mikael Lillieström (under copyright by geni.com).

On October 12, 1826 in Mickuny consecrated a chapel built by Alexander Pilar. The ceremony was attended, among others, by Juliusz Slowacki with his sisters Hersylia and Aleksandra Becu.

Romuald Roman baron Pilar Pilchau, Sept. 1905 in Wilno, Zurich, Аренсбург / Arensburg in the Лифляндская губерния / Livland government, Даниловo / Danilovo in the Jaroslav government.

Above Arensburg:
Аренсбург / Arensburg in the Лифляндская губерния / Livland. Johanna Apollonie / Polly Pilar von Pilchau 1820, died in Arensburg, lived in Orriküll or Oriküla, ca 55 km north-east of Parnu. Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1781, died 1860 in Arensburg (Kuressaare), Ösel (Saaremaa), his father Georg Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau 1748 died 1804 in Kergel (Kärla), Ösel (Saaremaa). Grandfather died in Hafik - Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau (1720 - 1771). Gustav Adolf Pilar von Pilchau 1841 died 1918 in Haapsalu (Hapsal). His children: Annette Luise Pilar von Pilchau in Haapsalu (Hapsal), 1881, but next child Marie Dagmar Pilar von Pilchau born in Lääne County in 1887, and Gustav Adolf Nikolai Pilar von Pilchau in Kuressaare (Arensburg), Saaremaa, in 1887. Hedwig Luise von Sass nee Pilar von Pilchau 1818 - 1852 from Sandel (Sandla), Ösel (Saaremaa), died in 1852 in Arensburg (Kuressaare). On the Stadtschule in Arensburg is a book.
Gustav Adolf Pilar von Pilchau 1841 - 1918, his sons: Gustav Adolf Nikolai Pilar von Pilchau b. 1887 in Kuressaare (Arensburg), Saaremaa, Estonia, and next son Karl (Charly) Alexander Pilar von Pilchau b. 1871 in Haapsalu (Hapsal), Lääne County, and them sister for example Marie Dagmar Pilar von Pilchau b. 1881 from Sternberg, Lääne County. Pilar v. Pilchau, Reinhold Friedrich, Landmarschall, born in Wolde (Ösel) in 1781, and died in Arensburg 1860.
Pilar Roman / ПИЛЛЯР РОМАН АЛЕКСАНДРОВИЧ (РОМУАЛЬД ФОН ПИЛЬХАУ) in Arensburg / Аренсбург on Saaremaa Island, September 1911 to March 1917. Ösel-Wiek was also known as Osilia and Rotalia - modern Saaremaa and Läänemaa. Famous persons: 1813 - 1816, Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau; Peter von Buxhoeveden; Alexander von Nolcken; von Güldenstubbe; von Ditmar; Nolcken, von Aderkas, von Loringhoven, von Ekesparre and 1906 - 1919 Axel Baron Buxhöveden, last Swedish Landmarschälle. The Baltic Provinces are formally transferred to German authority by Russia in 1918 following the Treaties of Brest-Litovsk and of Berlin. Power is transferred to a new council for the island on 18 November 1918. The von Gernet family was in Harju County, more in Lehole, Kostivere, Salajoe and Vaemla. The Baltic German historian Axel von Gernet (1865-1920), or Konrad Axel von Gernet from Sallentack (Salutaguse / 2 km east of Kohila, 19 km south-east of Saku), Raplamaa, Estland, died 1920 in St. Petersburg. He was writing on the history of Arensburg. His wife Magdalene Marie Olga Freiin von Tiesenhausen b. 1868. His son Wilhelm Oskar von Gernet b. 1900 from St Petersburg. His brother Moritz Nikolai Oswald von Gernet b. 1867 in Sallentack (Salutaguse); and his father Adam Oskar von Gernet b. 1834 - 1908, from Tallinn. Author Gernet, Axel von, 'Forschungen zur Geschichte des baltischen...', ed in Hannover, on Teutonic Knights, Harju area in Estonia. Johanna Apollonie (Polly) Pilar von Pilchau b. 1820 - 1880 in Arensburg. Her father Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1781 - 1860. Grandfather Georg Wilhelm Pilar von Pilchau 1748 - 1804, great-grandfather Jakob Johann Pilar von Pilchau 1720 - 1771. Hedwig Luise von Sass nee Pilar von Pilchau 1818 - 1852 in Arensburg (Kuressaare), Ösel (Saaremaa), Estland. Her father Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1781 - 1860. Reinhold Friedrich Pilar von Pilchau 1781 - 1860 in Arensburg (Kuressaare), Ösel (Saaremaa), Estland. Gustav Adolf Pilar von Pilchau 1841 - 1918 in Haapsalu (Hapsal), Lääne County, Estonia. His son born February 28, 1887 in (Gustav Adolf Nikolai Pilar von Pilchau) Kuressaare (Arensburg), Saaremaa, Estonia. Louise Christine von Rehbinder / Luise Christine von Rehbinder b. circa 1764 and d. on March 24, 1827 in Narwa / Narva; she has four husbands: Wilhelm Droßmann, Otto von Rehbinder, Georg Gustav von Ditmar and Carl Gustav von Gernet; her father! - Woldemar Heinrich von Rehbinder, b. circa 1706 and d. on June 17, 1775 in Arensburg / Kuressaare in Saaremaa and her grand-father acc. to Reet Laherand: Karl Wilhelm von Rehbinder b. ? died ca. 1745 and her grand-mother Anna Elisabeth nee von Poorten, d. 1720.
Several genealogical family connections between families Rehbinder and Gernet, and Arensburg, Saku and Lehola in this configuration: on 6 March 1865 between the Lord Captain Alezander Gernet / Alexander Gernet (Alexander August von Gernet 1786 - 1865, born and died in Lehhola / Lehola; his wife died in Lehola - Natalie Praskowia Rehbinder 1796 - 1862) - as owner of the property in the Harri / Harrifchen or (Harju County or Harjumaa / Harrien / Harria, it is situated in northern Estonia, on the south coast of the Gulf of Finland) Harjumaa county, Keila parish, close to Lehola - and the farmer Tönnis Elling concluded agreement on the sold on 20 April 1865. And agreement between Gernet and the farmer Karel Keippar on the site Wanna Iürri, as owner of the property in the Harri / Harrifchen close to Lehola. Captain Alexander von Gernet and the farmer Hans Limberg on the site Old (?) concluded decreed, as owner of the property in the Harrifchen / Harjumaa / Harrien / Harria, close to Lehola. Konrad Axel von Gernet b. 1865 in Sallentack / Salutaguse - ca 19 km south-east of Saku, Raplamaa, died February 5, 1920 in St. Petersburg; his son Wilhelm Oskar von Gernet was born in St Petersburg in 1900; his daughter Magdalene Charlotte Sperrlingk nee von Gernet was born in Tartu / Dorpat in 1896. His father Adam Oskar von Gernet (1834 - 1908), grandfather Hans Moritz von Gernet (1775 - 1860) and sister of the grandfather - Auguste Luise von Rehbinder (von Gernet) b. 1772 - 1851: her husband Johann Bernhard / Ivan Vladimirovich von Rehbinder (1760 - 1819); father of this husband: Woldemar Heinrich von Rehbinder b. 1706 - died 1775 in Arensburg (Kuressaare), Saaremaa, and grandfather of this husband: Karl Wilhelm von Rehbinder b. 1685.

