Copyright by Bogdan Konstantynowicz on 14 January 2026.

Maybe Columbus was born in Espinosa de Henares in Castile, and was the son of Aldonza de Mendoza. She died in childbirth. She has two sons: Alfonso who was murdered at the age of five; and other Rodrigo de Mendoza, who is Christopher Columbus. Acc. to Alfonso Carlos Nunez.
But Columbus, as the navigator signed it, only in POIO, the town. In October 2024 historians said Columbus was from Balearic Islnad, Mallorca under the Aragon Kingdom, but he came from Valencia until 1391, then at Mallorca. 'Columbus was a Catalan and the son of a man from the Republic of Genoa and a Jewish woman from Valentia,' Albardaner told 'Al Jazeera', adding that his conclusions match those presented by the documentary - on 27 Oct 2024. Albardaner detailed how Columbus's claim that he had visited 'all the East and the West' before 1470 - contained in a letter written in 1501 - has been dismissed, especially by Italian scholars.

Ca 920/930: discovered Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before him.
Tradition credits Gunnbjorn Ulfsson (also known as Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson) with the first sighting of the land-mass. Nearly a century before Erik, strong winds had driven Gunnbjorn towards a set of islands between Iceland and Greenland, later named Gunnbjorn's skerries in his honor. He and his crew sighted islands (Gunnbjorn's skerries) lying close off the coast of Greenland, and reported this find but did not land.
Since Greenland is physically part of North America, separated from Ellesmere Island by only a narrow strait, this sighting could also have been the first European connection with North America. The exact date of this event is not recorded in the sagas. The sagas recount the Vikings' discovery of wild grapes, wheat, and maple trees, leading them to name the New Brunswick land 'Vinland' (land of wine). There in Miramichi, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif's Booths) by later visitors from Greenland. Leifsbudir, meaning 'Leif's houses,' and it served as a base for exploration until 1080s. Leif's brother, Thorvald, later led another expedition to Vinland, using Leifsbudir as a base for their explorations. The Vikings explored the surrounding area: Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and south-east New Scotland, discovered wild grapes, jack pine, wheat. By 'History Extra' in 2017, "by the tale, Leif set off on an expedition to explore the mysterious western land, to be followed later by his brothers Thorvald and Thorstein, and his sister Freydis Eriksdottir, along with the Icelandic explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni. However, in the 'Eiriks saga rauda', Leif has a lesser role, simply spotting the coast of North America in much the same way as Bjarni (blown off course and lost while returning from Norway), and it's Thorfinn Karsefni who leads the main expedition to the area named in both books as Vinland. The 'Graenlendinga saga', written slightly earlier than the 'Eiriks saga rauda', to be the more reliable of the two accounts. Leif calls Labrador as Markland ('wood land'), but he doesn't dwell there long. Winter AD 1000/1001 at Vinland (Miramichi, not L'Anse aux Meadows). Pushed along by a northeasterly wind for two days, Leif from Labrador finally finds the sort of landscape in New Brunswick he's been looking for - fertile and full of food including grapes". This is clear that knowledge on New Brunswick was in L'Anse aux Meadows around 990-1000 / 970-1085. Before Leif, the son of Erick. In spring 1001, "Leif and his crew sail back to Greenland, carrying a precious cargo of grapes and wood. En route, they chance upon some shipwrecked Vikings, whom they save". The small settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland (carbon dating estimate 990-1050 CE) was used before LEIF who knew the sailing route from Labrador to Miramichi in 1000 from unknown Vikings.
Various sources cite dates ranging from 876 to 932.
The first records of purposeful visits to Gunnbjorn's skerries were made by Snabjorn Galti around 978
and soon after by Erik the Red in 982 who also explored the main island of Greenland,
and soon established a settlement in 985 or 986. It was hot here. In winter minus 6, and in Summer up to 20 degrees Celsius in the valleys, much warmer than today. Beetroot and cabbage were grown, cattle and sheep were bred. There were plenty of trees on the coast brought by sea currents. Everywhere grew dwarf trees like large bushes.

In 2019 L'Anse aux Meadows - a 'model A' suggests Norse occupation began AD 910-1030 [around 970 AD], ended AD 1030-1145 [around 1085 AD].

'More than 150 14C dates have been obtained, of which 55 relate to the Norse occupation. However, the calibrated age ranges provided by these samples extend across and beyond the entire Viking Age (AD 793-1066). This is in contrast with the archaeological evidence and interpretations of the sagas'. Vikings from Iceland sailed to Newfoundland after about 930/960 AD. And they stopped using the L'Anse aux Meadows camp around 1060. The camp on the northern tip of Newfoundland has nothing to do with the Icelandic Sagas describing the journeys of one family to Vinland, i.e. to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, including the islands of Cape Breton and Prince Edward. The camp at L'Anse aux Meadows did not have to serve as a base for all the 'Vinland' expeditions. The first Vinland expedition in 1001 followed the route from southeastern Labrador to the south-east, precisely to Miramichi, but this was probably a route known between 990 and 1000. The sagas deal only with one Greenlandic-Icelandic-Norwegian family.

Norway's contacts with Vinland lasted until the 1080s, as confirmed by a Norwegian coin from Maine, but probably brought this far by the American Indian trade from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. The dating from L'Anse aux Meadows confirms the Norman monuments from the average years 930-1060.

In Norway rune inscriptions have been found on gravestones indicating that some adventurers not only managed to reach Vinland / Miramichi and Cape Breton, but also returned to Europe for example the Honen Rune Stone from northern Norway contains the words 'from Vinland through the ice'.
Around 1010 Thorn with a crew of 160 men reached Vinland / Cape Breton from Iceland - he sailed along part of the mainland / New Scotland and went so long that he reached a place where it did not snow during the winter at eastern New Scotland.
Mentioned the Honen runestone, discovered in the Ringerike commune, Norway (not northern Norway) in 1817 and now lost. The interpretation by Sophus Bugge, a portion of the inscription is believed to read as "from Vinland through the ice" (or more likely Vinlandi), 50 km north-west to Oslo. The inscription is dated to ca 1010-1050, with the Norse exploration of North America. The inscription is heavily fragmented and lost, but experts have identified "Vinland" within the text, suggesting a hazardous return journey. Old Norse name slightly predating Adam of Bremen's Winland in 1070s. The sketch made by antiquarian L. D. Kluwer (in 1823), copied by Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie (in 1838), as "from Vinland over ice". The same sequence is read by Magnus Olsen (in 1951) as: 'uin ka(lt)a isa vindkalda a isa / over the wind-cold ice'.

This is a similar situation to Columbus who only sailed again to Haiti / Antilla, known after all exactly after the period 1410/1424. Similarly, the Portuguese sailed to Labrador and Nova Scotia in the years 1495/1499-1520s, only repeating the expeditions from the Azores in the 1470s. The period 1018-1024 at L'Anse aux Meadows is not strongly marked by finds. But we have of course samples dated 1021 AD. The largest number of L'Anse aux Meadows excavations are from the Norman period in the years around 760-780, 840-890, 915, 930-940, 980-995, 982-984, 985-992, 993-996. A clear decline 997-999. An increase in 1001-1009. Again an increase in 1011-1020. The best dated monument - 1021. 'The results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1021'. The decline in the dating of monuments drops sharply after 1070 and disappears altogether after 1150. The period 1010-1030 has only a very weak increase in the number of excavations. 'The remains of eight buildings constructed of sod over a wood frame, with over 800 Norse objects unearthed, including bronze, bone, and stone artifacts, and evidence of iron production'. 'Carbon analysis and artifacts dated the settlement to the period 990-1050 AD. Building remains emerged, typical of the communities in Norse' settlements.

The research in 2018-2019 30 meters outside L'Anse aux Meadows:
it suggests a potentially longer than assumed period of L'Anse aux Meadows use, Up to 195 years. "This does not imply a continuous occupation, which, given the shallow cultural deposits, seems unlikely. Rather, it indicates the possibility of sporadic Norse activity beyond the early 11th century!".
Around 960 AD until 1155 AD.
Assays on short-lived macrofossils (twigs) from Norse contexts dated on 920 AD - 970 AD either AD 895-1030;
or 968-1063 AD, suggesting an occupation centered on AD 1000, provided a shortened result of AD 986-1022. But before 1001 AD!
Birgitta Wallace [and others like Meghan Burchell and Bryn Tapper] PROVED that Leifsbudir = Miramichi; but L'Anse aux Meadows is not mentioned in Icelandic sagas.
"Of the beetles, 'S. metallica' is considered native to Greenland, where it has been found in Norse and Pre-Inuit contexts, while 'A. quadrata', never previously identified from Newfoundland, is common in the circumpolar north. If any of these species truly are introductions to Newfoundland, their arrival by the 13th century may have been via either Norse or indigenous trade or migration routes".
Over 100 ecofacts associated with the archaeological L'Anse aux Meadows heritage (wood and charcoal) were submitted for radiocarbon dating. Botanical analyses identified wood and nuts from the White Walnut (Juglans cinerea), an exotic species in Newfoundland that suggests wider-ranging Norse voyages to the south [Miramichi = Leifsbudir; and New Scotia = Hop / Hup].
"Assays from Norse contexts (56 assays) ranged from 420 AD, charred wood, to 1150 AD, wood. Icelandic saga literature, and references to Vinland in an ecclesiastical treatise from AD 1075, suggested L'Anse aux Meadows should date to ca AD 1000, something the radiocarbon data seemed to challenge".
Above data acc. to Paul M. Ledger, Linus Girdland-Flink, and Veronique Forbes.
In 2018, them trench, measuring 0.65 on 1.50 m, was located 30 m east of 'Ruin D'. The new cultural horizon was encountered between 35 and 45 cm and comprised finely laminated. Apparently trampled surfaces containing charcoal, wood debitage, and charred plant remains.
None of the structures are identifiable as animal shelters, nor is there faunal evidence for animal husbandry - the foundation of Norse subsistence in Greenland and Iceland.
Mainly indigenous occupations dated on 880-960 AD; Norse on 950-1120 AD.
Other examples include Acidota quadrata (Zetterstedt), a Holarctic species previously unrecorded in Newfoundland, and Simplocaria metallica (Sturm), a pill beetle considered adventive (nonnative) in Canada.
In 2019 a 'model A' suggests Norse occupation began AD 910-1030 [around 970 AD], ended AD 1030-1145 [around 1085 AD].
And endured for 0 to 195 years. Leif knew perfectly well the direction of sailing from Labrador to Miramchi, straight southwest. Thirty years before him the Vikings were farming at L'Anse aux Meadows. The starting dates are 970/986 according to research from 2018/2019. Leif sailed through the Gulf of St. Lawrence only in 1001.
Greater uncertainty surrounds indigenous occupations, where a start of AD 710-1130, and end of AD 1540-1815 in L'Anse aux Meadows.
Vikings in North America
Ca 985:
Erik's salesmanship of Greenland proved successful as after spending the winter in Iceland Erik returned to Greenland in the summer of 985 with a large number of colonists. However, out of 25 ships that left for Greenland, 11 were lost at sea; only 14 arrived. The Icelanders established two colonies on the southwest coast: the Eastern Settlement or Eystribyggd, in what is now Qaqortoq, and the Western Settlement, close to present-day Nuuk. Eventually, a Middle Settlement grew, but many suggest it formed part of the Western Settlement. The Eastern and Western Settlements, both established on the southwest coast, proved the only two areas suitable for farming. During the summers, when the weather was more favorable to travel, each settlement would send an army of men to hunt in Disko Bay above the Arctic Circle for food and other valuable commodities such as seals (used for rope), ivory from walrus tusks, and beached whales.
In 985 - colony in south Greenland. This is very warm period. At south Greenland we have cows, horses, grass field, sheep, many timbers at beaches. Wild small aples.
In 986/987 - first Vikings trip to east and south-east Labrador. Great wood country.

Ca 986:
The first voyage, of Bjarni Herjolfsson in about 985 A.D., was accidental and without a landfall. He was trying to sail from Iceland to join his father in Greenland, but was blown past Greenland, ending up in a lengthy detour along the Labrador coast, before reaching his Greenland destination. Bjarni Herjolfsson was an Icelandic man who is told in Granlendinga saga , and it says that he found 'Vinland' (or Markland / Labrador - like G. Cortereal in 1500; G. Cortereal again discovered in 1501, south-west Greenland and south-east Labrador; John Cabot in 1497 re-discovered north Newfounland = Tierra de los Bacallaos = Codfish Land; John Cabot in 1498 re-discovered Tierra de los Bretones / Land of the Bretons / Nova Scotia, and here was FAGUNDES in 1521), that is, he saw it with its thrones. A monument to him will soon be erected on Eyrarbakki, near the town of Drepstokk. Herjolfsson was likely the first European to sight the east coast of North America. While sailing from Iceland to Greenland in 986 CE, Herjolfsson sighted lands that were later determined to be Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland [rather he discovered only three parts of Labrador, but not Vinland]. Bjarni sailed from Eyrum (where Eyrarbakki was later built) and intended to find his father in Greenland. On his way there, he and his high-seats spot a land without mountains and covered with forests. The high seas wanted to fetch water, but Bjarni sailed on and found a land with a glacier, that is, Greenland. It was done. Bjarni says he thinks it won't be Greenland. They ask if he wants to sail to this land or not. "It is my plan to sail close to the land." And so they did, and they soon saw that the land was not mountainous and wooded, and there were small hills on the land, and they put the land on the port side and let the bow face the land. Then they sail two days before they see another land. They ask if Bjarni was still going to Greenland. He said that he did not intend this Greenland but the former "because glaciers are said to be very large in Greenland" They soon approached this land and saw that it was a flat land and wood grew. Then it took off for them. Then the nobles discussed that they thought it would be a good idea to take that land, but Bjarni doesn't want it. They thought they needed both wood and water. "That's why you are unsupplied," says Bjarni, but he was reprimanded by his superiors for that. He asked them to wind the sails and it was done, and they set out from the land and sailed into the sea for three days, and then they saw the third land. But that land was high and mountainous and had a glacier - Grenland.

Compare in Poland: established Bnin, 938/940 in Greater Poland at present.

Quetzalcoatl may be based on a historical person in 10th entury died in 947.
Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula. Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, or '1 Reed, Our Prince Plumed Serpent', was a holy man and patron of the post-classic Toltec city of Tollan which is now thought to be modern day Tula, situated in the state of Hidalgo, North of Mexico City. Prince One-Reed Precious Serpent born ca 895, died in 947, a figure appearing in 16th-century accounts of Nahua historical traditions, where he is identified as a ruler in the 10th century of the Toltecs, by Aztec tradition their predecessors who had political control of the Valley of Mexico and surrounding region several centuries before the Aztecs themselves settled there.
One version of the story is that he was born in the 10th century, during the year and day-sign "1 Acatl," correlated to date May 13 of the year 895, allegedly in what is now the town of Tepoztlan.
Tollan, Tolan, or Tolan is a name used for the capital cities of two empires of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica; first for Teotihuacan, and later for the Toltec capital, Tula, both in Mexico. The name has also been applied to the Postclassic Mexican settlement Cholula.
According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. He headed east, eventually settling in Chichen Itza in 947.
The Mayan white bearded man called Quetzalcoatl, the feathered snake, god of goodness and wisdom. Others, too, spoke of the bearded white man.
The Incas, in Peru, called him Viracocha, while their neighbours the Aymara called him Hyustus / Chrystus. In Bolivia he was known as the "God of the Wind".
His disappearance and reappearance in the sky represented death and rebirth. They also believed him to be the god of learning, writing, books, and the calendar. In addition, he was the protector of craftspeople, such as goldsmiths. Quetzalcoatl sometimes became the god of wind, known as Ehecatl / Ezechiel.
Quetzalcoatl wandered down to the coast of the 'divine water' (the Atlantic Ocean) and then immolated himself on a pyre, emerging as the planet Venus. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon / Gulf of Mexico ie from around Veracruz sailed to Yucatan and Chichen Itza.
The myth of the return of Quetzalcoatl played an important role in the subsequent history of Mesoamerica. When Hernan Cortes and the conquistadors arrived in Mexico in 1517, the Aztec king Moctezuma II was convinced that the Spaniard was Quetzalcoatl, returning as he had promised to do.
Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, was a white, bearded man who came from the east and descended to the Americas before the Spanish arrived. He was described as tall, fair-skinned, and fair-haired, wearing long robes and carrying a message of love. Historians from the 16th century recorded pre-Hispanic beliefs about Quetzalcoatl, including:
Bernardo de Sahagun: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was worshipped in the past.
Diego Duran: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was tall, dignified, and had long hair.
Bartolome de las Casas: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was white, had a rounded beard, and came from the east.
Oral legends say that Quetzalcoatl gave humans many gifts, including: a calendar marking the days of the fifth sun, astronomy and mathematics. Quetzalcoatl also promised his people that he would return from the east one day, and the Aztecs waited for his coming. The cyclical return of Quetzalcoatl coincided with the arrival of Hernan Cortez in 1519, and some people believed that the Spaniards were the fulfillment of Quetzalcoatl's promise.
LEGENDS said that a bearded white man, with fair hair and blue eyes, brought super-knowledge to the Maya.
According to some sources, Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, was a white, bearded man who came from the east and descended to the Americas before the Spanish arrived. He was described as tall, fair-skinned, and fair-haired, wearing long robes and carrying a message of love. Historians from the 16th century recorded pre-Hispanic beliefs about Quetzalcoatl.
They called him Quetzalcoatl, the feathered snake, god of goodness and wisdom. Others, too, spoke of the bearded white man. The Incas, in Peru, called him Viracocha, while their neighbours the Aymara called him Hyustus. In Bolivia he was known as the "God of the Wind".
Montezuma proclaimed Cortes was in fact Quetzalcoatl himself, come to fulfill the prophecy. He then graciously handed over the keys to his empire.
Mesoamerican peoples believed that Quetzalcoatl created the world when he fought with his brother Tezcatlipoca. They then split a monster into pieces, creating the earth and sky. To create mankind, Quetzalcoatl snuck into the underworld to trick the Lord and Lady and steal some of the bones they guarded. Quetzalcoatl, the God of the Aztecs. He was the Lord of Intelligence. He was described as a tall fair-skinned, fair-haired man, with a beard. It was told he wore long robes and his message was one of love.
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote that Viracocha was described as "a man of medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured round the waist and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands." In one legend he had one son, Inti, and two daughters, Mama Killa and Pachamama.
The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya, images of the deity began acquiring human features, such as the beard (see the Borgia codex illustration) that he was sometimes depicted with.
Quetzalcoatl - could be known as Red Tezcatlipoca, the 'Flayed One' and associated with the gods Camaxtli and Xipe Totec (god of the Tlaxcaltecans) or as White Tezcatlipoca, the 'Plumed Serpent' or Quetzalcoatl, god of the Cholula.
Quetzalcoatlus, or simply Quetzalcoatl is an Aztec sky and creator god. The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and coatl, which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent".
The Aztecs feared that the end of the world would happen every 52 years, marking the completion of a Calendar Round cycle. To prevent this, they held a New Fire Ceremony, where they extinguished all fires and lit a new one, practicing blood sacrifice to appease the gods.
At Tollan, in what is now Tula, Hidalgo, the Toltec people prospered under Quetzalcoatl's reign; they developed trading partnerships across Mexico and Central America. However, according to legendary accounts, Quetzalcoatl was banished from Tula after committing transgressions while under the influence of a rival.

Gniezno, 940/941 at Winter.
In 954 - Hungarian in Bavaria and Svabia.

According to the Knytlingasaga and Fagrskinna, Jomsborg was built by the Danish king Harold Bluetooth (910-985/86) around 960/963. The Jomsvikinga Saga mentions Danish Viking Palnatoki as its founder. Palnatoke raised king Harald Bluetooth's son Sweyn Forkbeard and was a staunch supporter of the old pagan faith.
Harald Bluetooth had allowed Christian missionaries from the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen missionary in Denmark and the king himself was baptized around 964
(December 964 ? - and he was probably the family of Dagome/Mieszko of 'Polanie', by the female branch;
Dagome's male line came from Scotisch's Picts in 919 in the 'Polanie' area).

Mieszko I = Burisleif / Buryslaw / Dagome, was married several times: before Dubrava / Dabrawa of Praga, he had a wife GEIRA, the daughter of Danish king, Harald Blatand. Geira had three daughters: Gunhild / Swietoslawa, Geira younger, Astrid.

In 919 in 'Polanie' country, in addition to the Vikings from southern Sweden and Denmark, there were also Picts from Scotland, where the Normans had plundered the coast. A noble warrior-Pict from eastern Scotland born ca 900, was the father of Dagome. He assumed leadership over the rest of Normans around 930 in 'Polanie' area. Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden.
This Vikings-Picts group maybe left the shores of Scotland on her way to Denmark in 917, and then they came to Wolin in 918 (Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled), conquered Grzybowo in 919.

Our Pict-viking b. ca 900, had a son Dagome / Mieszko / Burislaw = Buris Leif/Burisleif.
Dagome was born ca 930/935 and he probably came from mixed parents: above warrior-Pict and noble Norman woman of Denmark born ca 913 - maybe the younger sister/half-sister to Harald Bluetooth b. ca 911, because future marriages of the daughters of Dagome-Mieszko, the names THYRA, Dagome, and Normans warriors in the armed team of Mieszko and his son Boleslaw the Great and the introduction of Christianity in Denmark in 965 and in Poland in 966.

Young Dagome had one or two wifes (the first 'Santslaue oldest' ca 920; the second ca 956 - came from Denmark, b. ca 940) before Dubrava, ie ca 955-963.
The Picts were a mysterious people who inhabited northern and eastern Scotland during the early medieval period.

The history of Polanie / Poland ca 860 till 992:

GIECZ, 860-869.
The construction of a new type of powerful early Piast stronghold (the first in Grzybow 915-922). There is a hypothesis that the military buildup in Greater Poland was related to the fall of Greater Moravia.

Vikings siege of Paris, 845; Vikings established Novgorod in 854.

Bjorn Ironside (Swedish: Bjorn Jarnsida) (Old Norse: Bjorn Jarnsida), according to Norse legends, was a Norse Viking chief and Swedish king. According to the 12th- and 13th-century Scandinavian histories, he was the son of notorious Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok and lived in the 9th century, between 855 and 858.

In "Poland" Giecz - established stronhold in 860/869. Vikings in 870 - ICELAND.

In 874: written sources consider the age of settlement in Iceland to have begun with settlement by Ingolfr Arnarson around 874, for he was the first to sail to Iceland with the purpose of settling the land. Archaeological evidence shows that extensive human settlement of the island indeed began at this time, and "that the whole country was occupied within a couple of decades towards the end of the 9th century." Estimates of the number of people who migrated to the country during the Age of Settlement range between 4,300 and 24,000, with estimates of the number of initial settlers ranging between 311 and 436.

Vikings in KIEV and in south Greenland - 882.

In 902 - the Great Moravia defeated by Hungarian.
In 905/906 - Czechia took the Wislanie country.
In 907 - Pressburg, Hungarien in Austria, Hungarian defeted Bavarian. Ca 920 - Czechia conquered the Silesia Lower.

In 919/922: established the first stronghold of Polanie in Grzybowo close to GIECZ.
In 926 - Hungarien in Bavaria and Italy.
Ostrow Lednicki, 930/940.
Poznan, 935/940.

In 919 in 'Polanie' country, in addition to the Vikings from southern Sweden and Denmark, there were also Picts from Scotland, where the Normans had plundered the coast. A noble warrior-Pict from eastern Scotland born ca 900, was the father of Dagome. He assumed leadership over the rest of Normans around 930 in 'Polanie' area.

This Vikings-Picts group maybe left the shores of Scotland on her way to Denmark in 917, and then they came to Wolin in 918 (Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled), conquered Grzybowo in 919.

Our Pict-viking b. ca 900, had a son Dagome / Mieszko / Burislaw. Dagome was born ca 930/935 and he probably came from mixed parents: above warrior-Pict and noble Norman woman of Denmark born ca 913 - maybe the younger sister/half-sister to Harald Bluetooth b. ca 911, because future marriages of the daughters of Dagome-Mieszko, the names THYRA, Dagome, and Normans warriors in the armed team of Mieszko and his son Boleslaw the Great and the introduction of Christianity in Denmark in 965 and in Poland in 966.

Young Dagome had one or two wifes (the first 'Santslaue oldest' ca 920; the second ca 956 - came from Denmark, b. ca 940) before Dubrava, ie ca 955-963.

The Picts were a mysterious people who inhabited northern and eastern Scotland during the early medieval period.

Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson / Gormsen, b. ca 911, died 987, was a king of Denmark and Norway. The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod b. ca 893.
Harald Bluetooth ruled as king of Denmark ca 958 until ca 986/987,
the King of Norway in 974 until 985;
named Harald Blatand d. November 987 in Jomsborg/Wolin.

Ca 920/930: discovered Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before 982.

Ca. 930 to ca. 960:
Bnin 938-940.
Island of Lednicki Ostrow, 930-940.
Poznan, 935-940.
Gniezno, 940/941, winter.

955 -
in 919, in addition to the Vikings from southern Sweden and Denmark, there were also Picts from Scotland, where the Normans had plundered the coast. A warrior from eastern Scotland born ca 900. He assumed leadership over the rest of Normans around 930 in 'Polanie' area. His son was Dagome / Mieszko / Burislaw. Dagome was born ca 935 and he probably came from mixed parents: Pict and Norman woman. Dagome had one or two wifes before Dubrava, ca 955-963. 
The Picts were a mysterious people who inhabited northern and eastern Scotland during the early medieval period. 
 
Dagome had three daughters with GEIRA older, a Norman woman ca 958-963,  
Geira younger,  
Astryda,  
and the third was Zygfryda / Zygryda = Gunhilda / Torrada / Storrada / Swietoslawa. 
 
957 -
in addition to the core land of Gniezno, 'Polanie' state also included Kujawy and the Sieradz-Leczyca region. Mieszko probably took power ca 957.

958 -
three daughters of Mestko / Mieszko / Dagome / Buryslaw / Burisleif, were with Geira older, the wife before 963.
Mieszko I born ca 935, d. on 25 May 992 = Buryslaw, his wife Thyra / Geira.
They had three daughters:
1. Geira younger married to Erik Tryggvason.
2. Astryda married Sigwald, earl of Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled in the second half of the 10th century.
3.
SYGRYBA / STORRADA = Gunhilda / Swietoslawa b. ca 959/963 (= Proud) in Danish it sometimes appears as Gunhilda. Storrada means a person strong in words, proud; Sigryda received this Scandinavian nickname when she burned alive the king of Vestfold, Harald Grenske to warn other from proposing marriage to her.

In one English source, the name of the sister of King Canute, therefore the daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and 'Piast', was written as 'Santslaue' younger / 'Santslaue soror CNVTI regis nostri', which can be deciphered as Swietoslawa. Since the daughter had such a name, she probably inherited it, as is assumed, from her mother, Swietoslawa older. Maybe the name was inherited from her grandmother, the pagan wife of Mieszko I / Dagome.