Julian Bulhak and Aldona Dzierzynski Kojallowicz Bulhak at the Bobruisk region

Now we back to Feliks Dzierzynski: Besides Felix Dzierzynski was still six sons and three daughters. The youngest brother, Witold, died in childhood. Stanislaw, a biologist and manager of the court, death at the hands of marauders in 1917. Wladyslaw, was a famous neurologist and psychiatrist. Captured in 1942, shot in Zgierz. Casimir, who was killed with his wife in 1943. Fifth of the brothers, Ignatius / Ignacy Dzierzynski, died in 1953, at the age of 73. The younger sister, Jadwiga - we do not know anything more than that she died in 1949. Aldona who was always support for Feliks Dzierzynski. Aldona, whose son was adjutant of Jozef Pilsudski! Aldona nee Dzierzynski was living in the Bobruisk district, near by Ryszard Edward Wincenty Dzierżyński b. 1817, who was brother of Edmund Dzierzynski b. 1829 or (date of birth is mistake maybe) Эдмунд Руфин Иосифович Дзержинский / Edmund Rufin Iosifovich Dzierzynski, b. on 15 May 1838, died in 1882 (he was born in Oszmiany / Oshmiany / Ошмяны, the Wilno government / Виленская губ.). Wanda had died as a result of an inadvertent shot, but acc. to Hedwig Żukowska, neighbor of Dzierżyński and future wife of General Sosnkowski, shot gave Felix. Feliks Dzierzynski basic education received at home. So the first teachers of Felix was his father and sister Aldona. The situation changed in 1883, when their father died (1882), Edmund. Aldona was sister of Witold Dzierżyński, Jadwiga Dzierżyńska-Kuszelewska, Stanisław Dzierżyński, Kazimierz Dzierżyński, Feliks Dzierżyński. Acc. to Andrzej Hennel in 2010. Stalin still a few years after the death of Feliks Dzierzynski, given to him the Trotsky name. Hit in a table, and scissors ... - Polish proverb says. A biography of Felix Dzerzhinsky, written by Sylvia Frolov, will be released in August 2012 in the Cracow publisher 'Znak', said in 'New Poland: Social and political and literary monthly', No 2 (138) in February 2012, by Helena Shimanskaya. But two years later, Onet.pl on 26 January, 2014, wrote that Sylwia Frolov '...expected that my book will trigger a sharp controversy. From the very beginning I had to deal with such reactions...'. "Dzerzhinsky. Love and Revolution", by Sylvia Frolov is an attempt a new look at one of the most terrifying person of the first half of the twentieth century. Broadcast prepared by Bartosz Panek on 31.01.2014, at Polish Radio SA show more on the life and choices of Felix Dzerzhinsky, and how it is perceived in Russia today, which was attended by Sylvia Frolov and sovietologists - prof. Andrzej de Lazari and Dr Łukasz Jasina (historian, who recently returned from Moscow). 'Dzerzhinsky. Love and Revolution' ed, on 2014/01/13 and 2014-01-14, by Sylvia Frolov. Aldona Dzerzhinskaja - at first marriage Bulhak, second Koyallovich. Her husband Bulhak / Bulhac didn't like Feliks Dzierzynski, and removed out him from the Aldona Dzierzynska - Bulhak home. Aldona Bulhak later moved to Vienna / Wieden in Austria. Her husband was a millionaire. In 1945, after the war, she lived in Vilna. Then moved to permanent residence in Poland, where he lived in Lodz. There is evidence that during the trial of the officers in 1949 petitioned to the Boleslaw Bierut for Sila - Nowicki, her relative. In the 30's of the 20th cent. Jadwiga (she worked in the Commissariat of Railways) Dzierzynska was repressed. Stanislav Dzierzynski was killed in 1917 in a family Dzerzhinsky home. Kazimierz Dzierzynski / Casimir during the war fought as a partisan in the Baranovichi area. Was issued by the German traitor and executed along with his wife. Ignacy / Ignatius Dzierzynski was related to Unszlicht. Wanda was accidentally killed at age 14. Feliks Dzierzynski was arrested in Warsaw in April 1908. 1909 exiled to Siberie, village Bielskoje / Бельское, then Suchowo / Сухово and Tasiejewo / Тасеево, the Jenisiej government / Енисейская губерния, escaped November 1909 and moved to Capri Island in Italy to М. Горьки / Gorki; 1910 back to Poland, March 1910 in Cracow / Краков, married to С. С. Мушкат / Muszkat. In February 1911 closest to Lenin. In January 1912 back to Warsaw, September arrested; 1914 - 1916 prisoner, Moscow prison 1916 to 1 March 1917. Alexei Maximovich Peshkov / Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в b. 1868 d. 18 June 1936, known as Maxim / Maksim Gorky or Макси́м Го́рький; born in Nizhny Novgorod, Gorky was brought up by his grandmother; he wrote under the pseudonym Иегудиил Хламида / Jehudiel Khlamida. 1892, he was working in Tiflis for the newspaper Кавказ / The Caucasus; 1899, he was associating with the Marxist social-democratic movement; 1906, the Bolsheviks sent him on a fund-raising trip to the United States; 1906 to 1913, Gorky lived on the island of Capri, to support the work of Russian social-democracy: Anatoly Lunacharsky in 1908, Bogdanov and Vladimir Bazarov; In 1921, he hired a secretary, Moura Budberg (Capri close to Sorrento, ca 13 km on west; south of Napoli / Neapol where was living MARIANO, Raffaele / Raphael Mariano / Mariano Mariani, b. in Capua, on September 5, 1840 - d. Florence, 1912; was an Italian philosopher and historian; student of Augusto Vera; his two wifes from the Pilar Pilchau family of Audern and Parnu. From Capri to Napoli: kilometers 32, bearing: SW). In August 1921, when Nikolay Gumilev, his friend was arrested by the Petrograd Cheka, he obtained an order to release Gumilev from Lenin personally, but in October 1921, Gorky returned to Italy, to 1928 living mostly in Sorrento (near by Capri); visited the USSR several times after 1929, and in 1932 Joseph Stalin invited him to return. Above Maria Ignatievna Budberg / Мария or Мура Игнатьевна Закревская-Бенкендорф-Будберг / Maria Moura Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff-Budberg, as Countess Benckendorff, Baroness Budberg born 1891 died 1974, daughter of Ignacy Zakrzewski / Ignaty Platonovitch Zakrevsky b. 1841, a Russian nobleman and diplomat. Above Мария Игнатьевна / Maria Будберг / Budberg / Закревская / Zakrevskaya, b. 1893 in Charkow, d. 1974, daughter of Игнатий Платонович Закревский and Мария Николаевна Закревская, wife of Johann / Hans von Benckendorff, and Nikolai / Lay von Budberg and Алексей Максимович Пешков / Максим Горький, by: Henrik Manitski on January 25, 2012. Above Ignacy Zakrzewski / Игнатий Платонович Закревский b. 1839, son of Platon Zakrevsky and Анна Ивановна Закревская, 1804 - 1882, Son of Aleksei Zakrevsky and Варвара Ивановна Закревская. Maria Moura Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff-Budberg was double agent of OGPU and British Intelligence Service. She first married Count Johann von Benckendorff, a high-ranking Russian diplomat, in 1911. To Autumn 1917 Maria Moura Countess Benckendorff worked in the Russian Embassy in Berlin where she became acquainted with British diplomat R. H. Bruce Lockhart. They owned the mansion Jendel in Jäneda, in Estonia where he was shot dead in 1918; 1918, she was arrested in a suspicion of spying for England and transferred to the Lubyanka prison. Bruce Lockhart, tried to vouch for her; they were lovers; Lockhart was expelled from Russia soon after, Maria Moura Countess Benckendorff was released as well under the condition that she would cooperate with the intelligence service; then she met Maxim Gorky as secretary and wife of Gorky, with a few interruptions from 1920 to 1933; 1920 she met H. G. Wells and became his mistress, renewed in 1933 in London, where she emigrated. Later, she was married to Baron Nikolai von Budberg-Bönningshausen, as a double agent for the Soviet Union and British intelligence. Her older half-sister, Alexandra Alla Ignatievna Zakrevskaya b. 1884, married Baron Arthur von Engelhardt before 1909, was the great-grandmother of Nick Clegg, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2010. Above Sir Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart, b. 1887, journalist, secret agent, British diplomat in Moscow, Prague; Bruce Lockhart joined the British Foreign Service and was posted to Moscow as Vice-Consul. At the time of his arrival in Russia, (copyright by Wikipedia) "...he was invited to turn out for Morozov a textile factory team that played their games 30 miles east of Moscow – the manager of the cotton mill was from Lancashire, England. Bruce Lockhart was Acting British Consul-General in Moscow when the first Russian Revolution broke out in early 1917, but left shortly before the Bolshevik Revolution of October that year. He soon returned to Russia at the behest of Prime Minister Lloyd George and Lord Milner as the United Kingdom's first envoy to the Bolsheviks in January 1918 in an attempt to counteract German influence. Lockhart, on his return, was also working for the Secret Intelligence Service ... Moura Budberg, the widow of a high-ranking Czarist diplomat Count Johann von Benckendorff, became his mistress. ... Later, Bruce Lockhart spoke out for Arthur Ransome, ... recommended official assistance to bring Trotsky's secretary, Evgenia Petrovna Shelepina, to England; she later married Ransome ... In 1918, Bruce Lockhart and fellow British agent, Sidney Reilly, were dramatically alleged to have plotted to assassinate Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. He was accused of plotting against the Bolshevik regime ... he escaped trial in an exchange of 'secret agents' for the Russian diplomat Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov". Above Lieutenant Sidney George Reilly, b. 1873, known as the Ace of Spies, was a Jewish Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard, the British Secret Service Bureau and later the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Above named Benckendorff, Johann Hans Ulrich von Nathanael 1882 - 1919, born in Jäneda of Alexander Benckendorff (Alexander Christoph Karl Otto Benckendorff b. 1888 in Jendel / Jäneda; son of Alexander Gustav Konstantin von Benckendorff, from Jendel [1846 Warrang (Varangu), d. 1910 Jendel] and Margarethe Ottilie Karoline Emilie von Bremen); studied at the Empress Catherine Imperial Lyceum in St. Petersburg; nicknamed Ivan / Jan / John, was one of the best students of his course, 1908 he was assigned to work in the Russian foreign ministry, and a little later was appointed state councilor. 1909 directed the work of the Russian embassy in Berlin, which was before World War I, Russia's most glorious representation abroad. 1910 he was promoted to secretary of the embassy. In the same year died Alexander Benckendorff and Johann became the new owner of the mansion in Jäneda. 1911 Maria Zakrevskajaga / Maria nee Zakrzewska married Johann in Berlin. From this marriage was born a son Paul and daughter Tatiana. When World War I broke out, they left the Russian embassy in Berlin. Johann joined the army as a volunteer, and he was appointed staff officer of the Russian Northern Army Headquarters (Brujewicz / Bruevich here!). In 1917, when the collapse of the state, Benckendorff was went to retire. He decided to bring his family to the province; 1918 April, the wife Maria, was in Petrograd, and the grace of Maria's adventures got divorced; 19 April 1919 Benckendorff, Johann Hans Ulrich von Nathanael was murdered in Jäneda but unknown circumstances (July Tomson Memories). The Jäneda lady of the manor, the legendary Maria Zakrevskaja - Benckendorff - Budberg, come from the eminent lawyers, the Russian Prosecutor-General and Senator from 1894-99, Earl Ignati Platonovitsh Zakrevski family (Berjozovkaja - Rudka mansion in Ukraine). Maria was the fourth and last child in the family, he was born in 1893 in Kharkiv; after the death of his father in 1905, the family moved to St. Petersburg. Maria Zakrevskajaga / Maria nee Zakrzewska / Mura received his education from the home teachers, mastered English, French, German, and Russian; in 1910, when she was called to her sister Anja to Berlin, where the husband and brother of Plato / Platon Zakrzewski were the Russian Embassy officials. Maria Zakrevskajaga / Maria nee Zakrzewska / Mura will soon be presented to the Secretary of the Embassy - Johann von Benckendorff, who immediately fell in love; 1911 the wedding was held, and soon the two children born in the family. Maria Moura Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff-Budberg / Mura life was both in Berlin and St. Petersburg, where they had a flat; close to British Embassy staff, with fun trips to the Jäneda manor; 1914 the outbreak of the war did not change Mura's life, though husband was in the army; The situation changed after 1917 bolshevik coup, as many of the familiar fled the country, were killed or found themselves in the front lines of the civil war. 1918 re-moved to the Johann von Benckendorff Jäneda family home. Mura remained in Petrograd care for his sick mother. In March of the same year, he met Bruce Lockhart from the British Embassy in Moscow; it was six months of meeting with a passionate love story which has been reflected in the literature as a movie. 1918 Lockhart was arrested, in August 1918 on charges of organizing an assassination of Lenin and was sent out of the country. Maria Moura Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff was also at some time in jail. Her mother died, and the outbreak of war between Russia and Estonia, which cut off the opportunity for children to come. Maria Moura Countess Benckendorff was released as well under the condition that she would cooperate with the Bolshevik intelligence service, and in 1919 Gorki fell in love with her at first sight. They became close people for many years. 1921 managed to escape to Estonia to kids. Estonian authorities and the Baltic German nobility saw her as a Bolshevik agent. Mura lack of citizenship, should have been sent back to the red Russia; in order to get an Estonian passport, she signed a fictitious marriage to Budberg Nicholas, Baron, who got the money for citizenship. 1922 fresh couple left Estonia to Berlin, where they parted - Baron Budberg traveled to South America, but the Lady Budberg went to Gorki, who lived in Germany and Italy. 1926 marriage Budberg was separated. Baroness Budberg with Maksim Gorki lived in Germany and Italy; as a writer Gorky did not speak any foreign languages; 1929 again Mura met science fiction writer Herbert George Wells. They had begun dating in 1920, when the Wells visited Russia - Wells was already in love with her; in London they lived in the same house, even. In London she began to organize the lives of children in their new homeland, 1933 a son, Paul, and daughter Tania was supposed to arrive in 1934. 1946 Welss died at the age of 76. Mura life began a new era at Cromwell Road. Above Johann von Benckendorff or Hans Ulrich Nathanael von Benckendorff, b. 1882 in Jendel (Jäneda - south-west of Rakvere, and south-east of Tallinn), Lääne-Virumaa, in Estland; d. on April 19, 1919, not in 1918 - in Jendel / Jäneda. He was son of Alexander Gustav Konstantin Benckendorff, from Jendel and Margarethe Ottilie Karoline Emilie von Bremen; his wife above Мария Игнатьевна. Her son Paul von Benckendorff and Tatiana / Tania. He was brother of Hermann Julius Konstantin von Benckendorff; Alexander Christoph Karl Otto Benckendorff; Gerhard Paul Konstantin, Anna Margarethe, Paul Boris - by Henrik Manitski in 2012. His father: Alexander Gustav Konstantin von Benckendorff, from Jendel, b. 1846 in Warrang (Varangu - north of Rakvereca 18 km), Väike-Maarja vald. Died 1910 in above Jendel (Jäneda - ca 65 km east of Saku). Grandfather Gustav Hermann Christoph Benckendorff and Marie von Löwenstern. Above Gustav Hermann Christoph Benckendorff b. 1815 in Gilsenhof / Kiltsi, Väike-Maarja vald. Great-grandfather Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff and Elisabeth von Rehbinder. Above Dorothea Helene Margarethe Elisabeth Rehbinder was daughter of Gustav Wilhelm von Rehbinder and Sophie Christina von Rehbinder and granddaughter of Arend Wilhelm von Rehbinder. Above Алексей Максимович Пешков / Максим Горький b. 1868 d. 1936, son of Максим Савватьевич Пешков and Варвара Васильевна Пешкова. Father of Максим Алексеевич Пешков and Екатерина Алексеевна Пешкова, by: Peter Trefilov on January 25, 2012. "The sudden death of Gorky's son Maxim Peshkov in May 1934 was followed by the death of Maxim Gorky himself in June 1936. Speculation has long surrounded the circumstances of his death. Stalin and Molotov were among those who carried Gorky's coffin during the funeral. During the Bukharin trial in 1938 (one of the three Moscow Trials), one of the charges was that Gorky was killed by Yagoda's NKVD agents", by Wikipedia. Few details on Feliks Dzierzynski: In the autumn of 1887 Aldona Dzierzynska drove with brother Feliks Dzierzynski to Vilna, where he successfully passed his exams and was accepted into the first class of the first Vilna school, where he studied until 1896. Feliks Dzierzynski lived with his grandmother Казимира Янушевская / Kazimiera Januszewska on the street Poplavsky 26. To her sister, Aldona Bulhak, he wrote soon after appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs: "I can not explain you only by letter. One truth, I can tell you, I'm still the same, as I was, although for many do not have the name much terrible then my one". This terrible name ... seems that the word 'soldier' (judging from the letters) becomes his favorite word. There is nothing surprising in the fact that Dzerzhinsky - man without education and profession - was the creator of the powerful intelligence services. Sixteen teenager, he went to the revolution. A prison, penal servitude and exile became his habitat. In cases of Polish and Lithuanian Social Democrats, Dzerzhinsky traveled almost the whole of Europe, learning the art of secrecy, the working methods of the secret police of different countries. Cheka became unique in the history of punitive body, align arrest, investigation, trial, punishment and a special right - shoot in good conscience. Dzerzhinsky descended from an ancient noble family, he was the absolute as an aristocrat, in the family called his - little Raphael. But from his ancestors, he did not inherit a single drop of aristocratic refinement. With Lenin, in 1906 he met in Stockholm. Author: Александр ГРИГОРЕНКО / Alexander Grigorenko. And now very interesting inf. about Italy, Capri, Genoa, Swiss Alps and visit to the Jungfrau / Jungfraujoch - ca 55 to 60 km east of Saanen, cantons of Valais and Bern in Switzerland. Gorki / Gorky was constrained not to return to Russia and went straight to Italy, on the blessed island of Capri. There Dzerzhinsky, Chaliapin, Lunacharsky and Bunin, Plekhanov and Stanislavsky came to visit him. In Berlin in 1906, Lenin and Gorki were not only on political conversations and when Lenin arrived at Capri, they went to the Naples Museum and Pompey. Thus, on Capri originated literary and political center, which included people who belong to extremist parties: Lopatin, Plekhanov, Lunacharsky, Bogdanov, Vladimir Lenin, Dzerzhinsky - and this is not a complete list of names. On 1909, 15 January Dzerzhinsky on verdicts of the Warsaw Court of Justice was denied the rights of state and condemned to exile in the Yenisei province. November, escape from exile; 1910 January - The Party send Dzerzhinsky in Italy; January - February, Dzerzhinsky acquainted with Maxim Gorky in Italy on Isle of Capri; March 1910 Dzerzhinsky directs illegal party work in Krakow. 1911, May - June, Dzerzhinsky with Lenin and Inessa Armand in Paris. From a Feliks Dzierzynski letter to А. Э. Булгак / Aldona Bulhak, Berlin on March 1, 1910: "...I have traveled around the world. That's really a month I went to Capri; I was in the Italian (in Genua like Frautchi?) and French Riviera, Monte Carlo ... then admired the Swiss Alps - the mighty Jungfrau and other snow-capped giants ... So wonderful world! ... and I have to come back again with tops in the valley, in the hole. A couple of days will be in Krakow, where settled on a permanent basis...". We remember now about trip of Lenin and Krupska: east of Montreux, it was the same way like Lenin and Krupska [from Montreux (with Clarens, here Konstantynowicz, Breguet, Rey, Duflon, Kropotkin, Bakst), Villeneuve, to Aigle - 11 km south of Villeneuve (Duflon), then tens of kilometers along the river Rhone (to south and south-east), stay in Loiche - les - Bains / Leukerbad - ca 29/34 km south-east of Gstaad, Saanen and Turbach (Fraucci or Frautchi - Artuzow), walk down through the Gemmipass - 28 km south-east of Gstaad, in the mountains of the Bernese canton - 30 to 40 km east of Saanen and Turbach (Frautchi), visit to the Jungfrau / Jungfraujoch - ca 55 to 60 km east of Saanen, again stay at Izentale (or Iseltwald) on Brienzersee - 60/70 km east-north of Saanen, next the way back into the Canton of Geneva (back home on west from Spiez, Saanen, Villeneuve, Montreux or from Chateau d'Oex, Montbovon, Les Avants to Montreux some on a railway)]; Jungfrau is one of the main summits in the Bernese Alps, situated between the cantons of Valais and Bern in Switzerland. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall. Details on above Frautchi in Russia now: Eduard Esterling / Edward Easterling / Эдуард Эстерлинг and Elena Shtaal / Елена Штааль has 4 daughters: Odilla / Одиллия, Alwina / Альвина, Berta / Берта and Sharlotte / Шарлотта; Berta Esterling / Берта Эстерлинг married August / Avgust Didrikil / Август Иванович Дидрикиль, and they has daughter Augusta nee Didrikil / Августа, son Edward Didrikil / Эдуард, next Maria / Мария, Pawel / Павел, Eleonora / Элеонора, Nina / Нина and Olga / Ольга; above Augusta nee Didrikil / Августа Августовна married Christian son of Petr Frautchi / Христиан Петрович Фраучи. Виктор Христианович / Viktor Frautchi son of above Christian Frautchi / Христиан Петрович Фраучи, b. 1902; next son Rudolf / Рудольф Христианович has 3 children: younger son Herman Frautchi / Герман died in camp in 1938. Daugter Ludmila / Людмила died. Viatseslav son of Rudolf / Вячеслав Рудольфович - lived in Moscow. Христиан Петрович Фраучи / Christian Frautchi has 6 children: Artur Frautchi / Артур Христианович - his branch living in Moscow; Eugenia nee Frautchi / Евгения Христиановна - now in Riazan; Nina / Нина Христиановна - in Vladimir; Rudolf Frautchi / Рудольф Христианович - has 2 children: Mila / Мила - died, and Wiaczeslaw Rudolfowicz Frautchi / Вячеслав Рудольфович, Wiera / Вера Христиановна - in Moscow, has daughter (85 aged in 2009, Ela / Эла Иогановна), Wiktor / Виктор Христианович - son Ilia / Илья - in Homel / Гомел (in Homel his children and grandchildren), but Denis / Денис (with daughter Ioana / Иоанна) and Ivan / Иван Викторович in North Osetia and next in Kazan - has daughter. Jadwiga Edmundowna Dzierzynska, 1871 - 1949, summer 1916 near by Feliks Dzierzynski, in hospital of the Moscow governement prison, in 20s of 20th cent. working with brother of Feliks Dzierzynski; 1949 died in Moscow. Jadwiga Genrichowna Dzierzynska, Jadwiga daughter of Henryk Dzierzynski, relatives of Feliks Dzierzynski, b. 1900, died ?; she was working in Moscow in Soviet institutions. Wife of Feliks E. Dzierzynski, Zofia daughter of Zygmunt Lichyj?, nee Lichowa. 14 years no change surname to Dzierzynska. Dzierzynski Fiodor Janowicz, b. 1947. Grandson of Feliks Dzierzynski, he was younger son of Jan Dzierzynski, son of Feliks Dzierzynski. Engineer. Ryzow Vadim Vasilievich, 1917 - 1962, witness for L. F. Lichowa and Feliks Dzierzynski. He was working in Moscow. Dzierzynski Kazimierz Edmundowicz 1875 - 1943, born in Iody, the Wilno county, studied in Germania, working in Lublin, 1935 in Dzierzynowo. Dzierzynska Lucija / Lucea Wilhelmowna, 1887 - 1943, wife of K. E. Dzierzynski, brother of Feliks Dzierzynski. German wife. 1941 working for German in Iwieniec. Catholic. Nagotko Kazimierz son of Jozef Nagotko, next of kin with Faliks Dzierzynski, living in Tiesnowo, the Iwieniec area, his wife Anna; died in 1944 from hands of Polish; a cementery of Kamien. Kazimierz and Teresa Nagotko were living after 1944. Dzierżyński family settlements in assets of Oziembłowo (later named Dzierżynow) and were neighbours of the Rutkowski family from Podgórze - owners of the property. These families maintained close contacts, as Karol Adam / Charles Adam Rutkowski and Edmund Dzerzhinsky, the owner Oziembłowo. Witold Rutkowski son of Charles Adam and Kazimierz Dzerzhinsky son of Edmund Dzierzynski came together to Warsaw during the study. Kazimierz Dzerzhinsky joined the Academy of Veterinary in Dorpat (Tartu, now Estonia). He came therefore to Dzierżynow, and to Warsaw on the Technical School of Wawelberg and Rotwand. He lived in lodgings with Witold Rutkowski, but he was arrested and then he went to Germany, in Frankfurt am Main, then moved to Karlsruhe. Rented apartment with a family of Italian origin - Schiotti. He fell in love with the daughter of the owners Lucy Schiotti and married. Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856, m. 1892, to Aldona Dzierzynski, he died 1908, lived in Mickiewicze. His grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789, m. to Antonina Bulhak, estates: Ostrówek, Burdziewicze, Kozlowicze, Nowy Dwor close to Jelnica and Szabany, south-east of Minsk or Nowy Dwor close to Sluck!? His mother Franciszka Lowicki and father Jerzy Onufry Bulhak, b. 1749; grandfather: Florian Stanislaw Bulhak (b. ca 1700? or 1730, 1681 and 1741; he was son of Mikołaj Bułhak and Katarzyna ... or Marianna; husband of Krystyna; father of Florian Bułhak, Józef Bułhak, Jan Bułhak, Wincenty Bułhak, Ignacy Józefat Bułhak / Ignacy Jozafat Bułhak, Jerzy Onufry Bułhak and Władysław Bułhak) and grandmother Krystyna Ciekawianka (above Josafat Ignatius Bulhak b. April 20, 1758, d. February 25, 1838, Greek Orthodox priest, Uniate bishop of Pinsk (1787-1795), bishop of Brest (1798-1828), Bishop of Lithuania (1828-1833) and Archbishop of Polotsk (1833-1838), in 1817-1838 the Metropolitan of Kiev. Above Jozef Bulhak, the Uniate bishop of Pinsk and Turow, abbot of the monastery of the Basilian in Suprasl). Great-grandfather Mikolaj Bulhak b. 1670 (husband of Katarzyna ... and next - ? - Marianna Bułhak; father of Florian Stanisław Bułhak), m. to Marianna Imielinski - Prawdzic; estate Kosmowicze from Radziwill. His parents: Benedykt Bulhak (b. ca 1640?) and Eufemia Protasewicz. Benedykt was from Konstanty Bulhak and Anna Zablocki, acc. to aordycz.republika.pl. Above Eufemia Bułhak (Protasewicz - Jastrzębiec) b. ca 1650 was mother of Mikołaj Bułhak, Jerzy Piotr Bułhak and Szymon Bułhak - by: Urszula Ewa Skarżyńska in 2007. Benedykt Bułhak circa 1630 / 1650 - 1698, son of Konstanty Kazimierz Bułhak and Anna, husband of Eufemia, father of Mikołaj Bułhak; Jerzy Piotr Bułhak b. ca 1665 / 1675 and Szymon Bułhak b. ca 1660 / 1680?; 1686 Nowogrodek, owner of Ostrówka close to Mir, Janowszczyzna near by Iwieniec, Nowodwórek, Osipowszczyzna, Nacz, Puszcza Moszukowska, Domatkanowicze close to Kleck, Połoneczka by Dzwieja. Above Mikołaj Bułhak b. circa 1670 / 1695?, son of Benedykt Bułhak and Eufemia, husband of Katarzyna and Marianna, father of Florian Stanisław Bułhak ca 1695 - 1745? (his sons: 1. Florian Bułhak circa 1730 / 1750? - 1806, his mother Krystyna, husband of Helena Bułhak, father of Jan Antoni Franciszek Bułhak [ b. 1795 and d. in Worończa, 1866, husband of Julia, father of Karolina Karpowicz; Antoni Bułhak; Walery Antoni Stanisław Bułhak; NN Bułhak (his wife Aldona nee Dzierżyńska, by Urszula Ewa Skarżyńska); Barbara Bułhak and Helena Kiersnowska (wife of Aleksander Kiersnowski, mother of Adam Kiersnowski and Karol Kiersnowski) and one other] and Maciej Bułhak; 2. Józef Bułhak 1723 - 1783; 3. Jan Bułhak 1719 - 1779; 4. Wincenty Bułhak 1720 - 1780? owner of Michałowo close to Stołowicze and Kroszyn in the Nowogrodek county, served for Maciej Radziwiłł from Połoneczka - his son Gabriel??; 5. Ignacy Józefat Bułhak; 6. Jerzy Onufry Bułhak and 7. Władysław Bułhak). Aldona Kojallowicz Bulhak nee Dzierzynska, 1870 - 1966. Her husband Gedymin Jerzy Bulhak b. 1856 - his father Rudolf Jerzy Bulhak 1824-1894; grandfather Chryzostom Stanislaw Bulhak b. 1789. Great-grandfather Jerzy Onufry Bulhak. Children of Jerzy Onufry Bulhak: Chryzostom Stanisław Bułhak, Beata Bułhak, Krystyna Bułhak, Ostroberta Bułhak and Julian Bułhak. Acc. to Дрозд Дмитрий wrote on Julian Bulhak / Yulyan Bulgak bought land in the Igumen district in 1859 - the estate Matseevich / Matsevichi / Mateevichi from the landlord Lisowski (of Bulhak in 1867-1913); somewhere in 1890, the estate Bluza (Bluza close to Poddiegtiarnia, north-west of Talka, ca 26 km north-west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze / Asipovichy, and west of Lipien of Bulgak / Bulhak family) from hands of Sophia Prosor / Zofia Prozor - Swietorzecka / Sventorzhetski, owned in those places. The Prozor family was near by to Malkiewicz - Horodecka Izabela. Probably not Lisowski but the Lipovskii / Lipowski family. The case on Ignacy (?) Bulhak on transferring it out to them: Kamionka or Matseevich from Lipovskii in 1861. There are the Case of the redemption of the land at Мацевичи / Matsevichi of Bulhak in 1867-1913 (Mateevichi, south of Ugodino, near by Kamienka / Kamionka; west of Talka, and south of Marina Gorka; or Macevichi or Macawiczy close to Sinialo, and Koroliszczewiczi - south-east; inf. of 2010 from http://forum.vgd.ru/post/45/). Marina Gorka / Mar'іna Hill, a center of Pukhavichy region. 1866-1913 Bulhak was guardian of Sventorzhetskaya. Aldona Dzierżyński, oldest sister of Feliks Dzierzynski, 1892 married to Gedymin Jerzy Bułhak (died 1908), lived in the Bobruisk district and Wilno; second husband Artur Kojałłowicz, and moved to Lodz / Łodz, to her daughter Maria Staszewski. Her next of kin Władysław Siła-Nowicki. Jadwiga Zawadzki was her cousin. All acc. to: http://aordycz.com/. Aldona who was always support for Feliks Dzierzynski. Aldona, whose son was adjutant of Jozef Pilsudski! Details on the Dzierzynski family: Róża Dzierżyńska b. 1835 m. Burzyński. Felicjan Jan Dzierżyński b. 1830, m. Róża Łucja Szembel, he died in 1904; his children: Józef Bernard Dzierżyński 1863 - 1910, Adam Dzierżyński 1871 - 1932 + Wanda Nekanda-Trepka, Ewa Wiktoryna Dzierżyńska 1872 - 1928, Antoni Dzierżyński 1874 - 1942, Jan Albin Dzierżyński 1877 - 1958, Felicjan Bonifacy Dzierżyński 1878 - 1927. Tomasz Justyn Dzierżyński b. 1822, m. Paulina Skibicka, d. 1859. Acc. to http://www.aordycz.com/descendenci/dzierzynski.htm; address aord@aordycz.com; by Anna Ordyczynska: JAKUB DZIERŻYNSKI married BARBARA TALMONT and married SYRTOWT. Child of JAKUB is ANTONI JAKUBOWICZ DZIERŻYNSKI, b. 1755 d. 1816. Children of JAKUB and BARBARA TALMONT are: WAWRZYNIEC, ROCH and MARIANNA. ANTONI JAKUBOWICZ DZIERŻYNSKI married KONSTANCJA ADAMOWICZ, children: IGNACY JAN, JÓZEF JAN H. SULIMA DZIERŻYNSKI, b. 1788 d. 1854. JÓZEF JAN H. DZIERŻYNSKI married ANTONINA OZIEMBLOWSKA. Children: RYSZARD EDWARD WINCENTY b. 1817, ONUFRY ANTONI MODEST b. 1818 m. MAZURKIEWICZ, BERNARD LEONARD b. 1819 d. 1879; TOMASZ JUSTYN b. 1822; d. 1859 m. PAULINA SKIBICKA; ANTONI MIKOLAJ b. 1823 d. 1865; ANNA b. 1827, EDMUND b. 1829, in Dzierżynowo, d. 1872, m. HELENA JANUSZEWSKA, daughter of JANUSZEWSKI and KAZIMIERA JANUSZEWSKA; FELICJAN JAN 1830 - 1904; JÓZEFAT b. 1831 d. 1954; LEOKADIA b. 1833 and RÓŻA b. 1835 m. BURZYNSKI. RYSZARD EDWARD WINCENTY DZIERŻYNSKI was born 1817, married COLETTE OSTROWSKA. Child of RYSZARD and COLETTE OSTROWSKA is EUSTACHY. Children of EDMUND and HELENA JANUSZEWSKA are: WITOLD b. 1867; ALDONA b. 1869, Kojdanów (Dzierżynowo) d. 1966; JADWIGA b. 1871, Kojdanów, d. 1949 m. KUSZELEWSKI; and samples only: KAZIMIERZ b. 1875, Dzierżynowo, d. 1943 in Dzierżynowo, m. LUCY SCHIATTI (Kazimierz Dzerzhinsky joined the Academy of Veterinary in Dorpat / Tartu, now Estonia. He came therefore to Dzierżynow, and to Warsaw on the Technical School of Wawelberg and Rotwand. He lived in lodgings with Witold Rutkowski, but he was arrested and then he went to Germany, in Frankfurt am Main, then moved to Karlsruhe. Rented apartment with a family of Italian origin - Schiotti. He fell in love with the daughter of the owners Lucy Schiotti / LUCY SCHIATTI and married); FELIKS d. 1926, Moskwa; IGNACY b. 1879, Dzierżynowo d. 1953; WLADYSLAW b. 1881, Stołpce, d. 1942, Zgierz. FELICJAN JAN DZIERŻYNSKI was born 1830, and died 1904. He married RÓŻA LUCJA SZEMBEL. Children of FELICJAN and RÓŻA SZEMBEL are: ANTONINA, MICHAL b. 1862; d. 1867; ADAM b. 1871 d. 1932 m. WANDA NEKANDA TREPKA; EWA WIKTORYNA 1872 d. 1928; ANTONI b. 1874 d. 1942; JAN ALBIN b. 1877 d. 1958; FELICJAN BONIFACY b. 1878 d. 1927 and JÓZEF BERNARD 1963 d. 1910. ALDONA DZIERŻYNSKA was born 1869 in Kojdanów and died 1966. She married GEDYMIN JERZY BULHAK, son of RUDOLF and ANIELA OSTROMECKA. He was born 1856, and died 1908. She married second time to ARTUR KOJALLOWICZ. Children of ALDONA and GEDYMIN are: EDMUND 1894 - 1896, RUDOLF b. 1895 d. in Minsk, HELENA b. 1896, ANTONI JERZY b. 1898 m. JUCHNIEWICZ; MARIA b. 1900 m. MIECZYSLAW HARYSZEWSKI and second time m. JERZY STASZEWSKI; HELENA b. 1901 d. 1904. Child of ALDONA and ARTUR: RUDOLF KOJALLOWICZ. FELIKS was born 1877, married ZOFIA ZYGMUNTÓWNA MUSZKAT. She was born 1882 in Warsaw, died 1968 in Moscow. Child of FELIKS and ZOFIA MUSZKAT: JAN b. 1911. IGNACY DZIERŻYNSKI born 1879 in Dzierżynowo, and died 1953. He married STANISLAWA SILA-NOWICKA, children of IGNACY and STANISLAWA: OLGIERD and WANDA JÓZEFA. JAN ALBIN DZIERŻYNSKI was born 1877, and died 1958. Children of JAN ALBIN: JANINA and JERZY WITOLD DZIERŻYNSKI. JAN DZIERŻYNSKI born 1911, has children: TEODOR, and junior FELIKS. Acc. to http://www.aordycz.com/descendenci/dzierzynski.htm; address aord@aordycz.com; by Anna Ordyczynska. Her roots: Piotr Ordyczyński + Anna Danuta Stankiewicz from Leżajsk. Gedymin Jerzy Bułhak b. 1856, m. 1892, to Aldona Dzierżyński, died 1908, lived in Mickiewicze. His grandfather Chryzostom Stanisław Bułhak b. 1789, m. to Antonina Bułhak, estates: Ostrówek, Burdziewicze, Kozłowicze, Nowy Dwor close to Słuck. And his grandfather Mikołaj Bułhak b. 1670, m. to Marianna Imieliński; estate Kosmowicze from Radziwiłł. Aldona Kojałłowicz Bułhak nee Dzierżyńska, 1870 - 1966, acc. to http://www.geni.com/people/. Her son Antoni Bułhak b. 1898. His wife Wanda Bułhak nee Juchniewicz from Cezary Juchniewicz and Maria Juchniewicz nee Piłsudska, b. 1873. She was daughter of Józef Wincenty Piotr Piłsudski, b. 1833; and her brother was Józef Klemens Piłsudski b. 1867. The second son of above Aldona: Rudolf Bułhak b. 1895. Sister of above Aldona: Jadwiga Dzierżyńska-Kuszelewska / Hedwig / Jadwiga Kuszelewski (1871 - 1949) + Konstanty Kuszelewski - Prawdzic (1857 - 1922). Her son: Jerzy Kuszelewski, 1895-1939. Rudolf Bułhak b. 1895, his brother Antoni Bułhak born 1898; about Antoni Bułhak by Małgorzata Wojciechowska in 2010 at http://www.geni.com/people/: Antoni Bulhak died after 1970, was one of the aides of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski and husband of Wanda Kadenacy, niece Marshal (mistake?). After the invasion of the Germans in Poland in September 1939, taken from Warsaw to its assets in the Suwalki region: Pilsudski wife - Alexandra / Aleksandra Szczerbinska and her daughters, her sister and their cousin Anna. Jozef Klemens Pilsudski + Aleksandra Szczerbinska has daughter Jadwiga Jagoda Pilsudska with her husband Andrzej Jaraczewski has daughter Joanna Jaraczewska, married to Janusz Onyszkiewicz / Janusz Adam Onyszkiewicz born 1937. Zofia Kadenacy nee Piłsudski, b. 1865 was sister of Józef Klemens Piłsudski; her husband Bolesław Kadenacy (1845 - 1918), her daughter Wanda Kadenacy + Antoni Bulhak, b. 1898 (mistake?), the aide-de-camp of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski. We need check this genealogy! Anthony George Bułhak / George Bulhak (using his middle name) / Jerzy Bulhak / Antoni Jerzy Bułhak, a Polish citizen, the son of Gediminas and Aldona, the house Dzerzhinsky, was born in Zawołoczyce, on March 3, 1898; married Wanda nee Juchniewicz, born in Vilnius, March 8, 1901, the daughter of Caesar and Mary nee Pilsudska. The marriage was April 11, 1923 in Vilnius. Above named Zawołoczyce, here was Bernardine filial chapel in the village, like Chromce (near Bobruisk), Dubrowna (near Minsk), Dukora (Svislach), Łahojsk, Szaciłki (Berezina); the monks served parishes in Borosowszczyzna, Ratutycze, Ustercha. Zawołoczyce that is Заволочицы, Zavalochycy, Zavolochicy, Zavolochitsy close to Simanavichi; west of Glusha, ca 38 km west of Bobruisk / Bobruisk. Jozef Wincenty Piotr Pilsudski, b. 1833 died 1902, + Maria Billewicz died 1884; daughter Zofia Zula Pilsudski Kadenacy, b. 1865, d. 1935; her husband Boleslaw Kadenacy died 1918; his son Czeslaw Kadenacy, b. 1896, grandson Tadeusz. Jozef Wincenty Piotr Pilsudski, b. 1833 died 1902, + Maria Billewicz has 12 children, among others Helena Piłsudski b. 1864 d. 1917, Zofia Kadenac b. 1865 + Bolesław Kadenac, Bronisław Piłsudski, Józef Piłsudski, Adam Piłsudski / Адам Гинятович Косьчеша Пилсудский b. 1869, Kazimierz Piłsudski, Maria Juchniewiczowa b. 1873 + Cezary Juchniewicz, Jan Piłsudski, Ludwika Majewska b. 1879 + Leon Majewski, Kacper Piłsudski b. 1881, Piotr Piłsudski, Teodora Piłsudska, Piotr. Antoni Bulhak (Antoni Jerzy Bułhak, son of Gedymin Jerzy Bułhak, and Aldona nee Dzierżyńska, his brother Rudolf Kojałłowicz; his