958-960 -
Dagome b. ca 930/935, had three daughters with Thyra / GEIRA older b. ca 940, a Norman woman of Denmark; named daughters probably born ca 958-963.

SYGRYBA / STORRADA = Gunhilda / Swietoslawa (Proud) in Danish it sometimes appears as Gunhilda. Storrada means a person strong in words, proud; Sigryda received this Scandinavian nickname when she burned alive the king of Vestfold, Harald Grenske to warn other from proposing marriage to her. Sygryba / Storrada married Sweyn Forkbeard born 963, d. 1014, in 986 the King of Denmark.

Sweyn was the father of
King Harald II of Denmark,
King Cnut the Great,
and Queen Estrid Svendsdatter.

In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father, Harald Bluetooth, and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987 in Wolin.

Above Harald II was the youngest son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhild of Wenden, and was regent while his father was fighting Ethelred the Unready in England. After his father's death, he was elected to the Danish throne in 1014.

Gunhilda of Wenden was a Polish princess, the daughter of Mieszko I of Poland according to Chronicles of Thietmar of Merserburg, Adam von Bremen and Acta Cnutonis regis princess and Danish Viking Age queen consort, the supposed spouse of King Sweyn I of Denmark (b. ca 963 - d. 1014). Sweyn is also said to have been married to Sigrid the Haughty. She is the Polish Swietoslawa.

Christianity in Denmark took hold more firmly in the 10th century, particularly after King Harald Bluetooth's baptism in 965.

The official conversion occurred during the reign of King Harald Bluetooth, who mounted the throne ca 958. According to Widukind of Corvey, a priest named Poppo convinced Harald to accept that "there is only one true God". Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson was a king of Denmark and Norway.
The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod.
Harald's rule as king of Norway following the assassination of King Harald Greycloak of Norway lasting for a few years in the 970s. His son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death.

In one English source, the name of the sister of King Canute, therefore the daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and 'Piast', was written as 'Santslaue' younger / 'Santslaue soror CNVTI regis nostri', which can be deciphered as Swietoslawa. Since the daughter had such a name, she probably inherited it, as is assumed, from her mother, Swietoslawa older. Maybe the name was inherited from her grandmother, the first pagan wife of Mieszko I / Dagome.

Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden.
Most likely, it was a political marriage, aimed against Denmark, which was to allow Mieszko to strengthen his power in Western Pomerania. The only known children from this marriage were Olof Skotkonung, later King of Sweden, and Holmfryda Eriksdotter.

Swietoslawa older / Sigryda was widowed around 995. Olaf was already in full power. The queen led to the conclusion of a Swedish-Danish alliance against Norway, sealing it with her marriage to the king of Denmark and Norway, Swen Forkbeard, who had returned from exile. This marriage took place around 996. At least five children were born from this union, including two subsequent Danish kings: Harald II Svensson and Canute II the Great, and daughters: Estrida and Swietoslawa younger. When Swen expelled his wife around 1002, she took refuge with her brother, Boleslaw the Brave, in Poland. Swen became king of England in 1013.
After the death of the Danish king Swen, their sons Harald and Canute came to Poland, asking their mother to return to Denmark. The last certain fact of her life is her return to Denmark in 1016. Canute's mother probably accompanied him during his reign in England.

Canute the Great (born 996/997, died 12 November 1035), the king of Denmark and Norway, had two sisters:
Estryda Margaret (born 995, died ca 1057/1073), the wife of earl Ulf Torgilsson,
and Swietoslawa younger, born ca 995/999, died after 1031, the wife of the Slavic prince Wyrtgeorn.

According to this historian the name Swietoslawa older could rather have been by her grandmother, and therefore the mother of Mieszko I. Gunhilda, the daughter of Mieszko, was not the daughter of Dobrawa.
An additional argument is the same name took granddaughter Gunhilda, who could have been named after her deceased grandmother.
Sigryda / Storrada is identified by some historians with Gunhild / Gunhilda.

In 960-990: most warmer period in Middle Ages: hotter then now in 2024. Warm years: 920-1120.

963 -
Mieszko decided to begin paying tribute to the German king from the lands up to the Warta River. This payment likely covered the territory of the Lubusz tribe.

Soon, in 965, the Prince of the Polans married the Czech princess Dobrawa.

The town of Wolin was first mentioned in 965, by Ibrahim ibn Jakub, who referred to the place as Viking's 'Weltaba'. Excavations were dated by dendrochronological method to the period from 965/966 to the middle of the 11th century. Ibrahim ibn Jaqub wrote in Arabic letters about this city. The transcription might be Weltaba, which corresponds to modern Polish Weltawa.
The earliest evidence of fortifications dates to the first half of the 9th century. In the second half of the 9th century, there was a central fortified area and two suburbs. Around 896 AD a new port was constructed and the main part of the town acquired new, stronger fortifications, including a wooden palisade. Archaeologists believe that in the Early Middle Ages Wolin was a great trade emporium, spreading along the shore for four kilometres and rivalling in importance Birka and Hedeby. In 967, the island became controlled by Poland, under Duke Dagome / Mieszko I.

Christianity continues to spread north and east: in 965, king Harald Bluetooth of DENMARK and followed by Duke Mieszko and Poland's leading nobility and also Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of KYIV, regarded as the founder Christianity in Ukraine, and King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway, who sends missionaries to Iceland and Greenland, and 1008, King Olof Skotkonung of Sweden.
Ca 955 - Miesko / Dagome ruled in Gniezno (his father was Pict and ruled ca 930-955).
In 965 - married catholic bohemian woman Dubrava.
966 - baptised in Ostrow Lednicki, Gniezno or Poznan.
In 905/906 - Czechia took the Wislanie country - beginning of Catholics.
In 907 - Pressburg, Hungarien in Austria, Hungarian defeted Bavarian.
Ca 920 - Czechia conquered the Silesia Lower - beginning of Catholics.

966 -
Mieszko was baptized and began the process of Christianizing his state.
He came into conflict with the Veleti and their leader, the German outlaw and adventurer Wichman. The Veleti defeated Mieszko twice, and in one of the battles around 963, his unnamed brother was killed.
The first Polish bishop, named Jordan, was ordained in 968. He was likely a missionary bishop reporting directly to the Holy See, although historiography suggests that he may have been a suffragan of the German metropolis in Mainz.
In his early years, Dagome/Mieszko led wars against neighboring tribes, seeking to expand the territory of his state. The conquest of Eastern and Central Pomerania likely occurred in the early 960s.
In 967, he won a battle against the Wolinians, thus subjugating the mouth of the Oder River.
Around 970, Mieszko I conquered the lands along the Notec River and built a stronghold in Santok.
This may have led to a dispute with the Lusatian margrave, Hodon.
In 972, the latter attacked Mieszko, despite the fact that the prince of the Polans faithfully paid tribute to the emperor. The decisive battle took place near Cedynia.
After this skirmish, the Polish ruler was summoned, along with Hodon, to the imperial council in Quedlinburg in 973. The emperor's judgment is unknown, but it was likely not favorable to Mieszko.
This, among other things, explains the prince of the Polans' joining the German opposition after the death of Otto I the same year.
Henry the Quarrelsome lost the battle, and the Emperor retaliated against Bohemia, forcing its prince into submission in 978.
In 979, Otto II is said to have also invaded the lands of the Polans, but this expedition likely ended in failure.
980 -
Mieszko contracted a second marriage, this time to Oda, daughter of Dytryk, Margrave of the Northern March. This union weakened Polish-Bohemian ties.
982 -
between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden. Most likely, it was a political marriage, aimed against Denmark, which was to allow Mieszko to strengthen his power in Western Pomerania. The only known children from this marriage were Olof Skotkonung, later King of Sweden, and Holmfryda Eriksdotter. Swietoslawa older / Sigryda was widowed around 995. Olaf was already in full power. The queen led to the conclusion of a Swedish-Danish alliance against Norway, sealing it with her marriage to the king of Denmark and Norway, Swen Forkbeard, who had returned from exile. This marriage took place around 996. At least five children were born from this union, including two subsequent Danish kings: Harald II Svensson and Canute II the Great, and daughters: Estrida and Swietoslawa younger. When Swen expelled his wife around 1002, she took refuge with her brother, Boleslaw the Brave, in Poland. Swen became king of England in 1013. After the death of the Danish king Swen, their sons Harald and Canute came to Poland, asking their mother to return to Denmark. The last certain fact of her life is her return to Denmark in 1016. Canute's mother probably accompanied him during his reign in England.

Canute the Great (born 996/997, died 12 November 1035), the king of Denmark and Norway, had two sisters:
Estryda Margaret (born 995, died ca 1057/1073), the wife of earl Ulf Torgilsson,
and Swietoslawa younger, born ca 995/999, died after 1031, the wife of the Slavic prince Wyrtgeorn.

According to this historian the name Swietoslawa older could rather have been by her grandmother, and therefore the mother of Mieszko I.

Gunhilda, the daughter of Mieszko, was not the daughter of Dobrawa.
An additional argument is the same name took granddaughter Gunhilda, who could have been named after her deceased grandmother.
Sigryda / Storrada is identified by some historians with Gunhild / Gunhilda.

In 982 and again in 985 - Vikings in Greenland.

In 983, Mieszko and Boleslaw joined another rebellion against the new German ruler, Otto III. However, Mieszko quickly abandoned Henry the Quarrelsome and reconciled with the Emperor. He then participated in an expedition against the Polabian Slavs and perhaps the Bohemians themselves.
Fighting continued in the following years, 984-989.
In 990, a Polish-Bohemian war broke out, in which the Veleti sided with the Bohemians, while the Germans supported Mieszko.
992 -
Mieszko probably took over Silesia and Lesser Poland.
He may have subjugated Masovia;
he also began collaborating with the Swedes against the Danes.
The prince also managed to subjugate the Cherven Castles for a few years, which were later taken over by Kievan Rus.
Mieszko died in 992, dividing his patrimony among his sons; presumably those from his second marriage and Boleslaw, born from his marriage to Dobrawa.

Wolin:
Polish influences were not firm and they ended around 1007. Most records list as jarl of Jomsborg, Sigvald(i), a son of petty king Strut-Harald of then Danish Scania. Sigvald died before 1010. Jomsborg was destroyed in 1043 by Dano-Norwegian king Magnus the Good. A golden disc bearing the name of Harald Bluetooth and Jomsborg appeared in Sweden in autumn 2014, first presented by Swedish archaeologist Sven Rosborn.
The inscription reads:
Harald Gormsson king of Danes, Scania, Jomsborg, diocese of Aldinburg. It is claimed that the disc was a part of a Viking hoard found in 1841 in the Polish village Wiejkowo near the town of Wolin by Heinrich Boldt. Attributes to Jomsborg a location near Paprotno. Wiejkowo lies 6 km south-east of Wolin city at present. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler Mieszko I around 967.
Recent archaeological excavations on Wolin Island, Poland, are yielding evidence that may confirm the existence of the legendary Viking stronghold of Jomsborg. Specifically, the excavations on Hangman's Hill, once believed to be a site of execution and human sacrifice, are uncovering charcoal fragments, pottery shards, and remnants of wooden structures dating back to the 10th century, potentially indicating a Viking military stronghold and a bustling settlement.

Researchers from Aarhus and Wolin will carry out a major excavation in 2025-2027 in Wolin's Viking Age harbour. At the end of 2023, discovery showed the broadcast 'Lost Tomb of the Viking King' from excavations. In 963-973, Mieszko I paid tribute to the German emperor.
In December 2025 the research on the ancestors of Mieszko I, Duke of Poland was attacked by the Lukasz Gornicki Foundation. In June 2025, the results of genetic research were announced, but without the Silesian Piast dynasty, acc to Lukasz Lapinski. The findings were based on the Masovian Piast dynasty. Everything pointed to Northwestern Europe, according to Professor Figlerowicz. In his lecture, Dr. Lapinski speaks about Slavic migrations and what the latest DNA research reveals about Piast's roots.

Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson / Gormsen, b. ca 911, died 987, was a king of Denmark and Norway. The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod b. ca 893. Harald Bluetooth ruled as king of Denmark ca 958 until ca 986/987, the King of Norway in 974 until 985; named Harald Blatand d. November 987 in Jomsborg/Wolin.

Dagome b. ca 930/935, had three daughters with Thyra / GEIRA older b. ca 940, a Norman woman of Denmark; named daughters probably born ca 958-963.
The first was Geira younger,
then Astryda,
and the third was Zygfryda / Zygryda = Gunhilda / Torrada / Storrada / Swietoslawa.

Three daughters of Mestko / Mieszko / Dagome / Buryslaw / Burisleif, were with Geira older, the wife before 963. Mieszko I born ca 930/935, d. on 25 May 992 = Buryslaw, his wife Thyra / Geira. They had three daughters:
1. Geira younger married to Erik Tryggvason.
2. Astryda married Sigwald, earl of Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled in the second half of the 10th century.
3. SYGRYBA / STORRADA = Gunhilda / Swietoslawa (Proud) in Danish it sometimes appears as Gunhilda. Storrada means a person strong in words, proud; Sigryda received this Scandinavian nickname when she burned alive the king of Vestfold, Harald Grenske to warn other from proposing marriage to her. Sygryba / Storrada married Sweyn Forkbeard born 963, d. 1014, in 986 the King of Denmark. Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden.
Sweyn was the father of
King Harald II of Denmark,
King Cnut the Great,
and Queen Estrid Svendsdatter.
In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father, Harald Bluetooth, and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987 in Wolin.

Above Harald II was the youngest son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhild of Wenden, and was regent while his father was fighting Ethelred the Unready in England. After his father's death, he was elected to the Danish throne in 1014.

Gunhilda of Wenden was a Polish princess, the daughter of Mieszko I of Poland according to Chronicles of Thietmar of Merserburg, Adam von Bremen and Acta Cnutonis regis princess and Danish Viking Age queen consort, the supposed spouse of King Sweyn I of Denmark (b. ca 963 - d. 1014). Sweyn is also said to have been married to Sigrid the Haughty. She is the Polish Swietoslawa.

Christianity in Denmark took hold more firmly in the 10th century, particularly after King Harald Bluetooth's baptism in 965.
The official conversion occurred during the reign of King Harald Bluetooth, who mounted the throne ca 958. According to Widukind of Corvey, a priest named Poppo convinced Harald to accept that "there is only one true God". Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson was a king of Denmark and Norway. The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod. Harald's rule as king of Norway following the assassination of King Harald Greycloak of Norway lasting for a few years in the 970s. His son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death.

In one English source, the name of the sister of King Canute, therefore the daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and 'Piast', was written as 'Santslaue' younger / 'Santslaue soror CNVTI regis nostri', which can be deciphered as Swietoslawa. Since the daughter had such a name, she probably inherited it, as is assumed, from her mother, Swietoslawa older. Maybe the name was inherited from her grandmother, the first pagan wife of Mieszko I / Dagome.
Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden. Most likely, it was a political marriage, aimed against Harald the king of Denmark, which was to allow Mieszko to strengthen his power in Western Pomerania. The only known children from this marriage were Olof Skotkonung, later King of Sweden, and Holmfryda Eriksdotter. Swietoslawa older / Sigryda was widowed around 995. Olaf was already in full power. The queen led to the conclusion of a Swedish-Danish alliance against Norway, sealing it with her marriage to the king of Denmark and Norway, Swen Forkbeard, who had returned from exile. This marriage took place around 996. At least five children were born from this union, including two subsequent Danish kings: Harald II Svensson and Canute II the Great, and daughters: Estrida and Swietoslawa younger. When Swen expelled his wife around 1002, she took refuge with her brother, Boleslaw the Brave, in Poland. Swen became king of England in 1013. After the death of the Danish king Swen, their sons Harald and Canute came to Poland, asking their mother to return to Denmark. The last certain fact of her life is her return to Denmark in 1016. Canute's mother probably accompanied him during his reign in England.
Canute the Great (born 996/997, died 12 November 1035), the king of Denmark and Norway, had two sisters:
Estryda Margaret (born 995, died ca 1057/1073), the wife of earl Ulf Torgilsson,
and Swietoslawa younger, born ca 995/999, died after 1031, the wife of the Slavic prince Wyrtgeorn.
According to this historian the name Swietoslawa older could rather have been by her grandmother, and therefore the mother of Mieszko I.
Gunhilda, the daughter of Mieszko, was not the daughter of Dobrawa. An additional argument is the same name took granddaughter Gunhilda, who could have been named after her deceased grandmother. Sigryda / Storrada is identified by some historians with Gunhild / Gunhilda.

Ca 920/930: discovered Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before him.
Tradition credits Gunnbjorn Ulfsson (also known as Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson) with the first sighting of the land-mass. Nearly a century before Erik, strong winds had driven Gunnbjorn towards a set of islands between Iceland and Greenland, later named Gunnbjorn's skerries in his honor. He and his crew sighted islands (Gunnbjorn's skerries) lying close off the coast of Greenland, and reported this find but did not land.
Since Greenland is physically part of North America, separated from Ellesmere Island by only a narrow strait, this sighting could also have been the first European connection with North America. The exact date of this event is not recorded in the sagas.
Various sources cite dates ranging from 876 to 932.
The first records of purposeful visits to Gunnbjorn's skerries were made by Snabjorn Galti around 978
and soon after by Erik the Red in 982 who also explored the main island of Greenland,
and soon established a settlement in 985 or 986. It was hot here. In winter minus 6, and in Summer up to 20 degrees Celsius in the valleys, much warmer than today. Beetroot and cabbage were grown, cattle and sheep were bred. There were plenty of trees on the coast brought by sea currents. Everywhere grew dwarf trees like large bushes.

In 960-990: most warmer period in Middle Ages: hotter then now in 2024. Warm years: 920-1120.

In 982 and again in 985 - Vikings in Greenland.

The town of Wolin was first mentioned in 965, by Ibrahim ibn Jakub, who referred to the place as Viking's 'Weltaba'. Excavations were dated by dendrochronological method to the period from 965/966 to the middle of the 11th century. Ibrahim ibn Jaqub wrote in Arabic letters about this city. The transcription might be Weltaba, which corresponds to modern Polish Weltawa.
The earliest evidence of fortifications dates to the first half of the 9th century. In the second half of the 9th century, there was a central fortified area and two suburbs. Around 896 AD a new port was constructed and the main part of the town acquired new, stronger fortifications, including a wooden palisade. Archaeologists believe that in the Early Middle Ages Wolin was a great trade emporium, spreading along the shore for four kilometres and rivalling in importance Birka and Hedeby. In 967, the island became controlled by Poland, under Duke Dagome / Mieszko I.
Polish influences were not firm and they ended around 1007. Most records list as jarl of Jomsborg, Sigvald(i), a son of petty king Strut-Harald of then Danish Scania. Sigvald died before 1010. Jomsborg was destroyed in 1043 by Dano-Norwegian king Magnus the Good. A golden disc bearing the name of Harald Bluetooth and Jomsborg appeared in Sweden in autumn 2014, first presented by Swedish archaeologist Sven Rosborn.
The inscription reads:
Harald Gormsson king of Danes, Scania, Jomsborg, diocese of Aldinburg. It is claimed that the disc was a part of a Viking hoard found in 1841 in the Polish village Wiejkowo near the town of Wolin by Heinrich Boldt. Attributes to Jomsborg a location near Paprotno. Wiejkowo lies 6 km south-east of Wolin city at present. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler Mieszko I around 967.
Recent archaeological excavations on Wolin Island, Poland, are yielding evidence that may confirm the existence of the legendary Viking stronghold of Jomsborg. Specifically, the excavations on Hangman's Hill, once believed to be a site of execution and human sacrifice, are uncovering charcoal fragments, pottery shards, and remnants of wooden structures dating back to the 10th century, potentially indicating a Viking military stronghold and a bustling settlement.

Researchers from Aarhus and Wolin will carry out a major excavation in 2025-2027 in Wolin's Viking Age harbour. At the end of 2023, discovery showed the broadcast 'Lost Tomb of the Viking King' from excavations. In 963-973, Mieszko I paid tribute to the German emperor.

In December 2025 the research on the ancestors of Mieszko I, Duke of Poland was attacked by the Lukasz Gornicki Foundation. In June 2025, the results of genetic research were announced, but without the Silesian Piast dynasty, acc to Lukasz Lapinski. The findings were based on the Masovian Piast dynasty. Everything pointed to Northwestern Europe, according to Professor Figlerowicz. In his lecture, Dr. Lapinski speaks about Slavic migrations and what the latest DNA research reveals about Piast's roots.

Christianity continues to spread north and east: in 965, king Harald Bluetooth of DENMARK and followed by Duke Mieszko and Poland's leading nobility and also Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of KYIV, regarded as the founder Christianity in Ukraine, and King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway, who sends missionaries to Iceland and Greenland, and 1008, King Olof Skotkonung of Sweden.
Ca 955 - Miesko / Dagome ruled in Gniezno (his father was Pict and ruled ca 930-955). In 965 - married catholic bohemian woman Dubrava. 966 - baptised in Ostrow Lednicki, Gniezno or Poznan.
In 905/906 - Czechia took the Wislanie country.
In 907 - Pressburg, Hungarien in Austria, Hungarian defeted Bavarian.
Ca 920 - Czechia conquered the Silesia Lower.

In 919/922: established the first stronghold of Polanie in Grzybowo close to GIECZ. In 926 - Hungarien in Bavaria and Italy. Ostrow Lednicki, 930/940.
Poznan, 935/940.

In 919 in 'Polanie' country, in addition to the Vikings from southern Sweden and Denmark, there were also Picts from Scotland, where the Normans had plundered the coast. A noble warrior-Pict from eastern Scotland born ca 900, was the father of Dagome. He assumed leadership over the rest of Normans around 930 in 'Polanie' area.
This Vikings-Picts group maybe left the shores of Scotland on her way to Denmark in 917, and then they came to Wolin in 918 (Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled), conquered Grzybowo in 919.

Our Pict-viking b. ca 900, had a son Dagome / Mieszko / Burislaw. Dagome was born ca 930/935 and he probably came from mixed parents: above warrior-Pict and noble Norman woman of Denmark born ca 913 - maybe the younger sister/half-sister to Harald Bluetooth b. ca 911, because future marriages of the daughters of Dagome-Mieszko, the names THYRA, Dagome, and Normans warriors in the armed team of Mieszko and his son Boleslaw the Great and the introduction of Christianity in Denmark in 965 and in Poland in 966.

Young Dagome had one or two wifes (the first 'Santslaue oldest' ca 920; the second ca 956 - came from Denmark, b. ca 940) before Dubrava, ie ca 955-963.
The Picts were a mysterious people who inhabited northern and eastern Scotland during the early medieval period.

Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson / Gormsen, b. ca 911, died 987, was a king of Denmark and Norway. The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod b. ca 893. Harald Bluetooth ruled as king of Denmark ca 958 until ca 986/987, the King of Norway in 974 until 985; named Harald Blatand d. November 987 in Jomsborg/Wolin.

Dagome b. ca 930/935, had three daughters with Thyra / GEIRA older b. ca 940, a Norman woman of Denmark; named daughters probably born ca 958-963.
The first was Geira younger,
then Astryda,
and the third was Zygfryda / Zygryda = Gunhilda / Torrada / Storrada / Swietoslawa.

Three daughters of Mestko / Mieszko / Dagome / Buryslaw / Burisleif, were with Geira older, the wife before 963. Mieszko I born ca 930/935, d. on 25 May 992 = Buryslaw, his wife Thyra / Geira. They had three daughters:
1. Geira younger married to Erik Tryggvason.
2. Astryda married Sigwald, earl of Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled in the second half of the 10th century.
3. SYGRYBA / STORRADA = Gunhilda / Swietoslawa (Proud) in Danish it sometimes appears as Gunhilda. Storrada means a person strong in words, proud; Sigryda received this Scandinavian nickname when she burned alive the king of Vestfold, Harald Grenske to warn other from proposing marriage to her. Sygryba / Storrada married Sweyn Forkbeard born 963, d. 1014, in 986 the King of Denmark.
Sweyn was the father of
King Harald II of Denmark,
King Cnut the Great,
and Queen Estrid Svendsdatter.
In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father, Harald Bluetooth, and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987 in Wolin.

Above Harald II was the youngest son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhild of Wenden, and was regent while his father was fighting Ethelred the Unready in England. After his father's death, he was elected to the Danish throne in 1014.

Gunhilda of Wenden was a Polish princess, the daughter of Mieszko I of Poland according to Chronicles of Thietmar of Merserburg, Adam von Bremen and Acta Cnutonis regis princess and Danish Viking Age queen consort, the supposed spouse of King Sweyn I of Denmark (b. ca 963 - d. 1014). Sweyn is also said to have been married to Sigrid the Haughty. She is the Polish Swietoslawa.

Christianity in Denmark took hold more firmly in the 10th century, particularly after King Harald Bluetooth's baptism in 965.
The official conversion occurred during the reign of King Harald Bluetooth, who mounted the throne ca 958. According to Widukind of Corvey, a priest named Poppo convinced Harald to accept that "there is only one true God". Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson was a king of Denmark and Norway. The son of King Gorm the Old and Thyra Dannebod. Harald's rule as king of Norway following the assassination of King Harald Greycloak of Norway lasting for a few years in the 970s. His son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death.

In one English source, the name of the sister of King Canute, therefore the daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and 'Piast', was written as 'Santslaue' younger / 'Santslaue soror CNVTI regis nostri', which can be deciphered as Swietoslawa. Since the daughter had such a name, she probably inherited it, as is assumed, from her mother, Swietoslawa older. Maybe the name was inherited from her grandmother, the first pagan wife of Mieszko I / Dagome.
Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden. Most likely, it was a political marriage, aimed against Denmark, which was to allow Mieszko to strengthen his power in Western Pomerania. The only known children from this marriage were Olof Skotkonung, later King of Sweden, and Holmfryda Eriksdotter. Swietoslawa older / Sigryda was widowed around 995. Olaf was already in full power. The queen led to the conclusion of a Swedish-Danish alliance against Norway, sealing it with her marriage to the king of Denmark and Norway, Swen Forkbeard, who had returned from exile. This marriage took place around 996. At least five children were born from this union, including two subsequent Danish kings: Harald II Svensson and Canute II the Great, and daughters: Estrida and Swietoslawa younger. When Swen expelled his wife around 1002, she took refuge with her brother, Boleslaw the Brave, in Poland. Swen became king of England in 1013. After the death of the Danish king Swen, their sons Harald and Canute came to Poland, asking their mother to return to Denmark. The last certain fact of her life is her return to Denmark in 1016. Canute's mother probably accompanied him during his reign in England.
Canute the Great (born 996/997, died 12 November 1035), the king of Denmark and Norway, had two sisters:
Estryda Margaret (born 995, died ca 1057/1073), the wife of earl Ulf Torgilsson,
and Swietoslawa younger, born ca 995/999, died after 1031, the wife of the Slavic prince Wyrtgeorn.
According to this historian the name Swietoslawa older could rather have been by her grandmother, and therefore the mother of Mieszko I.
Gunhilda, the daughter of Mieszko, was not the daughter of Dobrawa.
An additional argument is the same name took granddaughter Gunhilda, who could have been named after her deceased grandmother. Sigryda / Storrada is identified by some historians with Gunhild / Gunhilda.