wife nee Juchniewicz), b. 1898: 1. Zofia Kadenacy nee Piłsudski, b. 1865 was sister of Józef Klemens Piłsudski; her husband Bolesław Kadenacy (b. 1845, his father Jan / Ivan Kadenacy; Boleslaw married Zofia Pilsudski; he died 22 Jan 1918 in Vilno; Jan Kadenacy b. 1811; wife of above Boleslaw: Zofia Pilsudski 1865-1935), her daughter Wanda Kadenacy + Antoni Bulhak, b. 1898 (mistake?); 2. Antoni Bułhak b. 1898. His wife Wanda Bułhak nee Juchniewicz from Cezary Juchniewicz and Maria Juchniewicz nee Piłsudska, b. 1873 (d. 1921, her mother Maria Piłsudska nee Billewicz). She was daughter of Józef Wincenty Piotr Piłsudski, b. 1833; and her brother was Józef Klemens Piłsudski b. 1867. Among the Poles, who got a Japanese visa, in winter, at the turn of 1940 / 1941, and recorded arrive in Vancouver were only two families with Polish passports: Anthony George Bułhak with his wife Wanda in 1940 and James Kaliski with his wife and children in 1941. Probably Bulhak when traveling by train in Soviet Union used the false passports. It is known that the Polish Embassy in Tokyo asked for a re-issue of passports; he came from a noble family. Jan / John Bułhak, his uncle, the father of Polish landscapes photography. Jan Brunon Bułhak (1876–1950) or Jan Bułhak was born 1876 in Осташин Мурованый / Ostaszyn (Асташын, close to Liubaniczi, south of Dolginowo and Serwacz, ca 28 km south-east of Nowogrodek, 11 km north-east of Woroncha / Woroncza). Осташин Мурованый / Ostaszyn Murowany from 1922 to Otton Żywicki. Here was living Jan Bulhak / Ян Булгак, son of Валериан Булгак, Walerian Bulhak; he sold the estate to Грабовски / Grabowski (18th cent. to the beginning of the 20th. cent.) after 1900. Jan Brunon Bułhak's parents were Walery Antoni Stanisław Bułhak - Syrokomla b. 1842 in Ostaszyn (he was brother of Karolina Karpowicz, Antoni Bułhak, NN Bułhak, Barbara Bułhak and Helena Kiersnowska; son of Jan Antoni Franciszek Bułhak b. 1795 in Woroncza, and grandson of Florian Bulhak b. ca 1740, great-grandson of Florian Stanisław Bułhak from Mikolaj Bulhak and Katarzyna or Marianna) and Józefa née Haciska - Roch (b. 1848 in Miratycze, daughter of Władysław Dachnowicz Haciski - son of Tadeusz Dachnowicz Haciski - and Anna Haciska), landowners in Ostaszyn. In the village of Worończa (Woroncha, Варонча) there are four graves of Jan Bułhak's ancestors - 27 km south-east of Navahrudak / Nowogrodek. Jan Bulhak from 1897 to 1899, studied literature, history and philosophy at Jagiellonian University, Kraków. Back home, he lived in the village of Peresieka (Пярэсека) near Minsk, where he inherited a manor after his great-uncle's death (brother of one's grandparent or uncle of one's parent). Пярэсека, Минская область / Pereseka, close to Czurylawiczi, Kaikawa, ca 16 km south of Minsk core; and 7 km south-west of Karaliszczawiczi / Koroliszczewiczi / Koroliszczewicze - here Konstantynowicz family, and ca 8 km south-west of Nowy Dwor - Bulhak?; north-west of Dukora - Moniuszko. In 1901, he married a cousin, Hanna Haciska. After his father's death (after 1905), he sold the manor and bought a mansion from Radziwill in Belitsa, near Minsk. Belitsa, near Minsk - 3 km south-east of Samachwalawiczi, 7 km west of Kaikawa, ca 12 km south-west of Koroliszczewiczi and ca 3 / 4 km west of Peresieka. Jozef Proszynski was living in Koroleszczewicze, died 1790, married Elzbieta Brygida nee Janiszewska / ? Januszewska. The family of Aleksander Brujewicz or Bonc - Bruievicius of the Boncza arms lived in Zbyszyn or Sbychin near to Tschetschewitschi since 1876 / 1880, 39 km SE away from Miezonka; he lived next door Gresmer or Greszner family ca 1896, and Mr Witold Bulhak home. The Bulhak noble house of the Syrokomla arms, verified in Minsk A.D. 1802, possessed also in the government of Minsk: Matewitschi = Maciejewicze i.e. Macevicy, and Zuki, Budzilowka and Kondratowicze. West of the Berezyna river, and close to Bobruisk / Bobrujsk stronghold - the Bulhak, Konstantynowicz, Szostak, Dzierzynski, Tatur, Czajkowski families: The Konstantynowicz family: Вязовница that is Wiazownica / Viazovnica, west of Swislocz (see Szostak family), north - east of Osipovichi; west of Berezyna river; south-east of Grodzianka (see Marian vel Jerzy Konstantynowicz); and Фортуны - here lived (also Чайковский Петр Николаевич, Чайковская Раиса Петровна / Raisa Czajkowska and the Томкович / Tomkowicz family) parents of Marta nee Konstantynowicz (grand-daughter of Daniel Konstantynowicz / Daniil Konstantinovich): Константинович Матвей Даниилов and Уршуля (Ирина) Адрианова - Urszula Irena daughter of Adrian, moved from Snustik (here also Antoni Tatur / Антон Иванович Татур in 1795), the Igumen / Ihumen county. Gorochovka / Gorochovo, south-west of Bobrujsk / Bobruisk, ca 20 km, close to Fortuny: north-west of Gorochovka, and south of Glusha, close to Gorochovka, Rimovcy, Spornoje; east-south-east of Simonovichi (see: Bulhak family). Snustik / Снустик - east of Pukhavichy and Maryina Gorka, and west of Gradzyanka, and south-east of Turin / Turyn (Bulhak family) in the Igumen / Ihumen county / Игумен. The Bulhak family: Ліпень (Халуі) / Липень (Холуи) / Lipień (Chołuje) / Lipień (Chałui) or Халуйцы / Халуйск / Холуйск / Chołujce or Lipen / Lipien, at way from Osipovichi to Svisloch, south-west of Swislocz, and north-west of Bobruisk. Acc. to Дрозд Дмитрий wrote on Julian Bulhak / Yulyan Bulgak bought land in the Igumen district in 1859 - the estate Matseevich / Matsevichi / Mateevichi from the landlord Lisowski (of Bulhak in 1867-1913); somewhere in 1890, the estate Bluza (Bluza close to Poddiegtiarnia, north-west of Talka, ca 26 km north-west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze / Asipovichy, and west of Lipien of Bulgak / Bulhak family) from hands of Sophia Prosor / Zofia Prozor - Swietorzecka / Sventorzhetski, owned in those places. The Prozor family was near by to Malkiewicz - Horodecka Izabela. Probably not Lisowski but the Lipovskii / Lipowski family. The case on Ignacy (?) Bulhak on transferring it out to them: Kamionka or Matseevich from Lipovskii in 1861. There are the Case of the redemption of the earth at Мацевичи / Matsevichi of Bulhak in 1867-1913 (Mateevichi, south of Ugodino, near by Kamienka / Kamionka; west of Talka, and south of Marina Gorka; or Macevichi or Macawiczy close to Sinialo, and Koroliszczewiczi - south-east; inf. of 2010 from http://forum.vgd.ru/post/45/). Marina Gorka / Mar'іna Hill, a center of Pukhavichy region. 1866-1913 Bulhak was guardian of Sventorzhetskaya. Кухтичи close to Uzda - west; near by Rakosziczi, Siemienowiczi, east of Stolbcy, Stolbce; west of Marina Gorka. Inf. of the village said that Bulhak won it by cards, although rely on a information can not be. According to villagers, they remember it about Bulhak. In the 1897 census, the village had already been in 16 houses. 1867-1913 I. Bulhak (?) or Bulgak purchased (1861) from Lipovskii, villages Kamionka or Matseevich. Насыцк near by Talka, south-east of Marina Gorka, north-west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze, near by Kamienka / Kamionki. And above Камионки or Kamienka close to Talka, north-west of Osipovichi. Блужа-Городно д. Блужа Пуховичского р-на north-west of Talka, west of Lapichi, south-east of Marina-Gorka; Булгак Борис Николаевич b. 1907 in Macevichi / Мацевичи, the Puchovichi region / Пуховичского р-на, prisoner 1930. Булгак Василий Петрович b. 1916 in Wilno / Вильно. Shoot 1938. Булгак Викентий Игнатьевич b. 1902 in Побоковичи, south-west of Osipovichi, close to Osovo, Stavishche, Protasievichi, near by Poplawy, Derevcy, Dubrolevo; killed 1933. Булгак Виктория Адамовна b. 1900. Булгак Владимир Владимирович b. 1900 in Станково / Stankow, Дзержинский р-н. Булгак Галина Дмитриевна d. 1931. Булгак Гектор Каземирович b. 1910 Могилевская обл.; Борки - Borki close to Sbyschi / Zbyszyn of Brujewicz and close to Tschigirinka of Bulgak / Bulhak family, close to Kolbowa. Булгак Героним Станиславович b. 1855 in Сутин or Sucin, 11 km south-west of Talka, and west of Osipovichi / Osipowicze; was living in Дворище to 1937. Булгак Иван Цезарович b. 1907 in Borki / Борки, Бобруйского р-на; close to Zbyszyn of the Brujewiczs; d. 1939. Булгак Мария Ипполитовна b. 1899 or 1897, Horodaj or Gorodai. Булгак Софья Ипполитовна b. 08.09.1886, Колесничи of the Копыльского р-н., south-west of Marina Gorka, south-east of Uzda, north of Sluck; d. Nov. 1937. Булгак Станислав Антонович b. 1901 in Несвиж / Nieswiez. Булгак Степан Степанович b. 1893 in Луки / Luki close to Stolbce; d. after 1933. Булгак Феликс Адольфович b. 1895 in the Siedlce government / Седлецкая губ., Lukow / Луков; d. after Nov. 1937. Булгак Эдуард Владимирович b. 1907 in Stankow / Станково, the Дзержинский region. Матевичи / Мацевичи / Matewitschi / Maciejewicze i.e. Macevicy (inf. about location above), and Zuki, Budzilowka and Kondratowicze. Budzilowka / Будзиловка in the Беломльская волость / Bielomlskaja volost; Zabrodok / Забродок and Beresniewka / Бересневка to the Bulhak family / Булгак. Беломльская волость was in the Berezina parish / Березинский church. Biegoml / Bjagolm is north of Borisow. But Бересневка is also in the Боровицкий сельсовет, the Kirov district / Кировский район - south of Kliczew; Krasny Brzeg south of Dobosnia / Dobysna. Before death of his mother, Felix Dzierzynski lived with his aunt, the Baroness Sophie von Pilchau Piller, who lived with grandmother Januszewska. Felix recalled on her property where met once on the occasion of Christmas four generations of Dzierżyńskich and Januszewski. In 1897 there was already dead of his sister Wanda; From four brothers, Stanislaw Dzierzynski, a student of the St. Petersburg University, lived with two younger brothers Ignatius and Wladyslaw, students in high school in St. Petersburg, Kazimierz at a mechanical factory in Warsaw (m. to Lucy Schiotti / LUCY SCHIATTI). Two sisters: Aldona Dzierzynski married to Bułhak / Bulhak and lives in some assets near Bobruisk / Bobrujsk, the husband's property; Kuszelewski, Hedwig's husband was landowner in Poniewieski district / Poniewiez. Anthony George Bułhak / George Bulhak (using his middle name) / Jerzy Bulhak / Antoni Jerzy Bułhak, a Polish citizen, the son of Gediminas Bulhak and Aldona Dzierzynski / Dzerzhinsky, was born in Zawołoczyce, on March 3, 1898; married Wanda nee Juchniewicz, born in Vilnius, March 8, 1901, the daughter of Caesar and Mary nee Pilsudska / Maria Pilsudski. The marriage was April 11, 1923 in Vilnius. Vilnius journalist ALWIDA Bajor, pointed out that was connections Mackiewicz, Katrutia Matułajtis, and Baltic Germans family of Roman von Pilchau with Felix Dzerzhinsky. Матула́йтис / Матулайтис / Матулевич / Matulaitis / Matulewicz were from Лугине / Luginie close to Mariampol / Мариямполе. Wilhelmina Matulaitis nee Mackiewicz was sister of Antoni Mackiewicz d. 1914; he was father of Jozef Mackiewicz / Józef Mackiewicz b. 1902, a Polish writer, novelist and political commentator; opposed communism, anticommunist by nationality. Mackiewicz died in exile. His older brother Stanisław Mackiewicz was also a writer. Józef Mackiewicz was the son of Antoni Mackiewicz and Maria née Pietraszkiewicz (her father Franciszek Ksawery Pietraszkiewicz b. 1814, Cracow?. His father Adam Pietraszkiewicz, born ?) originally from Kraków / Cracow, a Polish noble family; Jozef was born in Saint Petersburg. Stanisław Mackiewicz, a political publicist and Prime Minister of the postwar Polish government in exile from 1954 to 1955; and Seweryna Mackiewicz, mother of Polish writer Kazimierz Orłoś. In 1907 his family moved to Wilno. Above Antoni Mackiewicz b. ?; his father Bolesław Mackiewicz. Now we back to Roman Romuald baron von Pilar Pilchau / Пилляр Роман Александрович: after the victory of the February Revolution of March 1917, he was Secretary of the Board of Danilov Peasants' Deputies. In August, to October 1917 cadet in Moscow. From October 1917 on underground work in the German army occupied Lithuania. Was arrested, until April 1918, was imprisoned! In April 1918 he was one of the leaders in Vilna. In January 1919, a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian Republic. In February, to April 1919, was treated in hospital. In May 1919, after the capture of Wilno by the Polish troops, was arrested and sentenced to death, but miraculously survived! In December 1919 on the exchange of prisoners, he arrived in the Russia. In April 1920, Cheka of Western Front; In October 1920 - March 1921 was on illegal work in Upper Silesia (Germany); March 1921, Cheka / GPU. December 1921 Assistant Chief, and July 1922 - December 1925 the first deputy of the chief of the counterintelligence of GPU / OGPU. Genoa Conference (1922); 1924-1925 along with Artuzov involved in developing and implementing major counterintelligence operations Trust and Syndicate-2. In November 1929 North Caucasus region; November 1932 Central Asia, December 1934, the NKVD chief in Saratov region. 16/05/37 dismissed, on the night of 16 May 17, 1937 arrested. Accused of being a Polish secret service intelligence spy, 02/09/37 shot. On the Dzierzynski and Ozieblowski families: in Ozemblovschizna on 1830 September 22, baptized Jozef Tertia Dzierzynski / Joseph Terciusz Dzierzhynski, parents: Jozef Dzerzhinsky and Antonina nee Oziemblowski / Ozemblovski, Dzerzhinsky. God-father Jan Terletskii / Jan Terlecki, cornet of the Polish troops, and god-mother Josefa Voyninoy. Jozef Dzerzhinsky 1788-1854 and Antonina Dzerzhinska - grandparents of Felix, but their daughter Jozefa (Leokadia Kornelia b. 1833 in Ozemblovschizna) apparently lived shortly. Recipients Wojciech Wojna, Anna Gorbatovskaya, Sigismund Shalevich, Vasilevska, Xavier Kazakevitch, Wilhelmina Gorbatovskaya, Jan Terletski / Terlecki, Valeria Gorbatovskaya, Joseph Gorbatovsky / Horbatowski, Frantiska Kukilevna. In Bobruisk church: 1889 Henry and Mary nee Ludvika Dzerzhinska Wolski, 1889 Henry and Ludvika Dzerzhinska Wolski, 1889 in the Bobruisk Roman Catholic parish church - Ryszard Edward Vincent Dzerzhinsky and Colette / Nicoleta / Koleta Lozovskaya Dzerzhinska, but we know about Dzierżyński Ryszard Edward Wincenty b. 1817, married to Ostrowska Colette. Ryszard Edward Wincenty Dzierżyński was born 1817, his parents: Jozef Dzierzynski / Иосиф Дзержинский b. 1788 died in 1854, and Антонина Озембловская / Antonina Oziemblowska b. 1788; her children: Ryszard Edward Wincenty Dzierżyński b. 1817, Onufry Antoni Modest Dzierżyński b. 1818, Bernard Leonard Dzierżyński 1819 - 1879, Tomasz Justyn Dzierżyński 1822 - 1859, Antoni Mikołaj Dzierżyński 1823 - 1865, Felicjan Jan Dzierżyński 1830 - 1904, Józefat Dzierżyński 1831, Leokadia Dzierżyńska 1833, Róża Dzierżyńska 1835, born in Oszmiany / Oshmiany / Ошмяны, the Wilno government / Виленская губ., Эдмунд Руфин Иосифович Дзержинский / Edmund Rufin Iosifovich Dzierzynski, b. on 15 May 1838, died in 1882. Grandparents of Ryszard Edward Wincenty Dzierżyński born 1817: Antoni Jakubowicz Dzierżyński 1755 - 1816, and Konstancja Adamowicz. He came from Jakub Dzierżyński, Mikołaj Dzierżyński / Derzinskis d. 1703, and from Mikołaj Dzierżyński / Derzinskis. Wanda Schonthaller-Dzierżyńska 1920-2011 - daughter of Major Dzierzyński. And about Jozef Oziemblowski / Ozieblowski + Aniela Zdrojewska: children - Boleslaw Ozieblowski, Michal, Maria Moszynski, Stefania. Dieriewno / Derevno located close to Ozemlovo / Ozemblovschizna. A church in Dieriewno / Derevno / Деревно: there was baptized Felix Dzierzynski and buried his father Edmund Rufin Dzierzynski, his sister Wanda, his brother Stanislaus d. in 1917. Edmund Dzerzhinsky born 1829 in Dzierżynowo, married to Helena Januszewska, died 1882. Helena Januszewska born 1849 in Joda and married to Edmund Dzerzhinsky, she died on 15 Jan. 1896 and buried in Vilnius. Feliks Dzierzynski b. 11 September 1877, his father Edmund Dzierzynski b. 1829, mother Helena Januszewska b. 1849, died in 1896, her parents: Ignacy Januszewski born 1804 and Kazimiera Januszewska born 1806; parents of Edmund Dzierzynski: Jozef Jan Dzierzynski b. 1788 and Antonina Oziemblowska. Others: Dzierżyński Witold, 1887-19.XI.1892. Krzywiec nee Żyromski, Aleksandra, 1828. Pilar von Pilchau nee Bielawski, Marja / Maria Bielawska. Ebba Emilie Pilar von Pilchau b. 1866, her parents: Olga Marie Emilie von Staal and Konstantin Behrend Alexander Pilchau von Pilar. Above Konstantin Behrend Alexander Pilar von Pilchau 1832 - 1894, his father Karl Magnus Reinhold Pilar von Pilchau (1803 in Padis / Padise, Harjumaa, Eesti / Estland / Estonia and died in 1862, and grandfather Reinhold Woldemar Pilar von Pilchau 1777 - 1847 from Jöggis / Jogisuu, Kullamaa, Läänemaa, Estland). The family history of the Konstantynowiczs in Tsarist Russia, in Viljandi, Tallinn, Parnu / Parnawa, Riga / Ryga, Moscow, Petersburg, Ufa, Miezonka, Hapsal / Haapsalu, Vana-Karjaküla or Alt-Hohenhof, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti. With others families: Melik - Beglyarov or Melik-Beglarov, Demonets / Demonet or Demontet, Breguet, Brown, Wilde, Nikitin, Katenin, Gruzinski, Bagrationi, Drzewiecki, Orlov-Denisov, Martynov, Paszkowski, Kalinowski, Zarako Zarakowski, Malkiewicz, Horodecki, Zbieranowski, Szostak, Nobel, Masson, Hacker / Hakker, Kammer, Briling, Vologdin, Azbelev, Benckendorf or Benkendorf, Pushkin, Kropotkin, Chikin, Bakst, Trubecki / Trubiacki / Troubetzkoy / Troubetskoi, Beklemishev, Rosenberg, Wittgenstein, Dadian-Mingrelsky / Dadiani Mingrelskij, Radziwill, Piottuch-Kublicki, Soltan, Oginski, Japaridze, Rosen, Gernet, Rehbinder, Schilling, Nakachidze, von Zarnekau, Yurievsky, Duke of Oldenburg, Nikoladze, Maipariani or Maypariani, Saparov, Armand, Diseren, Duflon, Rey, Paat / Paats, Karamyan. Above Karyakyula / Vana-Karjaküla / Alt-Hohenhof, is an aristocratic mansion in northern Estonia in the Harju county. This manor changed their owners very often: Glenn (von Glehn), von Gernet (von Gernet), Pilchau / Pilar von Pilchau, Koskyuly (von Kosküll), von Krause (von Kraus / Krauze), von Hueck, von Kluge / von Klugen. Some inf. on the Pilchau family: Karl Gustav Pilar von Pilchau 1751 - 1802 born in Wait (Vaida), Rae vald, Harjumaa, Estland and died 1802 in Weissenstein (Paide), Järvamaa, Estland. His wife Johanna Christine Charlotte Pilar von Pilchau nee von Patkul 1751 - 1828; above Weissenstein (Paide), Järvamaa, ca 75 km south-east of Saku. Gustav-Adolf Pilar von Pilchau 1841 - 1918, in 1878 in Haapsalu; Rudolf von Gernet (1826 - 1912), in Haapsalu was chief of the Yacht Club. Hedwig Elisabeth von Gernet (nee von Patkul; her mother Juliane Charlotte von Wrangell, and her father Jakob Johann von Patkul) b. 1792 - 1867 with her son Karl Jakob Rudolf von Gernet 1826 - 1912.