Ca 920/930: discovered Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before him.
Tradition credits Gunnbjorn Ulfsson (also known as Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson) with the first sighting of the land-mass. Nearly a century before Erik, strong winds had driven Gunnbjorn towards a set of islands between Iceland and Greenland, later named Gunnbjorn's skerries in his honor. He and his crew sighted islands (Gunnbjorn's skerries) lying close off the coast of Greenland, and reported this find but did not land.
Since Greenland is physically part of North America, separated from Ellesmere Island by only a narrow strait, this sighting could also have been the first European connection with North America. The exact date of this event is not recorded in the sagas.
Various sources cite dates ranging from 876 to 932.
The first records of purposeful visits to Gunnbjorn's skerries were made by Snabjorn Galti around 978
and soon after by Erik the Red in 982 who also explored the main island of Greenland,
and soon established a settlement in 985 or 986. It was hot here. In winter minus 6, and in Summer up to 20 degrees Celsius in the valleys, much warmer than today. Beetroot and cabbage were grown, cattle and sheep were bred. There were plenty of trees on the coast brought by sea currents. Everywhere grew dwarf trees like large bushes.

In 960-990: most warmer period in Middle Ages: hotter then now in 2024. Warm years: 920-1120.

In 982 and again in 985 - Vikings in Greenland.

Ca 982:
Erik Thorvaldsson (ca 950 - ca 1003), known as Erik the Red, was a Norse explorer, described in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first European settlement in Greenland. Erik most likely earned the epithet "the Red" due to the color of his hair and beard. Kinsmen of Eyjolf sought legal prosecution and Erik was later banished from Haukaladr for killing Eyjolf the Foul around the year 982. The dispute between Erik and Thorgest was later resolved at the Thorsnes Thing, where Erik and the men that sided with him were outlawed from Iceland for three years; many of these men would then join Erik on his expedition to Greenland.

Ca 985:
Erik's salesmanship of Greenland proved successful as after spending the winter in Iceland Erik returned to Greenland in the summer of 985 with a large number of colonists. However, out of 25 ships that left for Greenland, 11 were lost at sea; only 14 arrived. The Icelanders established two colonies on the southwest coast: the Eastern Settlement or Eystribyggd, in what is now Qaqortoq, and the Western Settlement, close to present-day Nuuk. Eventually, a Middle Settlement grew, but many suggest it formed part of the Western Settlement. The Eastern and Western Settlements, both established on the southwest coast, proved the only two areas suitable for farming. During the summers, when the weather was more favorable to travel, each settlement would send an army of men to hunt in Disko Bay above the Arctic Circle for food and other valuable commodities such as seals (used for rope), ivory from walrus tusks, and beached whales.
In 985 - colony in south Greenland. This is very warm period. At south Greenland we have cows, horses, grass field, sheep, many timbers at beaches. Wild small aples.
In 986/987 - first Vikings trip to east and south-east Labrador. Great wood country.

Ca 986:
The first voyage, of Bjarni Herjolfsson in about 985 A.D., was accidental and without a landfall. He was trying to sail from Iceland to join his father in Greenland, but was blown past Greenland, ending up in a lengthy detour along the Labrador coast, before reaching his Greenland destination. Bjarni Herjolfsson was an Icelandic man who is told in Granlendinga saga , and it says that he found 'Vinland' (or Markland / Labrador), that is, he saw it with its thrones. A monument to him will soon be erected on Eyrarbakki, near the town of Drepstokk. Herjolfsson was likely the first European to sight the east coast of North America. While sailing from Iceland to Greenland in 986 CE, Herjolfsson sighted lands that were later determined to be Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland [rather only three parts of Labrador]. Bjarni sailed from Eyrum (where Eyrarbakki was later built) and intended to find his father in Greenland. On his way there, he and his high-seats spot a land without mountains and covered with forests. The high seas wanted to fetch water, but Bjarni sailed on and found a land with a glacier, that is, Greenland. It was done. Bjarni says he thinks it won't be Greenland. They ask if he wants to sail to this land or not. "It is my plan to sail close to the land." And so they did, and they soon saw that the land was not mountainous and wooded, and there were small hills on the land, and they put the land on the port side and let the bow face the land. Then they sail two days before they see another land. They ask if Bjarni was still going to Greenland. He said that he did not intend this Greenland but the former "because glaciers are said to be very large in Greenland" They soon approached this land and saw that it was a flat land and wood grew. Then it took off for them. Then the nobles discussed that they thought it would be a good idea to take that land, but Bjarni doesn't want it. They thought they needed both wood and water. "That's why you are unsupplied," says Bjarni, but he was reprimanded by his superiors for that. He asked them to wind the sails and it was done, and they set out from the land and sailed into the sea for three days, and then they saw the third land. But that land was high and mountainous and had a glacier - Grenland.

Ca 995/1000.
Leif Heppenn is described in the Grelendinga saga as his trail runner, but he does land there. There is an inconsistency between the stories, because according to Eirik's story of the Reds, Leifur finds Vinland on his way from Scotland to Greenland. Leifur heppni Eiriksson (about 980 - about 1020) was an explorer who is said to have been the first European to come to North America. It is believed that Leifur was born around the year 980 in Iceland, the son of Erick the Red Torvaldsson and his wife Tjodhilda. He moved with his parents to Greenland at a young age, together with his brothers, Torvald and Torstein.
In Grenlendinga saga, it is told that Leifur bought Bjarn Herjolfsson's ship, which had previously strayed to North America, but never set foot on land.

1000/1002:
Around the year 1000, Leifur sailed from Greenland and first came to Helluland (probably Baffin island). He then sailed further south and now comes to a wooded country (Marklandi), probably Labrador. Finally, it is believed that he came to Newfoundland / rather St Lawrence bay and Island in this river. Leifur named it Vinland after he found grapes there / only Ile de Orleans close to Quebec or MIRAMICHI or Bathurst north to Miramichi.
In Winter 1000/1001 plague killed 25 % peoples at Greenland after LEIFUR departure.
In 2018 wrote:
'Hop', meaning 'tidal lagoon' ['laguna plywowa'], is a Viking temporary settlement in Guysborough in Nova Scotia [not in Miramichi]. Norse sagas informed on LEIF's place that supported the growth of wild grapes [Bay di Vin Beach], provided copious supplies of salmon [Miramichi River / Leifsbudir], and was home to a group of people who made canoes from animal hides. The remnants of butternut trees ['drzewo orzechowe'], which are native to Miramichi / LEIFSBUDIR in New Brunswick, have been found in excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, alongside pieces of white elm ['wiaz bialy'], beech ['buk'], white ash ['bialy jesion'], and eastern hemlock ['cykuta' = 'pietrasznik plamisty'], which, again, can be found in New Brunswick, said Wallace.
The Viking camps and ports described in the two sagas are all four located southwest of Newfoundland. L'Anse aux Meadow is not described in any of the Icelandic sagas. Nor is there any Norman name. Straumfjord is subsequent the Basque port in southwestern Newfoundland. Hop / Hup the Viking camp is eastern Nova Scotia. The cape with the broken ship's keel is northeastern Cape Breton Island. Leifsbudir is Miramichi on the western shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One-Foot Land is southern Prince Edward Island. The Vikings never sailed any further than the southeastern shore of Nova Scotia. They also never sailed into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Their voyages in the years 1001-1080 included the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the tip of Nova Scotia, the western shore of Newfoundland, the northeastern shores of Newfoundland and of course the eastern and southeastern shores of Labrador - here they sailed to eastern Labrador until the 1340s, and probably also in the years 1360-1400.
L'Anse aux Meadows was using 20 - 100 years, for 70-90 peoples in 8 buildings with iron making, carpentry, smithing, boat repair. It would have taken 60 men of two months, or 90 men of one month and half to build of the structures of the settlement.
"The remains of eight buildings were located [L'Anse aux Meadows]. They are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were variously identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling measured 28.8 by 15.6 m (94.5 by 51 ft) and consisted of several rooms. Workshops were identified as an iron smithy containing a forge and iron slag, a carpentry workshop, which generated wood debris, and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets.
Besides those related to iron working, carpentry, and boat repair, other artifacts found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a whetstone, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle, and part of a spindle.
The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women were present as well as men.
Food remains included butternuts, which are significant because they do not grow naturally north of New Brunswick, and their presence probably indicates the Norse inhabitants travelled farther south to obtain them [Miramichi]. Archaeologists concluded that the site was inhabited by the Norse for a relatively short period of time."
Recent archaeological studies suggest that the L'Anse aux Meadows site is not Vinland itself but was within a land called Vinland that spread farther west-south from L'Anse aux Meadows, extending to the New Brunswick. The village at L'Anse aux Meadows served as an exploration base and winter camp for expeditions heading southward into the New Brunswick for butternut shells and a butternut burl found at L'Anse aux Meadows.
The settlements of Vinland mentioned in the Eric saga and the Greenlanders saga:
Leifsbudir (Leif Ericson) - close to Miramichi Bay [like Dr. Stuart C. Brown];
and Hop (Norse Greenlanders) - Nova Scotia, southern shore close to Guysborough.

A Viking settlement in Vinland was in New Brunswick. This is because the two Sagas focusing on Vinland narrate 5 settlements or camps south of Labrador, such as the repair station at 'Kjalarnes' (north tip of Cape Breton) and Leif's settlement at 'Leifsbudir' in 'Vinland' [Miramichi].
The camp at 'Vinland' was not at L'Anse aux Meadows. One reason is that the Sagas explain that the Vikings named Vinland after their discovery of grapes there. Wild grapes grow in New Brunswick. Archaeologists found butternuts and a butternut burl cut by a metal tool at the ruins of L'Anse aux Meadows, and the northeast range of butternuts is in New Brunswick.
Brattahlid = Eastern Settlement at modern Qassiarsuk at the south end of Greenland.
Vestribygd of farms east and inland from Nuuk on Greenland's west coast.
Bjarney / Bear Island, Vikings found a bear on this island off the southeast coast of Markland / Labrador Peninsula. This is probably Belle Isle.
Helluland / Flat Stone Land, with glaciers and foxes, with no grass in one area = Baffin Island.
Markland / Forest Land, a flat wooded land 2-3 days south of Baffin Island. It must be the Labrador Peninsula.
The First Land on Bjarni the son of Hierulf's long journey west and south from Iceland, was a wooded land [south-east Labrador] with small hills, then turned his boat so that the land was on its left, portside, then sailed 2 days [to the north] and saw Markland [east-central Labrador].
Irland hit mikla = Hvitramannaland / Ireland the Great / White Man's Land - a land west of Ireland and near Vinland = Ari Marsson found it by sailing 6 days west from Ireland. Ari would have arrived in Newfoundland, which is comparable in size to Ireland and on the opposite side of the Atlantic.
Kjalarnes / Keel Ness / Peninsula, northeastern Cape Breton Island. In the Greenlanders' Saga, the Vikings sail southwest from Markland = south-east Labrador's Peninsula, discover Vinland west of a northward cape, build Leifsbudir [Miramichi], and later sail back eastward [along Prince Edward Island to Cape Breton Island and then to western shore of Newfoundland]. On their trip back eastward, they break a ship's keel on a peninsula south of Markland [northern Cape Breton], and then camp there a long time to repair it. They name the Peninsula 'Kjalarnes' [northern tip of Cape Breton].
Vikings in North America
In Eric the Red's Saga, the Vikings sail southward from Markland [south Labrador] and find a peninsula with a keel, so they name the peninsula 'Kjalarnes' = Cape Breton.
Later, an eastward wind blew Vikings to the WEST [Prince Edward Island] but trying to sail north and west to Miramichi. From the north end of Cape Breton Island. They could see hills for 20 miles. In Eric the Red's Saga, the Vikings try to sail west from Kjalarnes [Cape Breton] to get to Leifsbudir [Miramichi], and the Vikings built Leifsbudir in the Greenlanders' Saga, so Leifsbudir in Eric the Red's Saga is east of Leifsbudir in the Greenlanders' Saga [but both settlements in the Miramichi Bay and Miramichi River].
Furdustrandir = Wonder Shores, these are long sandy shores to the east of Kjalarnes. Maybe around Channel-Port aux Basques at south-west Newfoundland.
Krossanes / Cross Ness / Point is across a fjord [the STRAIT between Cape Breton and Newfoundland] and east of Kjalarnes [northern Cape Breton], so it could be the south-west end on Newfoundland.
In the Greenlanders' Saga, the Vikings sail southwest from Markland = Labrador Peninsula and sight land, and come to an island, ness, river, and lake [Miramichi]. Archaeologists found butternuts at L'Anse aux Meadows, along with a butternut tree burl cut with a metal knife from Miramichi Bay. The river could be the Miramichi River, and the lake could be a bulky area of the Miramichi River around Beaubears Island at the river.
Straumfjord / Straumsfjordr / Current Fjord, is a fjord with very strong currents and an island at its mouth, and it's east and south of Kjalarnes [north-east tip of Cape Breton Island]. The Vikings make a settlement there and Gudrid gives birth to Snorri there. This is the strongest currents in eastern Canada around Cape Breton Island and Straumsfjordr is STRAIT among Newfounland and Cape Breton Island.