Catherine Elisabeth von Gernet (1829 - 1896).
Above Vaida: 1708 Hans Heinrich Tiesenhausen, 1718 Georg Pilar von Pilchau, 1760 Jakob Heinrich Lilienfeld, 1789 der Howen, von der Pahlen, Ungern-Sternberg, 1894 Woldemar Rosen, 1901 Paul Ungern-Sternberg. Above Vana-Karjaküla: 1726 Nikolai Golovin, 1732 Abram Hannibal, 1743 Johann Mrakisch, 1747 Catharina Elisabeth Glehn, Maydell, 1756 Karl Gottlieb Gernet, 1771 Marie Juliane Pilar von Pilchau, 1776 Friedrich Wilhelm Uexküll-Güldenband, Zange, Koskull, 1817 Rosenmüller, 1818 Johann Martin Krause / Krauze, Klugen, Hueck.

Vardi: 1689 Hans Heinrich Rehbinder, 1716 Karl Friedrich Mengden, Bellingshausen, Otto Heinrich Rehbinder, 1731 Schwengelm, Schönberg, Klugen, Kotzebue, 1844 Gottlieb Rosen, 1855 Georg Pilar von Pilchau.

Georg Jakob Baron Pilar von Pilchau 1819 - 1882, born in Märjamaa Parish, Rapla County, Estonia. Georg Ludwig Pilar von Pilchau / Егор Максимович Пиллар, b. 19 March 1767 d. 1830, landlord of Kirna and Reopalu and he was married to Johann Agneta Hessega (1779-1847) and were born: Alexander von Pilar Pilchau (1804-1866), a Russian soldier, Elisabeth von Pilar Pilchau (1808-1817), Helene von Pilar Pilchau (1811-1855), Nicholas Wilhelm von Pilar Pilchau (1815-1887), the landlord of Kirna, Georg Jakob von Pilar Pilchau (1819-1882), the landlord of Vardi. Above Reopalu located north of Viljandi. Kirna close to Reopalu.

Хелена Вильгельмина Пилар фон Пильхау born 1757 and died 1783, her father Магнус Вильгельм Пилар фон Пильхау b. 1734 d. 1801; her brothers and sisters: 1756 in Халлик, born Иоганна София Пилар фон Пильхау 1757 in Халлик, Хелена Вильгельмина Пилар фон Пильхау, Вильгельм Фридрих Пилар фон Пильхау 1761, София Элизабет Пилар фон Пильхау 1762, Анна Доротея Пилар фон Пильхау 1762, in Халлик, Oтто Густав Пилар фон Пильхау born 1763, Юлиана Шарлотта Пилар фон Пильхау b. 1764, in Халлик, Мария Луиза Пилар фон Пильхау Крутов b. 1766, Георг Людвиг or Егор Максимович Пилар фон Пильхау born on 19 март 1767, Магнус Максимилиан Фабиан Пилар фон Пильхау 1768, Катарина Элизабет Пилар фон Пильхау 1769, Анна София Пилар фон Пильхау 1771, Иоганна Кристина Пилар фон Пильхау 1772, Якоб Иоганн Пилар фон Пильхау 1774, Рейнгольд Адольф Пилар фон Пильхау 1775, Рейнгольд Вольдемар Пилар фон Пильхау 1777, Ульрика Генриетта Пилар фон Пильхау 1780, Каролина Амалия Пилар фон Пильхау 1780.

Carl Jacob Rudolph von Gernet, b. October 22, 1826 in Neuenhof and d. on April 20, 1912 in Hapsal (Haapsalu), Estonia;
his father Karl Johann von Gernet; his brothers Richard von Gernet and Magnus Friedrich von Gernet.

1886 in Hapsal = Haapsalu, Estonia;
1860, 1867, 1868 in Newenhof, Nissi, Harju;
and 1824 in Neuenhof, Voru / Vorun, Estonia; 1857, 1858 in Reval; and 1859 in Sellenkull.
Sellenkull = Seljakula, Seljaküla close to Keedika. North-east of Haapsalu, 27 km. And south-west of Lehola. Seljaküla is a village in Oru Parish, Lääne County, in western Estonia; Lääne County / Ляэнемаа / Lääne maakond / Läänemaa / Western land / Wiek (Pastorat Poenal - Nurme 38 street - is in Taebla Municipality, Lääne-Nigula Parish, east from Haapsalu).

Sergey Gernet / Сергей Павлович Гернет / Sergei Gernet:

a midshipman in the 1st Baltic Naval Depot. Sergei Pavlovich Gernet born 1859 and d. 1918; his father: Paul Bernhard Friedrich Gernet b. 1819 d. 1860. His son: Eugene S. Gernet b. in Kronstadt on October 31, 1882 d. on August 8, 1943 in Spartacus village, Pavlodar area, Kazakhstan. The captain of the 2nd rank in 1917. During the Russian-Japanese War, in the defense of Port Arthur 1904, during the First World War he served in the Black Sea 1916. Then he served in the Soviet Navy. In 1918 he commanded the squadron in Novorossiisk. Arrested in 1938, he died in exile.

Below about Carl's / Karl's children: Frederick Gernet b. 1738 d. 1789, Christian Gernet b. 1740 d. 1819, Carl Gustaf Gernet b. 1747 d. 1812.

And some details of above named Sergei Gernet / Сергей Павлович Гернет born 1859 died 1918, a top member of 'Duflon and Konstantynowicz' Company from St Petersburg and Moscow and about his family:

His father Paul Berngard / Пауль Бернгард Фридрихов Гернет / v. Gernet Paul Bernhard b. 1819 d. 1860.

Son of Sergei was born on 31 October 1882 in Kronsztadt / Кронштадт, Evgenii / Евгений died 1943. His grandfather: Frederick Wilhelm / Fridrich Wilhelm / Фридрих Вильгельм Гернет born 1783 died 1857.
And great-grandfather Christian Wilhelm Gernet b. 1740 d. 1819, and his father Carl Gottlieb Gernet b. 1700 d. 1791.

On Carl Gottlieb Gernet b. 1700 d. 1791 (Карл Готлиб Иоахимов Гернет son of Ioachim Georgiev von Gernet / Иоахим Георгиев Гернет b. 1648 d. 1710 and was grandson of Георгий Гернет / Georgij von Gernet);

Karl Gotlib sons: Fridrich / Фридрих Гернет / Eberhard Friedrich von Gernet died 1789, was born on November 26, 1738 in Lehhlola / Lehhola / Lehola in Estonia and died on July 29, 1789 in Ohtel / Ohtu, Estonia (Ohtel / Ohtu - only 3 km south - east of Lehola, near to Keila, and ca 15 / 13 km to Uksnurme);
next son born 1740 Christian Wilhelm / Христиан Вильгельм Гернет died ca 1819, born in Lehhola, Estonia - his sons: 1. Hans Moritz von Gernet born 1775 died 1860 (his son Adam Oskar von Gernet 1834 in Reval - 1908 in Reval - and his son: Moritz Nikolai Oswald von Gernet born 1867 Sallenstad - d. ?) and 2. Otto Heinrich von Gernet (1780 Reval - 1848) and 3. Frederick Wilhelm / Fridrich Wilhelm / Фридрих Вильгельм Гернет born 1783 died 1857;
and next son born in 1747 Karl Gustaw von Gernet / Карл Густав Гернет
(Carl Gustav von Gernet born in Waikna and died 1812 in Lehhola / Lehola, Estonia with son Karl Iogann / Carl Iohan von Gernet - Waikna / Vaikna that is support manor of Koluvere manor, Kullamaa Parish in Läänemaa County; 38 km east of Haapsalu and also east of Kiideva, north-west-north of Parnu, 70 km circa. Note: Jula Dunkel b. 1840, from Ridala Parish, Lääne County, Estonia - her father Kustas Dunkel b. 1814 from Haeska, 7 km east of Kiideva (Gernet) and south-east of Haapsalu, about 23 km west of Vaikna)
died 1812 and his son:
1776 Karl Iogann Gernet / Гернет died 1857 and his son: 1824 Fridrich Magnus / Фридрих Магнус Гернет died 1909; and his son: b. 07 August 1878 Adam Richard Ernst / Адам Рихард Эрнст Гернет died 1944;

about above Adam R. E. Gernet: Cushima 1905, 1910 Nikolaevskaya Morskaya Akademia, 1913 captain 2nd class, 1939 in Germany;
the brother of Carl Gottlieb Gernet b. 1700: Wilhelm Henrich / Вильгельм Генрих Гернет born 1703 died 1772 - his son:

1741 Hristophor / Христофор Вильгельмов Гернет died 1794 - sons of Hristophor:

1782 Reinholdt / Рейнгольд Христофоров Гернет d. 1832 and 1791 Ferdinand / Фердинанд Христофоров died 1852; 1795 Hristophor Hristophorovich / Христофор Христофорович Гернет died 1865 - and his son: 1835 Aleksandr / Александр Христофорович Гернет d. 1893 - and his children: Natalia / Наталья Александровна and Vladymir / Владимир Александрович Гернет b. 1870 d. 1929 - his wife and daughter: Elena Alekseevna Zerebko-Rotmistrenko / Елена Алексеевна b. 1864 d. 1937, daughter b. 1899 in Odessa, Nina Vladymirovna Gernet b. 1899 d. 1982 - about Nina: her son Erik Michailovich Rausch-Gernet / Эрик Рауш - Гернет, her husbands: Michail Sale / Михаил Салье b. 1899 and from 1923 married to Michail Rausch-Traubenberg / Рауш фон Траубенберг b. 1904.

Boris Caesar Wilhelm Hagelin b. 1892, was a Swedish businessman and inventor of encryption machines. Born of Swedish parents in Azerbaijan; father Karl Wilhelm Hagelin worked for Ludvig and Emanuel / Emmanuel Nobel in Baku (Karl Hagelin was closest advisor for Emmanuel, because Wilhelm Hagelin, his father, had been employed by Ludvig Nobel as a manager of the St. Petersburg factory; 1899, Karl Hagelin was called back to St. Petersburg, like Emmanuel's closest technical advisor), and next was an investor in the Arvid Gerhard Damm's company - Aktiebolaget Cryptograph, established to sell rotor machines, acc. to Wikipedia.

See: Smith, Francis O. J., The Secret Corresponding Vocabulary..., ed. in Portland; Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System..., ed. in 1948; Damm Arvid G., Aktiebolaget Cryptograph, ed. 1922; Boris C. W. Hagelin became first a director and later the owner of the Cryptograph Company, next the Cryptographe Technik and then the Crypto A. G. in the 1960s.
Crypto AG is a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security. With headquarters in Steinhausen ... Crypto AG was established in Bern by Russian-born Swede, Boris Hagelin. Originally called AB Cryptoteknik and founded by Arvid Gerhard Damm in Stockholm in 1920, the firm manufactured the C-36 mechanical cryptograph machine that Damm had patented.
After Damm's death ... Cryptoteknik came under the control of Boris Hagelin, an early investor

(1921, Boris Hagelin developed his first cipher machine whilst working for crypto-company Damm in Sweden; 1935 he produced a fully mechanical machine under his own brand name A. B. Ingeniorsfirman Teknik in Sweden).

It was the first of a long line of mechanical cipher machines. Shortly before WWII, he developed the M-209 for the American Army. After the war the company moved to Switzerland where they traded as Hagelin Cryptos.
Acc. to: http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/hagelin/), and during the War essentially operated in the United States ... In the early 1950s, it was transferred from Stockholm to Zug (close to Luzern / Lucerna) ... and was incorporated in Switzerland in 1952.

Crypto AG has a sister company, InfoGuard AG

(InfoGuard AG, a member of 'The Crypto Group', has specialised in providing comprehensive information security for more than 130 countries), acc. to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_AG.

Boris Hagelin had created the 'Hagelin-machine', a encryption device similar to the German 'Enigma'

(Charles Babbage, b. 1791, an English polymath, had recommendations from James Ivory and John Playfair, achieved notable results in cryptography, 1850s Babbage broke Vigenere's autokey cipher; Friedrich Kasiski, a Prussian infantry officer, made the same discovery some years later. The Enigma was an electro-mechanical rotor cypher machine used for both encryption and decryption, from the early 1920s on. Enigma was developed by Arthur Scherbius dating back to 1919. Enigma-A was offered for sale in 1923. The Swedish textile engineer Arvid Gerhard Damm, used his experience gained with Jacquard weaving machines for construction of an automatic ciphering machine and applied for a patent in 1919 for his rotory system.

But Rintu Nath, 'Dream 2047', June 2013, vol. 15, No 9, A chronicle of cryptography:
In 1918, the German inventor Arthur Scherbius and his close friend Richard Ritter developed a cryptographic machine called Enigma. Scherbius patented his cipher machine in 1918. Enigma was contained in a compact box measuring only 13,5 - 11 - 6 inches. Encryption using Enigma was based on polyalphabetic substitution method. Security of the encrypted message was based on the secret key.

1921, Boris Hagelin bringing support from the Swedish Nobel family, "...improved the cryptograph and in 1925 succeeded in getting the Swedish Army to use his Swedish product, the new prototype B-21, instead of the German Enigma". 1927 Hagelin became the owner of Aktiebologat Cryptograph. "...The B-21 had a lamp field similar to that in Enigma. In a new compact version, the C-35, the lamp field was replaced by a printer, which produced the ciphered text at a speed of three letters per second. To improve the operating comfort, the C-35 was connected to an electric typewriter, which the U.S. company Remington had just introduced. The C-35, as small as a telephone, became very successful. More than 5000 units were sold...". Hagelin in Switzerland, where in 1948 he founded Crypto AG in Zug, during the Cold War produced a ciphering unit, the TC-52, used for the red telephone line between the White House and Moscow).

The Hagelin machine was used on the side of the Allies in World War II. These included the Vatican, as well the governments of Iraq, Iran, and Libya. ... Acc. to: J. Orlin Grabbe - copyright in 1997 under J. Orlin Grabbe at web page: http://orlingrabbe.com. By Wayne Madsen, Covert Action Quarterly 63, 30 Jan 1999: "...For decades, the US has routinely intercepted and deciphered top secret encrypted messages of 120 countries. These nations had bought the world's most sophisticated and supposedly secure commercial encryption technology from Crypto AG, a Swiss company ... All the while, because of a secret agreement between the National Security Agency (NSA) and Crypto AG, they might as well have been hand delivering the message to Washington. ... The cover shielding the NSA-Crypto AG relationship was torn in March 1992...".
A. G. Damm edited the first a brochure in April 1917, he was the founder of the Company in 1916 (or 1915 by Boris Hagelin), with Wahlberg as the A. B. Cryptograph. See: General Cartier, Francois, Secrecy in Radiotelegraphy.

Estonians were also active on radio-intelligence before the Second World War. Olev Oun was a phenomenal decipherer, "...and had managed to break the latest code of the Red Army during the Polish campaign in September 1939. Unfortunately, no materials are available to support or argue the words of that high-ranking Finnish intelligence officer ... German military attache in Tallinn, Colonel Horst Rsing, evaluated the Estonian radio-intelligence against the Soviet Union as more successful than the Finnish one ... Andres Kalmus was a highly competent technical expert in radio intelligence, while Olev Oun was a talented Estonian cryptanalyst".
Arne Carl-August Beurling, b. 1905, was a Swedish mathematician and professor of mathematics at Uppsala University. "...In the summer of 1940 he single-handedly deciphered and reverse-engineered an early version of the Siemens and Halske T52 also known as the Geheimfernschreiber (secret teletypewriter) used by Nazi Germany in World War II for sending ciphered messages ... Beurling's great - grandfather was Per Henric Beurling b. 1758 / 1763, died in 1806, who founded a high quality clock factory in Stockholm in 1783". See: Lars Ulfving, The Geheimschreiber Secret. Arne Beurling and the success of Swedish signals intelligence, edited by Bo Hugemark, Probus Förlag, Stockholm 1992.
"...Swedish intelligence services in the modern sense of the word had indeed been already established in the beginning of this century. The armed forces intelligence service had increased in 1905, during the Union crises, and in the First World War. The General Staff and Naval Staff of that time both had their own signals intelligence and cryptographic units. ... The first successful attempts to break foreign cipher traffic were made in spring 1933, when they succeeded in breaking the cipher then used by the OGPU (later the KGB). These breaks into foreign military ciphers were probably the first to be made in Sweden after the First World War".

Boris Caesar Wilhelm Hagelin b. 1892 in Adzhikent, the Elizavetpol province, now Azerbaijan, was Swedish entrepreneur, inventor of encryption devices. Developer electromechanical encryption units, (rotary machines) of Arvid Damm and mechanical cipher machines.

Founder of the Swiss company Crypto AG / Crypto A. G., which specializes in information and telecommunications security.
Above named the Elizavetpol Province / Yelizavetpol quberniya, and above Ganja / Gənce, 1804 to 1918 was called Yelizavetpol, 1935 renamed Kirovabads.
His father, Carl Wilhelm Hagelin worked as a manager in an oil Nobel company in Baku. 1899, Carl Hagelin was appointed director and moved with his family to St. Petersburg. 1915, Boris Caesar Wilhelm Hagelin began his career in Vasteras in the Swedish electrical company ASEA, supplier of equipment for the Nobels.

Being interested in the encryption business correspondence, Carl Wilhelm Hagelin and Immanuel Nobel / Emmanuel Nobel were an investors of the AB Cryptograph Company, in the production cipher machines developed Arvid Damm, like a rotary machine Electrocryptograph B-1. Boris Hagelin in 1922 was appointed to represent their interests in the company. 1925 when Damme moved to Paris to collaborate with the telegraph companies (Breguet-Brown), Boris Hagelin headed the firm.
After the death of Arvid Damm in 1927 and the death of Immanuel Nobel / Emmanuel Nobel / Lyudvigovich Emanuel Nobel b. 1859 died in 1932 - a nephew of Alfred Nobel, control of the company passed to Hagelin. In 1934, the French General Staff began to develop a pocket Hagelin cipher machine.

Acc. to: http://www.branobelhistory.com/ under copyright by The Centre for Business History in Stockholm and branobelhistory.com, we read:

"...Karl Wilhelm also known as Karl Vasilievitj Hagelin was born in St. Petersburg in 1860. His parents Wilhelm Hagelin (1828-1901) and Anna Lovisa Eriksdotter (1818–1870) ... In 1861, the family moved to the Volga where his father worked for a period as a second engineer on passenger boats and towboats. ... In autumn 1870, he started at the Givochini boarding school in Nizhny Novgorod ... In 1875, thanks to a recommendation from family friend A. I. Sandström, he was accepted into the design workshop at the shipbuilding factory belonging to D. P. Shipov in Kostroma. He received his first real assignment working on the designs for a motorboat, ... and two smaller steamers ... he was employed as a mechanic at the Kaukaz & Mercury shipping company in Astrakhan, where he worked on preparing boats ... he met two Swedes, N. Qvarnström and master mechanic Westvall, with whose recommendation he was able to secure employment as a mechanic in the instrument workshop at the Nobel paraffin factory in Baku. Hagelin’s first working day at Robert Nobel's factory was on 4 April 1879. (see Stanislaw Despot Zenowicz!) ... During his initial period in Baku (1879-1883), Wilhelm ... assisted chemist E. Tell ... When engineer Alfred Törnqvist returned from his trip to the USA and started setting up a new paraffin factory, Hagelin was given a job as a draughtsman. ... he decided to apply to the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In order to pass the entrance exams, he took private lessons from engineer A. B. Lambert in mathematics, physics and chemistry. After two years in Sweden, he wrote to Branobel's managing director, J.G. Crusell, explaining his desire to return to Russia and take up his position again. ... Ludvig Nobel invited Hagelin to St. Petersburg. Wilhelm was given a post in the technical laboratory where he experimented with chemical processes for production of light oil fractions. ... In 1891, he was first promoted to technical director and then office manager in Baku. ... In 1900, he was recalled to St. Petersburg to replace M. J. Belyamin as the company's chairman of the board ... In 1906, he was appointed Swedish consul general in St. Petersburg (1906-1911). ... In spring 1917, Hagelin travelled to Baku, continuing on board the K.W. Hagelin motorboat to Astrakhan ... Wilhelm left Russia and spent a year abroad, but in July 1918 he was back for a shorter visit ... The remaining directors M. Belyamin, G. Nobel and A. Belonozhkin tried at numerous meetings to solve the burning issue of how the company's trading rights and authority could be protected. Hagelin's last attempt to enter Russia via Constantinople failed and on 3 July 1920 he was forced to return to Stockholm. ...

he, together with Immanuel Nobel / Emmanuel Nobel / Lyudvigovich Emanuel Nobel b. 1859, joined the Aktiebolaget Cryptograph company under the management of Arvid Gerhard Damm (where Wilhelm's son, Boris Hagelin, also worked for a time).

In 1923, Karl Wilhelm Hagelin was elected as an honorary member of the Swedish Society of Engineers...".

Acc. to: Boris Hagelin, The Story of the Hagelin-Cryptos, Zug 1981.

Boris Hagelin was born in 1892, in Adschikent, a small summer resort. His father was a Swede, who had been born in St Petersburg in 1860. He was manager of the Nobel Company's oil fields in Baku. He had joined the company in 1879, director in 1899. Boris was living in St Petersburg 1899 to 1904. His first job, the supervision of the construction of an electric power station on one of the Nobel oil fields in Baku. Nobels had ordered the equipment from ASEA in Vastraos.
"...Emanuel Nobel was very generous towards me and financed the establishing of a small engineering office in Stockholm. During my stay in the USA I had acquired some inventions, which I developed which made me financially independent. The decisive turning point in my life came, however, when Emanuel Nobel entrusted me with the supervision of a small company which he had begun to finance in 1921 - the A.B. Cryptograph. This company was founded in 1915 with the objective to develop and manufacture ciphering machines invented by the Swedish engineer A. G. Damm. In 1925 I assumed the management of the company as well as the development of saleable products. This was a fascinating task although I did not have any knowledge of cryptography. Mr. A. G. Damm died in 1927. In 1932 the A. B. Cryptograph was liquidated and replaced by the A.B. Cryptoteknik. A.B. Cryptoteknik manufactured only mechanical and electro mechanical ciphering machines. After World War II the need for ciphered telegraph transmission became obvious. In order to be able to work without the interference of the Swedish Government - ciphering machines were at that time considered war material - I decided to move to Zug, Switzerland. I first collaborated with the Swiss inventor Dr. E. Gretener, but later established a small independent laboratory. CRYPTO AG was in corporated on May 13, 1952, and had at first just one employee. My Swedish activities were transferred to CRYPTO AG, and since the name 'Hagelin Cryptos' had already become well known before i World War II the enterprise grew so fast that in 1966 a new manufacturing and administration building was built in Zug - Steinhausen".
Damm also constructed purely mechanical machine which printed both the plaintext and the ciphertext. Four of these machines were sold to Japan. Finally Damm invented a system with rotors, i.e., alphabet permutating wheels. The best-known machine using rotors was the German ENIGMA.
Damm aimed to interest the large telegraph companies in his machine. After 1921, Damm's interests in cipher machines were concentrated in the field of radio telegraphy: Marconi, Telefunken, TSF and Western Union.

Piotr Wodziński, a year ago (2011, Merkuryusz), after reading the 'three very interesting books' published an article 'Not only Enigma', wrote Mariasz in March 2012 at http://mariasz.salon24.pl/397497.
"These books are: Chapman, 'Japan in Poland's Secret Neighbourhood War', Ken Kotani, 'Japanese Intelligence in World War II', McCay, Bengt Beckman, 'Swedish Signal Intelligence'.
The thing applies to the pre-war and wartime cooperation of the Japanese, Polish, Finnish, Estonian and Swedish intelligence. Directed against the Soviets. In this cooperation, information obtained from radio intelligence played a key role".
See: http://merkuryusz.com/nr_09.html - "...The secret protocol of the Ribbentrop - Molotov Pact and the Soviet preparations for the invasion were not - for the Polish secret services - any secret. Could not be. A specialized publications of Japan report that the imperial SIGNIT broken in June 1939, the 4-digit code of the Soviet army, 4 digit code of border guard and 3-digit code of Air Force. Soviets changed their Army codes after the Battle of Nomonhan ... as the Battle of Chalchyngol, after September 16 , 1939, implemented the new five-digit code OK40, which, however, already in September 1939 was broken by the Estonian secret services. ... the Polish radio-intelligence was a part of a very effective anti-Soviet network - exchange information on a mass scale with the services of the Japanese, Estonian, Finnish and Swedish ... What's more, our radio-intelligence was regarded as the best part of this network. This surely, we were learning Japanese ... (after September 1939 two of our cryptographers has been employed by the Japanese services and worked during the war in Tokyo). When the Swedes turned out about technical assistance to the Estonians, they directed their to our secret services, pointing that they are the most professional...".
See : http://konstantynowicz.info/17_wrzesnia_1939_agresja_sowiecka/tajny_zalacznik_pakt_ribbentrop_molotow_23_sierpnia_1939/index.html

Arvid Gerhard Damm d. 1927, was a Swedish engineer and inventor. He designed a number of cipher machines. Damm was originally a textile engineer, and worked as an engineering manager in a textile factory in Finland.

Edward Hugh Hebern b. 1869, was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption. Acc. to 'On the history of cryptography in Russia', by N. N. Tokareva, Sobolev Institute of Mathematics: P. L. Shilling, and V. I. Krivosh-Nemanich, were the first in cryptography and cryptanalysis in history of Russia.

Vladimir Ivanovich (Кривош-Неманич) Krivoch Niemanich / Nemanjic b. 1865, polyglot and cryptographer, thanks to the knowledge of many languages, was enrolled in the University of St. Petersburg in 1886, he studied at the Sorbonne, served as an interpreter for the Admiralty, was sent to Paris to study foreign experience in matters of censorship; until 1911 he worked in the Special Naval General Staff of the paperwork for the management agents; he became the first Russian cryptographer, learn more in France at that time; after the February Revolution in 1917 returned to St. Petersburg, makes notes for Lenin himself; Lenin ordered to enroll Krivoch Niemanich in the newly created People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, to translate (look for the Nieciejewski family from the Berezina parish); he was arrested on charges of bribery of nobles for missing abroad and spent six months in prison, but back to work as a translator for Military control - then known as intelligence and counterintelligence of Bolsheviks under the control of the former Tsarist General M. Bonch - Bruevich;
after the revolution, he collaborated with Soviet cryptographic service, was again arrested but next release and was working for a new counterintelligence; died 1942 in Ufa.

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The main events in the history of the Russian telegraph:

W. Siemens established company 'Trading house of Siemens and Halske' in St. Petersburg for repair and construction empire Russian telegraphs, in 1853. 1870 the Russian army started building the military telegraph parks. 1877 telephones appears in Russia but in the Russian army experiments on telephone made in 1878. L. Dyuflon and Dizeren in St. Petersburg established the Electrotechnical workshop on 1892, June 27. On 1896, December 14, L. Dyuflon, J. Dizeren and A. V. Konstantinovich in St. Petersburg established The Factory of electromechanical structures when Tesla received a British patent on the design of the spark gap - rotating strap. 1898, K. F. Siemens, W. Siemens, A. V. Gvineria and A. Y. Rothstein in St. Petersburg established the Russian joint stock company of electrical plants 'Siemens and Halske'. 1899 were starting experiments on radio in Russian War Department. 1902 (1901), the Plant of electromechanical structures reorganized into a joint stock company 'Dyuflon, Konstantynowicz & Co', DECA. 1904, Captain 2nd Rank A. A. Remmert appointed head of business wireless telegraphy in the Marine Department. The Telefunken, JSC Russian Electrotechnical plants 'Siemens and Halske' and A. S. Popov agreed on the establishment in St. Petersburg 'Branch for wireless telegraphy system'. 1905, Naval Department made a contract with JSC Russian electrical plants 'Siemens and Halske' for delivery to the Navy 24 stations of the 'Telefunken'. Open the radio station in Revel, 1913. 1915, L. E. Gabrilovich established in Petrograd, the Universal Russian company of radio - telegraph, radio - telephone and electric devices (VRKR). 1916, stopped activity of JSC Russian electrical plants 'Siemens and Halske'. 1917 April, 'Duflon, Konstantynowicz and Co.', DEKA, now as 'акционерное общество Заводов электромеханических сооружений'.

Acc. to: T. V. Alekseev, ed. 2010:
In the first of these stages, which lasted until the beginning of the 1890s, created small workshops for repair and installation works, as well as the production of simple parts. The priority of this case belonged to the German entrepreneur V. Siemens who in 1853 founded in the Russian capital firm called 'Trading House of Siemens and Halske' were performed under a government orders a series of telegraph lines. The Russian government to conclude a long-term contract with the company for the construction of new telegraph communication lines, and the company itself became known as a company for 'building and repairing the Imperial Russian Telegraph'. At the beginning of 1868 in private house on the 1st line of Vasilievsky island in St. Petersburg opened a mechanical workshop, for co-production of the telegraphs. Mechanic N. K. Geisler in 1874 in his apartment opened small electromechanical workshop; here was repairing telegraph 'Belle Black' and also master L. H. Josef in 1884 start to produce a small - wire switches. The second stage of the formation of the electrical industry in St. Petersburg was due to the introduction of the new customs tariff in 1891. First in a series of these enterprises, was 'Siemens and Halske'; N. K. Geisler in the mid of 1890s sets of commercial communication with the American company 'Western Electric' building in 1895 - 1896 in St. Petersburg a Branch of the Western Electric - telephone and telegraph plant. In 1896, a new venture 'electro-mechanical plant of N. K. Geisler and Co'; it was already employs 100 workers after a contract from January 5, 1897 between Geisler and the American company. In the capital of the Russian Empire there was 'a large triple enterprises': Siemens and Halske, Geisler and L. M. Erickson, determined by the position on the market of wired and later radio communications.

In November 1892 established 'general partnership' of the Dyuflon and Constantinovich to 'use of electricity and mechanics to industry, to the railway, military, naval and aeronautical affairs and the private use'.

Its founders became a Swiss citizen and Dyuflon, J. Dizeren and engineer A. V. Konstantynowicz, who acted as representatives of the interests of two French companies: Sotter, Harle and Co and (electrical machinery, dynamos, motors) 'E. Gabrielle and N. Angenolt' / 'Е. Габриель и Н. Ангенольт' (incandescent lamps). Production activities based in St. Petersburg workshop and imported from France.
At the end of 1895 on the island in St. Petersburg land has been purchased, on December 14, 1896 has opened a new plant, electromechanical plant of facilities. In 1897, for the purpose of capital expansion general partnership was converted into a limited partnership 'Dyuflon, Konstantynowicz and Co'.
It should be noted that founded in 1899 'Telephone ... plant of K. Lorenz', proprietor was a German citizen O. V. Treplin. In 1900, the industrial crisis has pushed the idea of ​​corporatization and owners association like Dyuflon, Constantinovich and Co. In September 1901 the general meeting of shareholders of the new company, approved its name 'Joint Stock Company of Electromechanical installations', the former partnership of Dyuflon, Konstantynowicz and Co, as well as the size of the authorized capital in the amount of 750 thousand rubles.

The cooperation 'Duflon and Konstantynowicz' Company with security agencies, primarily by the Navy Ministry / the Ministry of the Sea, in terms of delivery of products for radio-military industry began in 1912

(General Jan Jacyna b. 1864, son of Alexander and Natalia nee Hejnarowicz, the College of Engineering at Kronstadt and the St. Petersburg Military Academy of Artillery, Major-General in 1911, married to Wiktoria Ossowiecki; he served in a "Main technical committee" of the Navy Ministry in St Petersburg since 1891; 1901 - 1917 member on "the board of directors of government armouries" of the Navy Ministry and next of the War and Navy Ministry in Petersburg; then he was near to problems of war industry in Russia, especially during the First world war; since 1915 he co-operated with "Military - industrial committee" composite of war industry's representatives.
Acc. to me, the cooperation 'Duflon and Konstantynowicz' Company with the military intelligence and counter-intelligence security agencies, under the Ministry of the Sea / the Navy Ministry, had started before 1912 because the genealogy of the Konstantynowicz ancestry point out long and strong connections with the Imperial Russian Army and Russian military intelligence since the seventies of the nineteenth century and when they served in tsarist Georgia / Sakartvelo but especial at the turn of the 20th century - it was the tsarist military technology intelligence at the beginning of the 20th century; this connections fade away probably at the end of the 20th century?
Anyway it relate to Poland only, and not to our easterly neighbours, e.g. Russia and Belarus. This is exciting subject for our family and to historians for the sake of connections with a couple of intelligences, and also it's the example of a genealogical tree on which based the important military structure of communist Poland for 50 years. Very broad, general information on these reciprocal connections was published for the first time in 2003 at my websites after researches ongoing 10 years and it was possible just after complete destruction of previous political system. Particular families of our ancestry didn't know mutually each other and they didn't know general image of this military genealogy up to 1995 (in piece) / 2003 (better in detail). This strange configuration in the genealogy and surprising family relationships give evidence to military service of somebody from our Konstantynowicz family in Soviet Union),

and in June of this year also as a result of fire damage of electromechanical Plant company N. N. Glebov and Co, located in St. Petersburg, had started contracts with the Maritime Office on delivery of dynamos for radio stations. Shareholders decided not to rebuild the plant and the stock company transfered orders to the 'Electromechanical installations' - Duflon and Konstantynowicz. In the company of Glebov head of the test station was electrical engineer V. P. Vologdin. He signed in April 1912 contract with the captain of the port of Kronstadt to make a machine for high frequency power. After a fire at the plant Glebov, Vologdin passes in the 'AO electro-mechanical installations', where he became chief of the technical office. Since then, the company Duflon and Konstantynowicz transformed into a supplier of the main generators of naval power stations that immediately affected the results of its production and financial activities.
Besides, to expand the range of equipment for military radio, management begins with 1912 active search for foreign partners for the organization and production activities in this market. In July 1912 it acquired the right of representation of the French company 'Compagnie Generale Radiotelegraphique', CGR and offered military and maritime authorities a number of products of this company. On April 23, 1913 signed an agreement on cooperation with the French radio company 'Societe Francaise Radio-Electrique', SFR. 'AO Electromechanical structures' becomes 'the sole representative of this company to operate its wireless telegraphy apparatus produced in Russia', and in the same 1913 proceeds to own wireless telegraphy equipment workshops.
The Board of 'Electromechanical facilities', expand the range of equipment for military and naval authorities on the dynamo engines, dynamo - electric power and other equipment, in the spring of 1915 commissioned a new factory building. And in the summer of 1915 again petitioned to the mayor of Petrograd on the construction of two new buildings.

In 18th cent. we have the first connection of the Trubecki family to Glebov: mother of Nikolai Trubetskoy was Maria Yakovlevna Glebova.
In the 19th century the director of the Moscow branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society, Prince Mikolaj / Nikolai Trubetskoy / Nikolaj Pietrovich duke Trubecki / Nikolai Petrovich Trubetskoy, with the first wife countess Liubov Vasilievna nee Orlov - Denisov, has a daughter Sofia Nikolajevna Trubeckaja married Glebov, she b. 04 November 1854 died 7 September 1936. Sophia married to Vladimir Glebov, the wedding was July 2 , 1878. Vladimir Glebov b. 1848 and died ca 1926; his father Pyotr Glebov 1813 - 1883 and grandfather Glebov Mikhail Petrovich 1789 - 1852; great-grandfather Pyotr Glebov born ca 1760 ?
The 'Glebov plant' really was the only Russian electromechanical company in Petersburg. Nikolai N. Glebov b. 1864 was owner. Nikolai Glebov b. at Mologa County, the Yaroslavl Province; a member of the State Council of the Russian Empire, a member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party, engineer, entrepreneur, organizer of power engineering and electrical companies; inventor. Friend of Shakhovskii and Vernadsky / В. И. Вернадски
(Konstantynowicz next of kin - see below).
His father Nicholas A. Glebov 1824 - 1869. His brother Andrei Glebov born 1858 married to daughter of Mikhail Kutuzov Musin-Pushkin. Above Nicholas A. Glebov / Nikolai A. Glebov was son of Andrei Glebov b. 1786 and a grandson of Nikolai Glebov b. 1755 who had brothers: Sergey Glebov, Pavel Glebov, Dmitry Glebov born in 1766; all they had father Nikolai Glebov born ca 1730? Varvara Nikolaevna nee Lodyzhensky 1838 - 1921, pianist, daughter of Nikolai Lodyzhensky, she was mother of Nikolai Glebov b. 1864. The elder brother Andrei Glebov 1858 - 1895 was engineer. Nikolai Glebov b. 1864 graduated from the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications in 1887, became a partner of his elder brother, graduated Electromechanical Institute in Paris, specializing in electrical engineering. Founded in 1904 an electrical company 'Glebov and Co.' in Petersburg and in Moscow. At this plant as head of a test station in 1907 worked V. P. Vologdin. In 1913 it was bought by Russian electrical corporation 'Dynamo' from Moscow. Nikolai Glebov was the owner of the electricity company 'Electron'.