Hop = Tidal Pool Estuary, the Vikings reach it by sailing southward along the ocean coast from Staumsfjordr. The Vikings make a settlement there too, but eventually abandon it after a conflict with the Amerindians, who come in skin canoes. Hop (Norse Greenlanders) = Nova Scotia, south-east shore close to Guysborough. The cape where the Vikings let their cattle graze heavily after the Vikings abandon Hop. This cape [Cape Auguet] is between Hop and Straumsfjordr.

The One-Footer's Land - the Vikings sail west from Kjalarnes [from Cape Breton to Prince Edward Island] and arrived at the mouth of a westward flowing river [Charlottetown]. A one-footed Amerindian attacks them with a ball and they chase him north [from north to the south] to his mountainous home region. His home region's mountain range [north-east Nova Scotia] connects to Hop's mountain [eastern Nova Scotia], and Straumsfjordr / Straumfjord is midway between the One-footer's home [Prince Edward Island] and Hop [sail by sea around Cape Breton Island from Prince Edward Island to Nova Scotia = HOP / HUP].
The 'One-Footed' image could be an allusion to the Amerindian ball-tossing weapon.
The One-Footed land is located on Hillsborough Bay, an arm of Northumberland Strait, at the mouths of the Elliot (west), North, and Hillsborough rivers.

Jasper stones used for starting fires that were concluded to have been of Greenlandic origin have been found in the largest hall but the stones were taken from eastern Newfoundland.
Jasper stones was took from around Shoe Cove, the Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, just 7 km from La Scie.

Possible Norse hunting pits have been excavated near Sop's Arm. Watson Budden, a local resident, showed these in 1961 to Helge Ingstad, the archaeologist who investigated L'Anse aux Meadows, the only Viking settlement to be attested in North America, which is approximately 200 kilometres away. His nephew Kent Budden assembled a collection of suspected Norse artefacts in the area and displayed them in a Viking museum. Kevin McAleese, a curator of archaeology and ethnology at the Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador, led an investigation of the pits in 2010 and has said that no other cultures in the area are known to have use deadfalls to hunt, but doubts Budden's artefacts are Norse.

No farming was done at the L'Anse aux Meadows site.
New archaeological evidence in 2013 suggests Vikings, around 1,000 years ago, journeyed from L'Anse aux Meadows, their settlement in Newfoundland, to Notre Dame Bay, further south on the island. Chemical analysis of jasper fire starters found at L'Anse aux Meadows indicated the jasper originated in Notre Dame Bay. This discovery supports the possibility of contact between the Norse and the ancestral Beothuk people, who inhabited the Notre Dame Bay region at that time.
This fire starter would have been struck against steel, creating sparks and starting a fire. Over time it wore down and was discarded. Chemical analysis of two jasper fire starters unearthed at the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, suggests that the raw material to make them came from the Notre Dame Bay area of Newfoundland. 'This area of Notre Dame Bay is archaeologically the area of densest settlement on Newfoundland, at that time, of indigenous people, the ancestors of the Beothuk,' said Kevin Smith of Brown University. Smith thinks it's possible that the Norse and the ancestral Beothuk may have made contact when the Norse traveled from L'Anse aux Meadows. Other trips may have taken them to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they may have obtained butternut seeds of Miramichi.

By Rachel Morgan, MA Medieval Archaeology:
Since Anne and Helge started digging, around 800 artifacts have emerged from L'Anse aux Meadows including
iron nails, a soapstone spindle whorl, and a bronze ringed pin.
The ringed pin was telling. The Vikings adopted ringed pins from Ireland. They used them to fasten clothing.
A spindle whorl, a bone needle, and a glass bead.
Excavations in the 1970s recovered wood fragments consistent with repairing ships as well.
The member of Leif's crew, Tyrkir the German, found grapes in a forest near their settlement [around Miramichi River]. Leif christened the place Vinland-Land of Wine.
Chemical analysis of two jasper fire starters ['podpalki jaspisowe' / gemstone] found at L'Anse aux Meadows showed that the artifacts came from the Notre Dame Bay region [330 km south to aux Meadows, on the east Newfoundland], raising questions about the connections of the Vikings in Newfoundland.
Three pieces of wood offered further insight into the history of L'Anse aux Meadows. The wood was made of fir and juniper ['jodla' and 'jalowiec']. The wood fragments had been cut with an iron blade and tossed into a pile of trash. Archaeologists found them centuries later. Studying the tree rings, scholars determined that the wood had been felled around approximately 1021 CE at the Miramichi shore / Bathurst.
The L'Anse aux Meadows archaeological excavation has determined that the Norse settlement at the site was active between approximately 990-1050 AD [1001-1040s]. This conclusion was reached through carbon dating of wood samples and artifacts found during excavations, including those conducted by Anne Stine Ingstad.

The northern limit of wild grapes in Canada, specifically the Vitis riparia species (riverbank or wild grape), extends into northeastern New Brunswick. The northern limit of wild grape growth in New Brunswick is generally considered to be near Dalhousie. While grapes are found as far north as the mouth of the Restigouche River, and even in some spots near Dalhousie. Wild Grape Vines are found in the warmer parts of New Brunswick, along riverbanks, along hedgerows and forestland. BUTTERNUT particularly in areas like Victoria County and the Saint John River Valley. Butternut trees are also found in the Upper Southwest Miramichi River valley.

Juglans cinerea, commonly known as butternut or white walnut - acc. to Wallace - and great rivers lead inland, among them the Miramichi, along which butternuts and wild grapes, Vitis riparia, grew in pre-contact times, in deciduous forests dominated by oak and maple. In north Newfounland excavators also found birch bark rolls ['kora brzozowa'] and fragments of rope made from twisted spruce roots ['korzenie swierka']. With one exception, the waste [at Newfoundland] consisted of local woods: balsam fir and northern pine, with some larch (tamarack), birch, and alder. The exception was a butternut burl, cut with a sharp knife. A few broken objects lay within the wood waste: a barrel lid, the floor plank for a small boat, an auger bow, a birchbark cup, treenails, and a few objects whose function has not been determined (A. E. Christensen).
The artifacts at the Newfoundland site are more specialized than those typical of family farm sites in Greenland or Iceland; the buildings have relatively large living areas, plenty of space for storage and specific work areas. The extensive living space would have served an unusually large concentration of people. The exposed location of the settlement, on the open sea of the Strait of Belle Isle, suggests that seafaring was the most important function of the settlement. The burl of butternut wood (cut with a sharp metal knife and then discarded) and three butternuts, recovered from the carpentry waste, prove that some of the Norse who overwintered at L'Anse aux Meadows had been farther south. Butternut or white walnut, 'Juglanscinerea', is a North American species of wood but is not indigenous to Newfoundland. Its northern limit lies about latitude 47 north degree, in the inner Miramichi region of north-eastern New Brunswick, along the Saint John River and in the St. Lawrence River valley, west of Baie St. Paul, Quebec (Adams, 2000). Finds of butternuts at L'Anse aux Meadows are significant and confirmed MIRAMICHI.
This debate can now be closed: the presence of butternut wood and nuts at L'Anse aux Meadows proves that the Norse did, in fact, visit areas where grapes grew wild. The sagas also speak of 'vinvid', or 'grape trees', which were felled and shipped back to Greenland as a prime cargo. This has puzzled many scholars, who have even pictured grapes on vines in vineyards and attempted to explain why the Norse would bring vines back to Greenland.

Erik's Saga mentions two Norse settlements in the New World:
STRAUMFJORD in the north;
and HOP located in the south.
Straumfjord was described as a year-round base camp;
while HOP was considered a summer camp where lumber [= timber / 'budulec'] and grapes were collected.
Straumfjord is almost certainly L'anse Aux Meadows due to the archaeology matching the descriptions in the Sagas. The settlement was used ca 1000 until ca 1040.
During the summers in Straumfjord [here ca 1001/1002 until 1040s], the Norse would explore the region by ship and boat. That ventured to the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence characterized by warmer waters and lots of hardwood forests with plenty of animals.
We are believe HOP was most likely located on the New Brunswick shore of the gulf Miramichi [here ca 1001/1002 until 1021].
At Greenland was only 2000 vikings in the 11th century and around 4500 in the 12th century. But hardwood was taken by Greenlanders to Greenland since around 1000/1002 until 1340s [Markland in Lake Melville - Sandwich Bay with long beach among named gulfs]. Southern Greenland was visited by Danish geographer in 1420s. In 1470s Greenland and Labrador were re-discovered by Azores sailors.
Hop was in the Miramichi-Chaleur Bay region.
New Brunswick is the northern limit of grapes, which are not native either to Prince Edward Island or Nova Scotia. Archaeological evidence also suggests there would have been a strong stock of wild salmon in the region at the time. Butternut trees, which are native to New Brunswick, have been found in excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, alongside pieces of white elm, beech, white ash, and eastern hemlock, which, again, can be found in New Brunswick. That area known as Vinland or Hop in the sagas, a settlement of Norse in Canada is likely in Miramichi, NB as it matches the saga description almost perfectly. From the saga description of Hop we know the following:
- wild wheat in low lying areas,
- wild grapes on the hills,
- salmon, BUTTERNUT;
- wooden palisade built around farm,
- on a hill,
- inland lake fed by a river with sandbar to ocean,
- across from large island (PEI),
- built houses above the lake on a hill, other huts near the shore,
- MAPLE tree;
- noticed natives in boats coming from south, so settlers are on north side,
- battled natives up river where they faced a cliff wall.

The evidence for Viking Age pole lathes is in their products: turned bowls and vessels, and the "turning cores" left when producing these items. A number of turned wood finds have been found in Anglo-Scandinavian contexts in the York excavations, ranging from wide-mouthed bowls to closed cups, most in various unidentified soft woods, others in field maple (Acer campestre) or oak (Arthur MacGregor, Anglo-Scandinavian Finds from Lloyd's Bank, Pavement, and Other Sites, pp. 145-147, 155).

Looking at just a few furniture finds from Dublin, this range of wood types can be plainly seen (James T. Lang, Viking Age Decorated Wood): Maple - 8945, a squared maple baulk that was originally part of the back or side of a chair, bench or rack. Looking at wooden remains from York (Carole A. Morris, Wood and Woodworking in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York): Maple - spouts and spigots for casks or buckets (p. 2258-2260); spoons (p. 2268).
The Viking Age wood-carvers possessed this knowledge as appears, for instance, from the fact that maple was used for the animal head posts with the finest details. Maple is the hardest of all the native Norwegian woods, and these minute, exquisite details could not have been cut in any softer material.
Another surviving chair consists of the back only, found in Lund, Sweden, and dated between 1000-1050 A.D. The cross-pieces are beech, while the remainder is maple wood. Inf. in 2018 - Furthermore, the landscape in the Miramichi-Chaleur bay area has changed, and any Viking site (or sites) could be paved over.
With the Miramichi River, you have salmon.

In 2019 - Viking expert certain Norse seafarers visited Miramichi, Chaleur Bay. The presence of foreign logs cut by European tools near a Viking. Butternut tree suggests Vikings 'went well beyond L'Anse aux Meadows,' amateur historian says Jordan Gill, CBC News in 2019.
The butternut tree is found along the lower St. John River Valley and was once quite bountiful before over-harvesting. This tree is found in New Brunswick, but not in Newfoundland. The presence of foreign logs cut by European tools near a Viking settlement makes Tim McLaughlin, secretary of the New Brunswick Historical Society, believe that Vikings harvested the logs in New Brunswick. Vinland is described as a paradise, with high tides and grapes and warmer than Greenland, which the Vikings also explored. "They found wild grapes, they found big trees, they experienced extremely high tides, they encountered a lot of wildlife a lot of salmon and different fish, whales and so forth," said McLaughlin.

Grapes, wild salmon, canoes, butternut - only Miramichi-Chaleur bay area, said in 2006, dr Brigitta Wallace in Live Science. Butternut tree that is native to New Brunswick ash Beach Eastern hemlock. White ELM of viking's HOP in Miramichi - acc. to a movie of 2018.

There were also rivers full of fish and the grass was green all year round. In Vinland, Leifur and his followers built several houses and settled in during the winter - Bathurst or Ile de Orleans [ca 1001/1002]. On the way home to Greenland, Leifur saved 15 shipwrecked people from a cutter and got the nickname 'the lucky one'.

The Saga reveals Erik the Red's discovery of Greenland. He stayed there for three winters [892/895], returned to Iceland for a winter, and then returned [896] to settle permanently in Greenland. The saga does not give a specific time of when this took place, but it does suggest that it was fourteen years before Snorri declared Christianity the official religion of Snefellsnes.

Radiocarbon (14C) analysis has been attempted at the site, but has not proved especially informative. More than 150, 14C dates have been obtained, of which 55 relate to the Norse occupation. However, the calibrated age ranges provided by these samples extend across and beyond the entire Viking Age (ad 793-1066 on NEWFOUNLAND). This is in contrast with the archaeological evidence and interpretations of the sagas. The latter offer differing scenarios for the frequency and duration of Norse activity in the Americas, but both the archaeological and written records are consistent with a very brief occupation. The unfavourable spread in the 14C dates is down to the limitations of this chronometric technique in the 1960s and 1970s when most of these dates were obtained. In 1000/1001 either 1001/1002 or 1002/1003: Viking settlement 'Hop' is in New Brunswick [Bathurst or MIRAMICHI], claims archaeologist, acc. to Daily Mail Online.