On above Vernadsky:
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky b. on February 28 / March 12, 1863, Saint Petersburg;
his mother, Anna Petrovna Konstantynowicz / Konstantinovich / Anna Konstantynowicz daughter of Piotr Konstantynowicz with the Fox coat of arms, was a Polish noblewoman.
In the summer of 1917 came to his estate in Ukraine. The founder and first president on October 27, 1918 the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Was a professor and rector in 1920 - 1921 Tauride University in Simferopol. The Vernadsky family arrives in Petrograd and headed a radiochemical laboratory, but on July 14, 1921 Vernadsky / Wernadski was arrested and taken to jail; The next day, he was being accused of spying, Vernadsky was released. Karpinski and Oldenburg sent a telegram to Lenin and Lunacharsky, and after Semashko / Siemaszko, Kuzmin and Lenin ordered the release of Vernadsky. Vernadsky participated in the creation of the Radium Institute. 1922 to 1926 worked abroad in Prague and Paris at the Sorbonne, and Institute Curie, which investigated for a new radioactive element - return in 1926. In those days, many wondered - how he survived in the years of repression? In the summer of 1935 Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky went abroad to Carlsbad and he worked in Paris, London, Germany - met with her daughter Nina b. 1898 in marriage Toll, In the years of repression Vernadsky resigned from all administrative posts.
From 1927 until his death served as Director of the Biogeochemical Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the summer of 1940 on the initiative of Vernadsky began research of uranium for a nuclear energy. Since the beginning of the war was evacuated to Kazakhstan.

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The father of Baron Pavel L'vovitch von Schilling /
Schilling von Kannstadt / Schilling von Cannstatt
- Louis Joseph Ferdinand Schilling was a lieutenant or colonel in the Russian army. His sister married in 1780 by Christoph Count Benkendorf / Benckendorf / von Benckendorff. The grandfather, Karl Friedrich, Baron Schilling von Cannstatt.

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Anna Juliane von Benckendorff (under copyright by geni.com, Freiin Schilling von Canstadt) b. ca 1746; her husband Christoph Ivanovich von Benckendorff b. 1749 and her sons: Alexander Konstantin Karl Wilhelm Christoph Christophorowich Graf von Benckendorff (b. 1781 / 1782 - died 1844, Russia's military commander, General of Cavalry, chief of police, Chief of III separation Office 1826 - 1844; brother of Constantine Benckendorff and Dorothea Lieven) and Konstantin Christophorowitsch Graf von Benckendorff b. 1785; and her granddaughter - Sophia von Benckendorff b. 1825; her father Karl Friedrich Freiherr Schilling von Canstadt b. 1697, and grandfather Ludwig Friedrich Freiherr Schilling von Canstadt b. 1654; her brother Ludwig Joseph Ferdinand Freiherr Schilling von Canstadt b. 1753, who has son Paul Ludwig Schilling von Canstadt b. 1786 - d. 1837 (Emperor Nicholas visited him to ask to see the telegraph experiments, he presented his telegraph in 1833 in Berlin; 1835, he again traveled to Western Europe).

In 1835, Baron Pavel L'vovitch von Schilling introduced his needle telegraph. "...In Germany and Russia, where in 1837 he had suggested concrete telegraphic transmission lines, his ideas were largely ignored" but Tsar Nicholas I decreed on 19 May 1837 the construction of a 30 km stretch of electrically operated telegraph line from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo, which was not realized because Schillings death.

Note at margin:
Schilling von Cannstatt / Schilling von Canstatt / Schilling von Canstadt: Julius Karl Otto Baron von Schilling b. 1831 in Orgena / Orina, Järva - Jaani - south-west of Rakvere, Järvamaa in Estonia; his wife Elsbeth von Benckendorff Lowenwolde born 1843 Varrangu - south-west of Rakvere, and her father was Gustav Hermann Christoph von Benckendorff b. 1815 in Gilsenhof / Kiltsi, Väike-Maarja vald - south of Rakvere, Lääne-Virumaa, Estland. Her grandfather Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff b. 1784 and great - grandfather Hermann Johann von Benckendorff b. 1751 from Wiborg (Viiburi, Выборг / Voborg, Viipuri, Viborg), Karjala-Soome / Karelia.

Georg Wolther Baron von Schilling b. 1834 in Orgena, Järva-Jaani, Estonia. The noble Schillings / Schilling family moved to Estonia / Estland from Courland (Kurland). Karl Gebhard von Schilling began his service in the Russian army, married to Helene Charlotte von Römer of Müüsleri / Seinigal and Orina / Orgena - 2 km north-east of Jarva-Jaani (Orina, Järva-Jaani vald / Ярва-Яаани, Ярвамаа, Эстония). See: http://www.balticconnections.net/ Müüsleri (Seinigal by German) is a village in the rural community Kareda - ca 80 km east-south of Saku, close to Jarva-Jaani.
Pauline Amalie Sophie von Schilling b. 1806 in Reval / Tallinn, Estland / Eesti, her mother Anna Juliane von Rosen b. 1770.

Johann von Benckendorff or Hans Ulrich Nathanael von Benckendorff, b. 1882 in Jendel (Jäneda - south-west of Rakvere, and south-east of Tallinn), Lääne-Virumaa, d. on April 19, 1919 in Jendel / Jäneda. He was son of Alexander Gustav Konstantin Benckendorff, from Jendel, by Henrik Manitski in 2012: b. 1846 in Warrang (Varangu - north of Rakvereca 18 km), Väike-Maarja vald. Died 1910 in above Jendel (Jäneda - ca 65 km east of Saku). Grandfather Gustav Hermann Christoph Benckendorff, b. 1815 in Gilsenhof / Kiltsi, Väike-Maarja vald; great-grandfather Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff b. 1784 in Gatchina, owner of Warrang / Varangu, Löwenwolde /Liigvalla and Jendel /Jäneda. Note:

Count Alexander von Benckendorff / Aleksandr Khristoforovich Benkendorf, b. 1781 or 1783, d. 1844, was a Russian Cavalry General and the head of the Gendarmes and the Secret Police in Imperial Russia. His brother Konstantin von Benkendorff was a general and diplomat, and his sister Dorothea von Lieven a socialite and political force in London and Paris. He was the first Chief of Gendarmes and Executive Director of the Third Section from 1826 to 1844. His family possesed Schloss Fall / Keila-Joa from 1827 or 1837 and in 1830s Meremőisa / Merremois / Meremoisa, close to Keila-Joa. His relatives: Gertrude Margaretha von Benckendorff nee Staël von Holstein, wife of Georg Christian Benckendorff and Otto Wilhelm von Essen. This Georg Christian von Benckendorff b. 1754 died 1790 in Hamina, Finland. He was son of Johann Michael Ivanovich von Benckendorff d. Reval, was born 1720 in Reval /Tallinn; and he was grandson of Johann IV von Benckendorff b. 1659 in Riga and d. 1727 Riga. Above Johann Michael Ivanovich von Benckendorff was father of Christoph Ivanovich von Benckendorff; Katharina Christina von Brevern; Hermann Johann von Benckendorff; Georg Christian von Benckendorff and Johann / Иван Иванович von Benckendorff, by Peter Trefilov in 2010. Johann Michael Ivanovich Benckendorf b. 1720 d. 1775, his parents: Johann Benckendorf b. April 26, 1659 d. June 17, 1727 and Clara von Schulz / von Schultz d. 1731. Above Johann Michael Ivanovich Benckendorf / Ivan Johann Benckendorf Ivanovich - Lieutenant-General, chief commandant of Revel, the grandfather of the famous A. H. Benckendorf. Born in 1720, he came from an old noble family of Franconia that in the XVI century moved to Livonia. Father of Christoph Ivanovich Benckendorff b. 1749
(father of Alexander Konstantin Karl Wilhelm Christoph Christophorowich von Benckendorff b. 1781
[his children: Anna Aleksandrovna von Benckendorff; Maria Aleksandrovna Wolkonski; Sophia; Anna - copyright by Peter Trefilov, Alla Povod and Henn Sarv];
Natalie Marie Elisabeth /Мария Христофоровна Schewitsch; Konstantin Christophorowitsch Benckendorff; Katharina Alexandra Dorothea /Дарья Христофоровна von Lieven);
Katharina Christina von Brevern; Hermann Johann Benckendorff
(father of Sophie Christina Gertrude von Helffreich; Katharina Juliane Dorothea Stael von Holstein; Paul Friedrich Benckendorff
[Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff / Павел Ермолаевич Бенкендорф b. 1784, born in Gilsenhof / Kiltsi of landlords Johann Hermann von Benckendorff and Christine Elisabeth von Brevern; in the Army in 1802, 1813 was elected by the Estonian Provincial Assembly; 1818 he was a member of the Estonian knighthood; 1833 - 1841 he became civilian governor of Estonia. Married 1805 Helene Dorothea Margarethe Elisabeth von Rehbinder 1788-1856; were born: Christiane Wilhelmine Sophie von Benckendorff (1806-1863), married Karl von Baranoff, Gustava Magdalena Marie von Benckendorff (1811-1892), married Otto Gustav von Lilienfeld, Gustav Hermann Christoph von Benckendorff (1815-1883), chief of the Estonian knighthood, Christoph Karl Gustav von Benckendorff (1817-1842), Gotthard Alexander Konstantin von Benckendorff (1819-1851). Above named Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff married Elisabeth von Rehbinder that is Dorothea Helene Margarethe Elisabeth Rehbinder was daughter of Gustav Wilhelm von Rehbinder and Sophie Christina von Rehbinder and granddaughter of Arend Wilhelm von Rehbinder, burial in Reval, b. 1638 - 1696, d. ca 1711; son of Wilhelm Christoph von Rehbinder, d. ca on September 28, 1703; son of Wilhelm von Rehbinder. Some details at margin: Johanna Sophie von Toll nee von Rehbinder 1740 - 1801, her father Otto Magnus von Rehbinder from Kockora / Kokora - 40 km north-east of Tartu / Dorpat, and her grandfather Arend Wilhelm von Rehbinder, and great-grandfather Wilhelm Christoph von Rehbinder b. ? - died ca 1703, her husband Christian Wilhelm von Toll, and her children: Johann Wilhelm Baron von Toll and Adolf Friedrich Baron von Toll. Von Toll family, the noble family of Baltic Germans, had the title of baron, from Reval now Tallinn in the province of Estonia (Эстония), Russian Empire and Dorpat now Tartu. The Toll family estate: 20 km south-west of Jarva-Jaani, Vodja is a village in Kareda Parish, north of Sargvere, and north-east of Sarevere; in Järva County, Estonia (Vodia / Veisenshtein / Wodja. Above Schilling von Cannstatt / Schilling von Canstatt / Schilling von Canstadt: Julius Karl Otto Baron von Schilling b. 1831 in Orgena / Orina, Järva - Jaani - south-west of Rakvere, Järvamaa in Estonia; his wife Elisabeth / Elsbeth von Benckendorff Lowenwolde born 1843 Varrangu - south-west of Rakvere, and her father was Gustav Hermann Christoph von Benckendorff b. 1815 in Gilsenhof / Kiltsi, Väike-Maarja vald - south of Rakvere, Lääne-Virumaa, Estland. Her grandfather Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff b. 1784 and great - grandfather Hermann Johann von Benckendorff b. 1751 from Wiborg (Viiburi, Выборг / Vőborg, Viipuri, Viborg), Karjala-Soome / Karelia. Gustav Hermann Christoph von Benckendorff (1815-1883), chief of the Estonian knighthood];
Theodor Benckendorff and Magdalena Elisabeth von Brümmer);
Georg Christian von Benckendorff
(father of Helene Margarethe Sophie; Katharina Margarethe Elisabeth / Kattinka; Marie Katharina / Maschinka)
and Johann /Иван Иванович von Benckendorff
(father of Pauline / Полина Ивановна Бенкендорф; Sophie / Софья Ивановна Хрущев; Aleksandr / Александр Иванович Benckendorff; Владимир Иванович Бенкендорф).
Eldest son of Johann Michael Ivanovich Benckendorf b. 1720: Christoph Ivanovich Benckendorff / Christopher Benckendorf Ivanovich 1749-1823 - General of Infantry, the military governor of Riga. From this son were born two sons, Alexander (cavalry general, a member of the State Council) and Constantine (Adjutant General), daughter Daria was married to a member of the Council of State H. A. Lieven. Above Benckendorf Ivan Ivanovich / Johann Michael 1720-1775 married Sophia Elizabeth nee Lowenstern, 1777 with the Court; from this marriage were born four sons, of whom the senior Christopher - entered military service in 1760, in 1762 was already an officer of the Count Chernyshev troops and took part in the final affairs of the Seven Years' War. His wife - Anna Juliana nee Baroness von Schilling Canstadt 1759 - ca 1830, she was a childhood friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna; from this marriage were born two sons, Alexander (cavalry general, a member of the Council of State) and Constantine (Adjutant General), daughter Daria was married to a member of the Council of State H. A. Lieven.

Major-General of the gendarmerie
(counterintelligence and being the successor in office of Benkendorf; General Dubelt / Dubbelt, Staff Commander of the Corps of Gendarmes 1835-1856)
Leonti V. Dubbelt / von Dubelt was owner of the factory Kuvshinovo, Tver region; he enjoyed high confidence and patronage of the king. Von Dubelt, Leonti Vasilyevich / Leonti Wassiljewitsch Dubelt (b. 1792 died 1862), born into a family of Vasily Ivanovich Dubbelt by his wife - Mary Grigorievna Shperter vel Medina Celli, Princess;
his brother Peter, Colonel.
Von Dubelt is the German noble family from Livonia since the beginning of the 18th century.
Ivan Dubbelt entered the Russian service. His sons, Vasily and Mikhail Dubbelt.
Above Leonti V. Dubbelt married Anna Nikolaevna Persian nee Mordvinov in 1818.
In marriage, had two sons:
Nicholas / Nikolai (1819-1874)
and Michail / Michael (1822-1900).
Michael Leontievich Dubbelt or Dubelt was Lieutenant-General (1897). Dubbelt / Dubelt Michael or Michail Leontievich who was born February 8, 1822 in Kiev, Russian cavalry Major General, he was commandant of the Tiflis Alexandropol / Aleksandrapol fortress 1887-1890. His first wife Nataly / Natalia Puszkin / Natalja Aleksandrovna Pushkin since 1853, born May 23 / 4 Jun 1836 in St. Petersburg, was the daughter of Alexander Pushkin, poet. This son - M. Dubelt in 1860, lost above named Kuvshinovo factory in gambler to hands of Peter Troubetzkoy Nikitich b. 1826 died 1880, the leader of the provincial nobility.

Prince Troubetzkoy in 1869 sold it to Michael Gavrilovich Kuvshinov; his father Nikita Petrovich Trubetskoy, b. August 18, 1804 and his grandfather Peter S. Troubetzkoy / Trubetskoy born 1760: daughter of Alexander Gruzinsky - Princess Darejan or Daria Aleksandrovna Gruzinskaya died 1796, was married to Prince Pyotr Sergeyevich Troubetzkoy / Piotr Sergiejevich Trubeckoj (1760-1817) with four children, including Sergei Petrovich Troubetzkoy (29 August 1790 - 22 November 1860) who was one of the organizers of the Decembrist movement and was a freemason.

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin b. May 26 / 6 June 1799 in Moscow, Russian poet; his paternal grandfather, Leo / Lev A. Pushkin was artillery colonel; father - Sergei L. Pushkin (1767-1848), a Pushkin's mother was a granddaughter of Hannibal. Brother of the poet - Lew vel Lev born 1805.
Nikolai Leontievich / Nicholas (1819-1874) was also Lieutenant-General (1864), commander 1852 - 1856 Belarusian Hussar Regiment.
Brother of Leonti Vasilievich - Peter V. Dubbelt (born 1794 in Mogilev, Belarus now), the Adjutant in 1822-26 of General N. N. Rajewski.
A cousin of Leonti Vasilievich - Ivan M. Dubbelt (born 1805, Riga), served in the Estonian Jaeger Regiment, took part in suppressing the Polish uprising of 1863-64.
His son Evgenii / Eugene I. Dubbelt, served from 1861 in Tiflis / Tbilisi.
The Uzkoje  estate that was otherwise Uzkoje village, situated 15,5 km S-W-S of  Moscow core in  the suburbs of the capital i.e. 9 km from boundary of urban housing in 1917, and there are nowadays Litovskij bulvar Str. and Jasnogorskaja Str. near by Vitcevskij forest and also Tschertanovka river.

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Boris Siemionovich Jacobi / Moritz Hermann von Jacobi b. 1801 died 1874, St. Petersburg, invented a number of instruments for measuring the electrical resistance - voltagometrom.
In 1895 Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrated the device, detector, which was designed to record radio waves generated by the storm front - first radio receiver suitable for the implementation of wireless telegraphy. In 1899, "Popov has designed an improved version of the receiver of electromagnetic waves, where the reception of signals - Morse code - was carried out on the headphones operator - radio operator".

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Watch maker, William Brown was dad of Edward Brown (born abt 1829). He was a watch maker, too. William Brown b. ca 1800, acc. to me; here was mistake - 1819. Elizabeth Brown maybe was a wife.

On the Clerkenwell district in London:

Izydor Jakub Gudak / Isadore Jacob Gudak / Irving John Good / I. J. or Jack Good b. 1916, a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing; from a Polish-Jewish family in London. His father Mosheh Oyved / Morris Edward Good or Moshe Oved alias Edward Good b. in Poland in 1885 - 1958, was a watchmaker, artist, sculptor (also from Jacob Epstein and Ben Uri; friend of John Ringling), the owner of a jewelry shop (Cameo Corner in Museum Street near the British Museum; on cameos, antique watches and clocks; Jewish ritual objects), poet, Zionist and the founder of the Ben Uri Society / Ben Uri Gallery / Museum in London, a Yiddish writer, a dealer in antique jewellery. He learnt the trade of a watches ca 1900, but in 1902 or 1903 emigrated to England. Mother Sophia Polikoff. Mosheh Oved / Moshe Gudak in London set up an antique jewellery shop. Sophia Polikoff was born in Russia and came to London at age eight with her parents. Morris and Sophia met in London. The Cameo Corner was founded in 1908 in New Oxford Street (No 1, close to Kingsway Str., and ca 1700 meters to west-south-west of Clerkenwell in London, by the Theobalds Road to the west) by Moshe Oved and in 1939 moved to its permanent home in Museum Street, Bloomsbury (1200 to 1400 meters to the west of Clerkenwell). Cameo Corner was the principal centre for the sale of jewellery in London for the first half of the twentieth century.

On the other side of this mirror, in 1904 Sir Charles Hardinge, the British ambassador in St Petersburg, discovered that a servant had been offered 1000 pounds to steal the embassy's main cipher. And after 1917, the Okhrana became the first modern intelligence service to make one of its major prorities the theft of foreign ciphers. Dmitri Aleksandrovich Bystroletov, Hans or Andrei, born 1901, the son of a Kuban cossack mother and novelist Aleksei Tolstoy, conquest for the OGPU in Prague in 1927, a codenamed Laroche from the French embassy. Acc. to The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of ..., by Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin.

In 1902, Vladimir Lenin moved the publication of the Iskra (Spark, issues 22 to 38) to London at 37a Clerkenwell Green. At that time Vladimir Lenin resided on Percy Circus, less than half a mile north of Clerkenwell Green. In 1903 the newspaper 'Iskra' / 'Iskry' was moved to Geneva.

In summer 1904 - Lenin and Krupskaya / Krupska left Geneva for longer holiday; Lenin and Krupskaya settled first in Lausanne, then changed it to Montreux in 1904 (Kropotkin, Konstantynowicz), the starting point of a multi-week trip to the mountains, chose the wildest trails, climbed into the wilderness, away from people; their journey was very interesting: from Montreux (with Clarens, here Konstantynowicz, Breguet, Rey, Duflon, Kropotkin, Bakst), Villeneuve, to Aigle - 11 km south of Villeneuve (Duflon), then tens of kilometers along the river Rhone (to south and south-east), stay in Loiche - les - Bains / Leukerbad - ca 29 / 34 km south-east of Gstaad, Saanen and Turbach (Fraucci or Frautchi - Artuzow), walk down through the Gemmipass - 28 km south-east of Gstaad, in the mountains of the Bernese canton - 30 to 40 km east of Saanen and Turbach (Frautchi), visit to the Jungfrau / Jungfraujoch - ca 55 to 60 km east of Saanen, again stay at Izentale (or Iseltwald) on Brienzersee - 60/70 km east-north of Saanen, next the way back into the Canton of Geneva (back home on west from Spiez, Saanen, Villeneuve, Montreux or from Chateau d'Oex, Montbovon, Les Avants to Montreux some on a railway; the railway from Montbovon to Chateau d'Oex opened on 19 August 1904 and then Gstaad since 20 December 1904), where before returning to Geneva, Lenin and Krupskaya lived in a guest house near lac de Bret (Lac de Bret, Puidoux, Suisse - close to Riex, Cully, 5 km north-east of Cully, ca 15 km east of Lausanne, and 9 km north-west of Vevey; see: Breguet and Duflon, Diserens) in company with Bogdanov; the walk had beneficent effect on Lenin; the nerves came back to normal. How long the journey took for Lenin? It can be answered accurately; their tour began in early July 1904 and lasted nearly two months. Montreux and Vevey nearby well known in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Stayed here Tchaikovsky, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Vyazemskij, Stravinsky, Diaghilev. Somewhere nearby, in the mountains, held secret meetings of Lenin in 1904 (mountains east of Montreux to Saanen).
Alyaksandr Malinovsky / Aliaksandr Alyaksandravіch Malіnoўskі / Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov / Malinowski / Werner / Maksimov, b. 1873 in Sokółka, Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Poland), of Belarusian ethnicity, a doctor, economist, philosopher; 1901 to 1904 he lived in exile in Vologda, 1904 to 1907 he supported Lenin's Bolshevik fraction; during Lenin's Swiss exile between 1905 and 1907, Bogdanov was the representative of the Bolshevik Central Committee in Russia. Bogdanov and Lenin met in Switzerland in the summer of 1904 and entered into an alliance, to 1909. First wife - Natalia Bogdanovna nee Korsak 1865-1945, second wife - A. Smirnov. Sister Anna Lunacharsky (1884-1959) - writer and an interpreter, the first wife of A. V. Lunacharsky.

Lenin and Stalin met in London in the Crown and Anchor pub (The Crown Tavern, 50 m east of Lenin 'Iskra') in 1903. But at this time people from 'Duflon and Konstantynowicz' Company and around the Armand family were involved in 'left' activity:
Nikolaj Romanowicz Brilling who elaborated aeroengine with two opposite pistons when acted as chief in DEKA factory (Duflon either Duflou or Dufflon & Konstantynowicz) in Zaporozhye 1916 - 1918; Brilling i.e. Briling, b. 1876, Russian and Soviet expert of aeroengines after completion of the Moscow Polytechnic, twice under arrest due to distribution of Lenin's 'Iskra', 1907 doctor in field of engines.
At least of 10 December 1908 Inessa Armand wanted to attend the First All-Russian Women's Congress in St Petersburg with her sister-in-law, Anna Evgen'evna Konstantinovich / Konstantynowicz / Константинович. Inessa / Инесса Елизавета Федоровна Арманд was lover of Lenin since 1909 or 1910, but according to 'Correspondence of Lenin and ... organizations. 1903-1905 years', Volume 3, the first book, we know that Lenin sent a cliche of 'Iskra' / 'Sparks' at Dyuflon / the Duflon office address in Yekaterinburg (p. 332, here also name of Konstantynowicz!) in 1903.

"Inessa Armand. Revolutionary and Feminist" by R. C. Elwood, p.74 - Inessa was on her honeymoon with Lenin who showed up in Copenhagen without his wife Krupska. Inessa spent the time with her sister-in-law Anna Konstantinovich / Константинович, whom she apparently visited in Leipzig during the month of August 1910. After the events in Prague in 1912 around Lenin gathered clouds. In Paris, he literally did not allow the passage of political opponents. And Ulyanov family moved to Krakow / Cracow. Inessa went from Paris to Krakow later and arrived there accompanied by his former pupil Георгий Сафаров / George Safarov. This young man, aged 21, was married and his wife was in good companionship with Inessa; history is silent why Valentina Safarova did not go with her husband in Krakow and stayed in Paris. Michael Pearson: Inessa favored men younger than herself, an allusion to Vladimir Armand; the fact was that at that time Lenin had problems with the publication of 'Pravda', edition which was in Russia; british explorer R. C. Elwood based on a detailed analysis of the text of messages from Inessa to Alexander writes that her husband at her request send Inessa three thousand rubles for the publication of this newspaper; the first issue of 'Pravda' was published May 5, 1912 with a resolution adopted at the Prague conference. But Lenin was not happy with the result. Newspaper editors did not want to obey him, some of Lenin's articles are generally not published and openly ignored the decision of the Prague Conference on the establishment of the Bolshevik Party.

The last of the Breguets, "... looked around for someone suitable to make a partner and continue the Firm after his time. He knew a first-class mechanician in Clerkenwell named Edward Brown, who was induced to go to Paris to look after the factory. Eventually he became a partner, and later the owner and the head of the Breguet Firm. Edward Brown died, aged 66, in 1895, and was succeeded by his two sons Edward and Henry, of whom Edward retired, ... 1920. Thus Monsieur Henry Brown became the Head of Breguet's Firm ... The general information I have gained by consulting certain books such as ... Mr. Hull, of the Firm of Messrs. Le Roy, in London, Mr. Henry Brown ... and his son, Mr. George Brown... Mr. Desoutter, of London, who has made a life- long study of Breguet's work...", acc. to THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, ,BREGUET 1747 - 1823', BY SIR DAVID LIONEL SALOMONS.
The Brown family and others in Clerkenwell:
James Brown, at 24, Noble-street (south-east, ca 1200 m from Lenin 'Iskra'), Clerkenwell (Barbican) in 1828, and at 3, Newcastle place, Clerkenwell-close (900 m south of Lenin 'Iskra'). The Baume Brothers, Importers of Geneva Watches, at 9, Ashley street, Northampton square, Clerkenwell, and at Aux Bois, Canton of Berne, Switzerland. BROWN Sophia b. 1859 in Clerkenwell, London, parent James Brown.

Antoine-Louis Breguet drove the prestigious business into bankruptcy. "His son, Louis-Clement Breguet, eventually took over. He invented the first electric clocks but decided to leave and concentrate on electric telegraphs and telecommunications. The business was sold to the English watchmaker, Edward Brown".

---

In 1870 Louis Francois Clement Breguet transferred the leadership of the company to
Edward Brown; he collaborated with Heinrich Ruhmkorff, George Daniels and Professor Thomas Engel,
and he met
Alexander Graham Bell
and obtained a license to manufacture Bell telephones for the French market.

He had one son

Antoine b. 1851 and he was grandfather of

Louis Charles Breguet, aviation pioneer and aircraft manufacturer.

---

The great-grandson of Louis François Clément Breguet:
Louis Antoine b. 1851 d. 1882, was the last of the Breguet family to run the business.

So he took on noted English watchmaker Edward Brown of Clerkenwell to look after the Paris factory. London-born Edward Brown became the factory manager, his partner - 1870 - and, after Breguet's death, the owner and head of the company. His sons Edward and Henry Brown headed the firm into the 20th century. By Michael Weare at http://clicktempus.com/turning-points-in-time-breguet: under Brown and his descendants, Breguet remained a niche Parisian watchmaking boutique for the next century. Edward Brown died in 1895, and was succeeded by his

two sons Edward and Henry, of whom Edward retired in 1920.

Thus Henry Brown became the Head of Breguet's Firm. The watching making firm continues to market itself under the name of 'Breguet'. The electrical instrument business trades first under the name of

'Breguet fabricant' and from 1881 - 'Maison Breguet'. The Brown family owned the Breguet watch brand for 100 years, five years longer than the Breguets. The complicated watches were built by the

Joux Valley's leading watchmakers

including the Victorin Piguet workshops.

1881 'Maison Breguet' that is Maison Breguet SA was the name given to the Breguet family business after it had sold off to Edward Brown in 1870 and reorganized by 1881. It manufactured electrical instruments, telegraphs, telephones, and industrial engines. It continued to operate in Paris until 1898 when its factories were moved to an industrial area in northern France, acc. to http://dssmhi1.fas.harvard.edu/emuseumdev/
Address: 1881 at 81, boulevard Montparnasse in Paris, next at rue Didot in Paris, and after 1898 in Douai.
Louis Charles Bréguet, 1880 - 1955, was a famous French aviator, airplane designer, and industrialist, engineer, pilot, acc. to http://perso.wanadoo.fr. Louis Charles Breguet, his great-grandfather Abraham Louis Breguet. In 1905, Louis, his brother Jacques and Charles Robert Richet began construction of a gyroplane - prototype helicopter. 1907 the prototype made its first vertical take-off the pilot to a height of 50 cm. In 1905, he received an engineering degree, and the brothers began working in the family business for the production of electric motors and dynamos machines. Louis Clement decided to switch to the telegraph and communications.

Antoine Louis Breguet, Ecole Polytechnique, specialist of an electric motors, led the Breguet House, rue Didot; died very young, when Louis was only two years. Louis Breguet, an engineer at the Douai plant of Breguet House, interested in flying machines, assisted by Professor Charles Richet, a friend of his father, and by his brother Jacques, born in 1882; he went to work at the electrical engineering firm of his father, chief engineer of the Breguet House; in 1909, he learned to fly himself, acc. to: http://www.mae.ncsu.edu. In 1905 he was working gyroplane on a project.


Above named

Louis Charles Breguet b. 1880 in Paris died 1955,

was a French aircraft designer and builder, one of the early aviation pioneers. In 1902, Louis married Nelly Girardet, the daughter of

painter Eugene Girardet.

Eugene-Alexis Girardet was born in Paris in 1853 into a family working in painting, engraving and lithography. All of his uncles, cousins and brothers - as well as several previous generations of Girardets - were engaged in either printmaking or painting. Jules Girardet, 1856-1938, studied under Alexandre Cabanel, FRENCH PAINTER.

Charles Girardet / Karl Girardet 1813 – 1871 was a Swiss painter

and illustrator who lived and worked mostly in Paris. After beginning his career as a landscape painter, he became a renowned history painter. He was born as Charles Girardet in Le Locle, son of the lithographer Charles-Samuel Girardet. After 1822, he lived in Paris, where he trained with Louis Hersent and Léon Cogniet; a study trip to Switzerland in 1833–35, Lausanne, and Italy in 1840

(see: 1. Paszkowski family in Cracow, Moscow, Rome in 1839 and Paris in 1839/1840 also!
2. William Lock / Locke, William, the younger (1767-1847), amateur artist, friend of Henry Fuseli; Locke painted historical and allegorical subjects, after 1819 he lived at Rome and Paris; leaving one son, William 3rd, and a daughter Elizabeth. Locke, William, the third (1804-1832), captain and amateur artist, published some illustrations to Byron's works. He was drowned in the lake of Como, Italy; married Selina, daughter of Admiral Tollemache; he had daughter,

Augusta Selina Locke b. 1833, married: a. Ernest Lord Burghersh,

b. the Duca di San Teodoro; Luigi Caracciolo, Duca di Sant'Arpino and San Teodoro m. 1854, diss. 1876 to Augusta Selina Elizabeth Locke b. 6 June 1833 in Milano, died 1906 at Eaton Square. Sant'Arpino / Sandarpine in the di Caserta in Campania; 14 km north of Napoli, close to Aversa; 18 km south of Capua! See: Locke / Lock family, above. 3. Luke Schaub from Neuchatel and Basel - In 1715 he was appointed ambassador to Vienna, finally the Polish Embassy);

at Neuchatel, 1839–42; Le Locle is in the Canton of Neuchatel in Switzerland. It is situated a few kilometers from the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds, 15 km north-west of Neuchatel
(see: Schaub, Duflon); 1848 Brienz, Switzerland, to 1850; Italy (1861–1862).
Girardet, Charles Samuel born 1780 in Le Locle close to Neuchatel, 1863 death at Versailles; son of Samuel, publisher and bookseller, and Marie-Anne Bourquin. Brothers Abram-Louis Girardet and Alexander Girardet m. Fanny Charlotte Favre, daughter of Charles Henry, pastor of Le Locle; studied engraving with his brothers and in 1805 he moved to Paris; 1813 to 1822, he is active in Locle; 1823, he returned to Paris.

In 1905, with his brother Jacques, and Charles Richet, Louis Charles Breguet (b. 1880) began work on a

gyroplane / helicopter. In 1912, Breguet constructed his first hydroplane.
Louis-Clement's grandsons,

Louis and Jacques Breguet

were France's aircraft pioneers, from the 1917 'Breguet 14' fighter-bomber helped turn the tide of war on the western front. Louis Breguet was one of the co-founders of Air France in 1933.
Engineer Louis Franzevich Dyuflon / L. Duflon, a Swiss 'Breguet' Company representative (he was very young, only aged 23), was Stefan Drzewiecki friend (the Polish family from the Volhynia government), and circa 1884 was searching of the structure of a dromoskop. Dyuflon sometimes was invited to have breakfast with Drzewiecki. Drzewiecki (Drzewiecki Stephane lived after in France: 5, rue Gustave-Zede, Paris) occupied luxury apartment in the house No 6 at Admiralty Seaside. In the evenings, the usual Drzewiecki guests were brothers
Paul and Peter Solomonovich Martynov (Lyubov Orlova-Denisova married to Nikolai Trubetskoy, she b. 1828, d. 1860. Her brother Fedor / Fiodor born 1802 or 1806 with wife from the

Nikitin family.

 Sister of above Lyubov nee Orlova-Denisova married Trubetskoy: Nadiezda / Nadjezda / Nadine Orlov-Denisov married to

Michael / Michail Andreevich Katenin,

he born ? and died before 1868, Major-General, ataman Orenburg Cossacks - his parents: father Andrew / Andrej Katenin 'youngest' b. 1768 and d. 1835, wife - Irina Lermontov. His grandfather Fedor Katenin and his great-grandfather Ivan Nikitich Katenin d. 4 December 1723. Mother of above named