Vinland - 1002:
maybe Miramichi or in St Lawrence River to ILE DE ORLEANS with grapes and butternuts [in 2025 we know thet Vikings sailed to Miramichi not to St Lawrence River]. Vikings took back wild graes and timber. A small colony was established somewhere in Vinland.
Then Staumsfjord described in Eirik the Red's Saga may be the Saguenay [river]. Leifsbudir (Old Norse: Leifsbudir / Bathurst) was a settlement, mentioned in the Greenland Saga, founded by Leif Eriksson in 1000 or 1001 in Vinland but NOT in NEWFOUNLAND. Ca 1000/1002: Erik's son Leif Erikson became the first Norseman to explore the land of Vinland-part of North America, presumably near modern-day Newfoundland and invited his father on the voyage. However, according to the sagas, Erik fell off his horse on the way to the ship and took this as a bad sign, leaving his son to continue without him. Erik later died in an epidemic that killed many of the colonists in the winter 1001/1002, after his son's departure. Leif Erikson, also known as Leif the Lucky (ca 970s - ca 1018/1025), was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. It was 15 years after Bjarni, and Leif purchased Bjarni's ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men, and mounted an expedition towards the land Bjarni had described. His father Erik was set to join him. Leif followed Bjarni's route in reverse and landed first in a rocky and desolate place he named Helluland (Flat-Rock Land; possibly northern parts of Labrador). After venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named Markland (Forest Land; possibly near Cape Porcupine, Labrador). After two more days at sea, he landed on an island to the north (Belle Isle), and then returned to the mainland of Labrador, going past a cape on the north side (Anticosti Island). They sailed to the west [St Lawrence River] of this and landed in a verdant area with a mild climate and plentiful supplies of salmon [Saquenay River]. As winter approached [1001/1002], he decided to encamp there and sent out parties to explore the country [New Brunswick not at Ile de Orleans in St Lawrence river - grapes and vines]. During one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land Vinland (Miramichi / Vinland not in Bathurst / 'Wineland' or at south bank of St Lawrence river). There, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif's Booths / Bathurst) by later visitors from Greenland [this is not Newfounland]. Next explorers built L'Anse aux Meadows (carbon dating estimates 990-1050 CE [ca 1015-1025] and tree-ring analysis dating to the year 1021 couldn't be Leifsbudir. 1001: best-documented evidence for European contact with America before Columbus is the Vikings. Icelandic sagas record that Lief Eriksson took a ship west from Greenland in the year 1001 and set up a settlement in an area they called Vinland - not in Newfounland. 1002 - above voyage was the famous journey of Leif Eriksson about 1002 A.D. He found grapes, named his landfall 'Vinland' (Norse: 'Wineland'), built temporary housing ('Leif's Booths' / Bathurst), and later more substantial 'Leif's House(s)' for overwintering. Loading his ship next spring 1002, with valuable hardwood lumber, 'grape-wood' (Norse: 'vinber') and raisins, he returned to Greenland, rescuing a shipwrecked crew enroute, subsequently rich and renowned. Leif "the Lucky" discovered Viking Vinland / Bathurst: a chronological sequence of the voyages, beginning with Leif Eriksson's historic voyage in about 1002 A.D. He 'discovered' the New World, established a basecamp at 'Leif's Booths' (Houses), and named it 'Vinland' (Norse: 'Wineland'), after his foster-father, Tyrkir, found grapes. Artifact dating for the site is still lacking, so this segment will likely be the subject of a later, out-of-sequence paper. Only four of the six recorded Vinland voyages resulted in landfalls.

The Vinland waters are full of shoals, and it is hard to avoid them in Miramichi Bay.
Thanks to saga research and recent archaeological work in Iceland and Greenland coupled with anthropological studies, we have a much deeper understanding of what Vinland was all about.
Leif's men found excellent building timber, which they cut as the main cargo to bring back to Greenland. On one of the reconnaissance trips, grapes were discovered growing in the woods [Miramichi River]. So significant was this discovery that Leif named this third land Vinland, Land of Wine (probably the coasts of the Miramichi Bay).
Rosie McCall, Freelance Writer in 2018 wrote:
according to the sagas, it was Freydis' half-brother, Leif Eriksson, who led the first Norse voyage to the New World. Promptly following that trip, in the decade beginning around A.D. 1000/1002, four additional expeditions set sail from Greenland.
Thorvald Eriksson, Leif's brother, led the first. From Leif's base in Vinland (probably Miramichi), he explored the coasts in several directions. In one of his encounters with skraelings, Thorvald was killed [Cape Breton Island]. In the Greenlanders' Saga Leif's brother, Thorvald, sailing to the west [from Miramichi to St Lawrence River], came upon a wooden drying frame, which looked like a hayrick.
A hayrick is a large, sometimes thatched, outdoor pile of hay.
Northeastern New Brunswick could be the site of Hop / Hup, the southern camp at Miramichi Bay. Acc. to me in Nova Scotia, Guysborough. The name itself refers to shallow tidal lagoons behind sandbars. Such sandbars and lagoons exist along the entire coast of New Brunswick / Miramichi = Leifsbudir. Butternuts (found among Norse debris at L'Anse aux Meadows) grow along the Miramichi River, the richest area along the coast, as do wild grapes.
When the archaeological and saga evidence are combined, Vinland emerges as the coastal land surrounding the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The southern gulf offers large hardwood forests, warm waters, and summer temperatures equal to those of southern Europe.
Theorists of a more southerly Vinland fail to realize that the southern gulf area offered a lush environment full of resources for the Greenland colonists, and was much closer to home. Finally, it was at Hup / Hop [= Guysborough in Nova Scotia] that the Norse encountered the largest groups of aboriginals, and the Miramichi area [= Leifsbudir] has been home to some of the largest groups of aboriginal people in Atlantic Canada. Mi'kmaq at Metepenagiag (Red Bank) have lived in the area for at least 3,000 years. The aboriginal people the Norse met at Hop / Hup [Guysborough in Nova Scotia] travelled in skin canoes. Such canoes were rarely found south of central Maine and not at all south of northern Massachusetts.
The next year, THORVALD exploring to the north [from Miramichi to St Lawrence River] and east [from Miramichi to Cape Breton Island], he and his men found three skin boats with three men sleeping under each. Without provocation, they killed all but one. Returning to their ship, warriors in a large number of skin boats attacked them, and Thorvald was killed.
The aboriginals were especially numerous in the area of wild grapes. The first encounter with them resulted in trade. The Norse offered milk (or red cloth) in return for grey squirrel skins, marten, and other fine furs. For the Norse, everything in the new land was unexpected.
Brigitta Wallace, one of the leading scholars on the Vikings in North America, examines why their settlements failed. Wallace is convinced the lost settlement is 'in the Miramichi-Chaleur bay area'.

The following year, Thorsten, another brother, set out to recover Thorvald's body for burial in a Greenland cemetery, but ended up tossed on the open seas and prevented from reaching Cape Breton land.

The third expedition was led by well-to-do Icelandic merchant Thorfinn Karlsefni and his wife, Gudrid. Comprising several ships, he and his party stayed for three years. It is believed that Gudrid and Thorfinn Karlsefni's son Snorri was the first European child born in North America.
Karlsefni's party met and traded for furs with aboriginals. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Norse likely met the ancestors of the Mi'kmaq in the areas where they found grapes in the Miramichi Bay.

At NEWFOUNLAND:
Lawrence, the now-deserted Turpin's Island was once occupied by fishermen from the Basque Country, France, England and Newfoundland families. Extending from the east side of Little St. Lawrence harbour, the small peninsula remains shaped by its history, with traces of ancient buildings still defining the landscape.

Little St. Lawrence, also known as Joe Harbour, is a small coastal community rich in history.

In 1006:
Paper I describes a dramatic voyage of Leif Eriksson's brother, Thorvald, during the second of four successful 'Vinland' voyages. Thorvald borrowed Leif's ship for further exploration, was caught in a storm, "shattering" the keel, and disabling the ship. In Greenlanders' Saga: "They had to stay there for a long time while they repaired the ship. Thorvald said to his companions, 'I want to erect the old keel here on the headland and call the place Kjalarnes (Keelness)". Locating 'Keelness', a Viking Shipwreck Site in North America. Acc. to Royce Haynes, Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA, describe re-evaluation of Viking voyages from Greenland to North America, from about 985 to 1026 A.D. American landfalls were located using clues from Norse sagas, logic, creative imagination, and advanced imaging technology.
Where was Keelness? Re-imagining the voyage, the search led from 'Leif's Booths' [south bank of the St Lawrence river], Leif's original 'Vinland' to the site in New Brunswick, Canada, and to the north coast of Newfoundland. Using logic, a single satellite image, and follow-up drone scans, the Keelness site was found, very near L'Anse aux Meadows, the first authenticated Viking site in North America [Keelness is situated at northern tip of Cape Breto Island]. Advanced data-processing of drone data was used to confirm the site, while unexpectedly revealing several distinctive ship-repair features; with visible and thermal imaging supporting this site as 'Keelness' [Cape Norman on northern Newfounland]; perhaps the first Viking site unequivocally named in the Vinland sagas.

The third journey was by Leif's brother, Thorvald Eriksson, probably 1006 until 1009 A.D. He had borrowed Leif's Houses and Leif's ship, but in his third year [in 1008] suffered a major shipwreck at 'Keelness' (Keel Point / Cape Norman - it is northern tip of Cape Breton Island). This, and subsequent repair of the ship.
Shortly after completing an incredible ship repair, Thorvald was killed by 'Skraelings' [1008], ancestors of Canada's First Nations people.
He was most likely the first European killed and buried in the New World [Cape Breton Island], a dubious distinction. Leif's brother, Thorvald Eriksson, had borrowed Leif's ship and Leif's house(s), for his own voyage of exploration. In his third year he suffered a catastrophic shipwreck, completed an heroic ship repair, but was killed a short time later by the local residents, effectively ending the voyage [in 1009].

The voyage's trajectory, from 'Leif's Booths (Houses)' as the hypothetical departure point [Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick or Miramichi, south-east to Bathurst], to a shipwreck site on the north coast of Newfoundland, Canada [at Cape Breton Island], and subsequent discovery of 'Keelness'.

And Greenland was settled by Vikings in 982/985 until 1458, acc. to 2025' source.
"But evidence discovered by archaeologists throws that widely accepted tale on its head after several analyses of organic material, suggesting that the Vikings were sailing to North America centuries before Columbus. By analysing wood samples from five Norse settlements in western Greenland, occupied between 1000 and 1400 AD, researchers from the University of Iceland revealed that the Vikings had been importing timber from across the Atlantic, long before it was thought possible. Through microscopic analysis of the wood's cellular structure, the team identified several foreign tree species, including Hemlock and Jack Pine-trees that did not grow in Northern Europe during the second millennium".
Hemlock is native to regions like Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, while Jack Pine grows naturally in areas around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia [Cape Breton Island has two Mackenzie Rivers. At southern close to BUTTER Island; and northern river close to CABOT TRAIL - this is north tip of Cape Breton Island; here probably Bretons in 15th century and Basques in 14th century and in beginning of the 16th century Portugueses], and New England.
Jack pine Trailhead is situated close to northern tip of Cape Breton.
Characteristic Acadian forest tree species growing in Cape Breton include sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, balsam fir and eastern hemlock.
Red spruce, red oak, white ash, white pine and ironwood are common trees in other Acadian forests but are not common in northern Cape Breton.
Old-growth forests within Kejimkujik National Park are a part of the Acadian Forest zone which include primarily hemlocks, yellow birch, sugar maple and beech trees with ages recorded up to 350 years old.
This indicates that the wood must have been transported directly from North America, providing physical proof that the Vikings had made contact with the continent and were actively engaged in transatlantic trade. This evidence supports long-held Norse legends and sagas about voyages to a mysterious land called 'Vinland,' believed to be located along the Gulf of St Lawrence.
The Jack Pine Trail in Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia features a stand of jack pines, a tree species not typically found in this area. While there's no direct connection between the Jack Pine Trail and Vikings in Cape Breton, the trail itself and its unique flora are interesting features of the park. The Vikings were, however, the first Europeans to potentially explore North America, with evidence suggesting their arrival in Newfoundland in the early 11th century CE.
Jack pine grows naturally around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia, and New England, while hemlock can be found near Quebec, New Brunswick.
AD 1000/1001: Viking ships land in Mi'kmaq / MIRAMICHI homelands.
Viking ships visit the homelands of the Mi'kmaq people in areas now known as Maine, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The Norsemen trade a little with the Inuit and perhaps with the Mi'kmaq; the Inuit probably obtain yarn / fiber from the Vikings in Baffin Island.
The findings in 2021, published in the journal 'Antiquity', state in April 2023:
'These discoveries highlight that Norse Greenlanders possessed the skills, knowledge, and seaworthy vessels necessary to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America, continuing this practice throughout the entirety of Norse settlement in Greenland.'
"It suggests that transatlantic voyages were not isolated incidents but part of a sustained effort to gather resources over several centuries. Historical records have shown that the Norse settlers in Greenland, who lived there from 985 to around 1450 AD, heavily depended on imported materials like wood and iron. ... To understand the scale of this reliance on imported wood, archaeologists collected and analysed samples from wood assemblages at four elite Viking farms and a bishop's manor, sites known to have been active during the peak of Norse settlement. By studying the wood under microscopes, they identified both the species and likely origins of the timber. Their findings showed that 0.27% of the samples came from non-native species sourced either from Northern Europe or North America. European imports included oak, beech, and Scots pine, which may have arrived as old ship timbers or as parts of imported goods. Surprisingly, the analysis also revealed that up to a quarter of the wood samples were either imported or consisted of driftwood. This driftwood, alongside local resources, was primarily used for fuel and domestic tasks but wasn't sufficient for larger projects, reinforcing the Vikings' need to import higher-quality timber. ...".
In February 2024:
'To study timber orgins and distribution on Greenland, Lisabet Gudmundsdottir from the University of Iceland examined the wood assemblages from five Norse sites in western Greenland, of which four were medium-sized farms and one a high-status episcopal manor. All sites were occupied between AD 1000 and 1400 and dated by radiocarbon dating and associated artefact types. Her research is published in the journal Antiquity'.
Because hemlock and Jack pine were not present in Northern Europe during the early second millennium AD, the pieces identified from the medieval contexts in Greenland must have come from North America. The presence of North American timber shows that Norse Greenlanders had the means, knowledge and appropriate vessels to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America at least up until the 14th century.
In addition to the possibility of import, driftwood was one of the most important raw materials in Norse Greenland, making up over 50% of the combined assemblage.
Wood also came from Europe, likely including the oak, beech and Scots pine from this assemblage. Some may have come as ready-made artefacts, such as barrel staves, while reused ship timber could have been brought to use in buildings on Greenland.

Central area of 'Vinland', with hypothetical route of Thorvald Eriksson's voyage:
'Leif's Booths' [Miramichi or Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick], 'Keelness', L'Anse aux Meadows, and other key locations are indicated. Studying the New Brunswick coastline, we sought distinctive geographical, geological, and environmental features mentioned in the sagas. We narrowed down the 'Leif's Booths' location to Nepisiguit (Mi'kmaq: 'Rough Waters'), present-day Bathurst, New Brunswick. A satellite image resembling the 'footprint' of a Viking house foundation, was detected only a few hundred feet from our hypothetical target location. Whether coincidental or prophetic still remains to be seen. It was however, reminiscent of Helge Ingstad's first encounter with L'Anse aux Meadows [here around 1020/1025]; being shown ground patterns of 'Viking houses' in a pasture, by 'headman' George Decker. Similar patterns of known Viking provenance in Norse Greenland, support our working hypothesis, but will require excavation and/or radiocarbon dating to resolve. Returning to the saga, with Nepisiguit [the City of Bathurst overlooks Nepisiguit Bay, part of Chaleur Bay and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River] as a hypothetical starting point we followed the trajectory described. Leaving the Bay of Chaleur, Thorvald sailed east, across the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Newfoundland, and north along the coast, Newfoundland's west coast. This brought us to Cape Norman at the northwest tip of the Great Northern Peninsula. Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick. The City of Bathurst overlooks Nepisiguit Bay, part of Chaleur Bay and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River. It is generally accepted by Norse scholars that Vikings explored the coasts of Atlantic Canada, including New Brunswick, during their stay in Vinland where their base was possibly at BATHURST or at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland [around the year 1008]. Wild walnut (butternut) shells found at l'Anse aux Meadows suggest that the Vikings did indeed explore [Miramichi or Ile d'Orleans] further along the Atlantic Coast. Butternut trees do not now grow in Newfoundland, but recent studies suggest that due to environmental changes butternuts may have grown in Newfoundland around the year 1006/1009. There was some evidence hinting towards them visiting in the form of butternut wood at a Newfoundland settlement, when those trees were only found in southern New Brunswick [Miramichi, southern to Bathurst] and down or something along those lines. But no settlements or tools found of yet. So if they were here, it was probably just a resource expedition. This is because the two Sagas focusing on Vinland narrate 5 settlements or camps south of Labrador, such as the repair station at Kjalarnes (maybe L'Anse Aux Meadows or nearby Cape Norman) and Leif's settlement at Leifsbudir in Vinland [Bathurst or Ile d'Orleans].

It's reasonable for the show to theorize that the camp at Vinland was in a place like New Brunswick and not at L'Anse aux Meadows.

One reason is that the Sagas explain that the Vikings named Vinland after their discovery of grapes there, whereas in real life, wild grapes grow in New Brunswick naturally, whereas L'Anse aux Meadows is much too cold for wild grapes to grow naturally.

It can be easily shown that Leifsbudir in Vinland was not at L'Anse aux Meadows, but it's harder to prove that Leifsbudir was specifically New Brunswick.

However, N.B. is my own best guess because archaeologists found butternuts and a butternut burl cut by a metal tool at the ruins of L'anse aux Meadows, and the northeast range of butternuts is in the Quebec City region [Ile d'Orleans], New Brunswick [Miramichi], and New England.

1009 or 1010:
In 1009 or in 1010, legends report that Norse explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni abducted two children from Markland, an area on the North American mainland where Norse explorers visited but did not settle. The two children were then taken to Greenland, where they were baptized and taught to speak Norse. Later, 160 Greenlanders, including 16 women, established themselves there under the leadership of Norseman Thorfinn Karlsefni [Bathurst or Miramichi], the first European to come into contact with the local Skraelings, or American Indians. Thorfinn's son, Snorri Thorfinnsson, is believed to have been the first child of European descent to be born in North America outside of Greenland.
However the settlement in Bathurst / Miramichi was a temporary one; the settlers were forced to abandon Leifsbudir due to a lack of trade with natives and return to Greenland.

On the Kingdom of Saguenay, by Jessica Auer:
Quebecois readers will know about Jacques Cartier, who traveled from France to explore the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534. But was he really the first European to describe and map the St. Lawrence and a great part of Quebec? As I mentioned in an earlier post, the Norse Sagas, which describe a place called Vinland, could be the earliest written descriptions of North America. Historians and archeologists have been preoccupied with the location of Vinland for hundreds of years and its whereabouts still remain a mystery. Due to a Norse cloak pin that was unearthed at the L'Anse aux Meadows archeological site [1009 - ca 1080 ?], we know that Viking explorers attempted a settlement in Newfoundland [1009], but how much farther did they explore? Some believe that Vinland could be as far south as Miramichi [1001/1002], Bathurst or Ile d'Orleans. When Jacques Cartier discovered the Sauguenay Fjord, which flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, he was presumably told by Iroquoian natives of a kingdom to the north [Greenland or Iceland], established and ruled by blond men. Unable to find the legendary place, the Kingdom of Saguenay was dismissed as a local myth, yet the river and greater area still bear the name.

Ca 1012/1015:
The follow-up fourth voyage was even more disastrous. Thorvald's brother, Thorstein, set out to repatriate Thorvald's body a few years later, but a summer of terrible North Atlantic weather foiled his attempt, with he and many of his crew dying in an epidemic shortly after returning to Greenland.

1017-1022:
The fifth voyage, about 1017 to 1022 A.D., was that of Icelandic merchant Thorfinn Karlsefni, and his wife Gudrid Thorbjornardottir (Thorstein's widow, whom Karlsefni had subsequently married). Karlsefni was accompanied by another ship of Icelanders, and a ship of Greenlanders; totaling around 160 people. They brought a variety of livestock, because their intention was to settle in Vinland if they could. Conflicts with the Skraelings, and near mutiny of his crew, forced a retreat; returning to Greenland, then on to Norway, before settling down in Iceland, very rich. Evidence for his transient stay at both 'Keelness' [Newfounland / Cape Breton Island] and L'Anse aux Meadows [Newfounland] will be covered in 1021 by butternuts from New Brunswick [Miramichi or Ile d'Orleans].

Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white walnut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family.

Bjorn Asbrandsson was an Icelandic Viking. He appears in the Sagas of Icelanders, in particular the Eyrbyggja saga. According to Irish tradition, Asbrandsson was a farmer, warrior, exile Jomsviking [Jomsborg in WOLIN island in Poland now] and settler in North America.

Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, an island where butternut does not grow and to which it therefore is presumed to have been transported from more southerly locations - Ile d'Orleans. Our guides to the location of those resources are three butternuts or white walnuts, a North American species, as well as a burl of butternut wood. Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. The butternut log specimens found there were cut with European tools.

1021:
In 2021 archaeologists confirmed the vikings were in Canada in 1021, 7 years after the Battle of Clontarf and centuries before Colombus made his famous arrival. Its exact location is not known, but it was probably the area surrounding the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in what is now eastern Canada. The most detailed information about Viking visits to Vinland is contained in two Norse sagas, Graelendinga saga (Saga of the Greenlanders) and Eiriks saga rauda (Erik the Red's Saga).

Our result of 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1021. Further evidence reinforces this conclusion. First, the modifications are extremely unlikely to have taken place before this year. Second, the probability that the items would have been modified at a later stage is also negligible. This is largely because of the fact that they all had their waney edges preserved. This layer would almost certainly have been stripped off during water transport, so the possibility of driftwood is effectively discounted. The explorers - up to 100 people, both women and men - felled trees to build the village and to repair their ships, and the new study fixes a date they were there by showing they cut down at least three trees in the year 1021, at least 470 years before Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492. This is the first time the date has been scientifically established, said archaeologist Margot Kuitems, a researcher at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and the study's lead author. Previously the date was based only on sagas - oral histories that were only written down in the 13th century, at least 200 years after the events they described took place, she said.

The Norse expeditions to North America (985 - 1010/1022 AD) - led by Bjarni Herjolfsson, Leif and Thorvald Eiriksson, Thorfinn Karlsefni and Freydis Eiriksdottir - explored and mapped what would later become known as French Canada, including the shorelines of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and up, way up the St. Lawrence River to Ile d'Orleans. Then finally, with the second headland in the red cloth Saga still to be found, Ile d'Orleans, Quebec (Straumfjord). There, off the northeastern tip of the island, Cap Tourmente, Quebec. Here's how Thorfinn Karlsefni's 'Red Cloth Saga' (ca 1010 AD and 1017-1022), weaves together both the Norse history of explorations in North America, and sailing directions from Hop, out Newfoundland's St. George's Bay, south across the Gulf of St Lawrence [Ile d'Orleans], and up the St. Lawrence River estuary to Straumfjord - Ile d'Orleans.

The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1001 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to Bathurst. The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland in 1017-1022. There is no evidence the Norse reached Nova Scotia although it is possible. Newfoundland was a long way from the Greenland settlements.

Ca 1025-1026:
The sixth and final recorded journey was that of Freydis Eriksdottir, sister of Leif, Thorvald and Thorstein, accompanied by another ship and crew of Norwegian traders. During the second year, Freydis had the Norwegian crew killed, stole their ship, loaded it with lumber, grape-wood and raisins, and returned to Greenland as if nothing had happened. Her treachery was found out, and her family stigmatized. This narrows down the areas to either be in New Brusnwick or along the St. Lawrence River, areas where the Norse acquired the butternuts and grapes they took back. The existence of authentic Norse artifacts can not be denied, it is just figuring out how they got there that remains a mystery. trading with the indigenous tribes of the time is the accepted theory, but it seems odd these Norse items would make their way inland while none of these same items were ever found. It is not common practice for the Vikings to trade their weapon items with the native population. Norse visitors may have come into Ontario further than we had thought possible. It is hard to request an investigation into these areas unknown without concrete evidence but if we look back on the speculation of the Ingstads in 1960 they proved to the world that legend can indeed be fact.

In 1053:
Knowledge of the discovery of Greenland and land beyond it began to gradually seep into Europe in the eleventh century as indicated by papal records. The first documented reference to Greenland can be found in a letter written by Pope Leo IX in 1053.
Vikings in North America
Gabriel Martorell said that Columbus was born in Mallorca in 1460. The son of the prince of VIANA. Columbus registered Margarita Island close to South America, with the world MAJORQUINA.
There are nine letters in which Columbus signs 'EL ALMIRANT' was what admiral called in Mallorca. In Catalonia they don't say 'almirant', they say 'almirall'.
Historians found a relative in Valencia. DNA, at first, did NOT offer sufficient similarities.
Columbus always lied. DNA has proven. Diego was NOT a brother, only relative but fifth degree - second cousin.
But Jews helped Columbus: Duke of Medinaceli with whom he lived for several years; Luis de Santangel, minister of Finance; Andres Cabrera - advisor and in charge of Isabel La Catolica's accounts.

It doesn't surprise you that Columbus never wanted to explore the American main land.
In Cuba, on its western tip, he ordered an announcement that it was not the island of Satanazes, but the Asian peninsula. But he never wanted to prove it.

Columbus never wanted to discover anything. He wanted to sail to Antilia / Haiti, because he had some fragmentary information during his life at Madeira, that there was gold there. Pinzon, who discovered - again - Antilia / Hispaniola / Haiti, also knew this. "Columbus believed Antillia might be located relatively close to the Indies, which he aimed to reach by sailing west".
Pinzon and Colon both knew not to explore Cuba / Satanazes. Columbus in November 1492 knew that is not Asia with wealthy Japan islands.

Antillia was a island believed to exist in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain and Portugal. It was often associated with Cuba in some accounts but acc. to me it is HAITI.
Columbus was influenced by maps and accounts that included Antillia, as well as by the ideas of Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who suggested that inhabited islands lay even further east of Asia than Japan.
Columbus's belief in Antillia and other islands closer than Japan affected his calculations of the distance to the Indies which led him to believe he had reached the Indies when he landed in the Americas. The 1424 chart by Zuane Pizigano depicted Antilia and other islands in the western Atlantic discovered around 1410/1424.

De Virga's map survived until the decade of the 1930s. This lost work was a circular world map dated to 1414.
De Virga's 1409 chart illustrated Greenland in the upper northwest corner. Tylae in this location is found on the 1367 portolan chart of the Venice-based Pizzigano brothers.
Further south on the chart, in the mid-Atlantic, is a feature at 48.75 - the Ille de Mam / Mayda, Maida - at a 1320 chart of Pietro Vesconte of Venice.
The 39.31° latitude is positioned west of the Azores. On the western edge of the map, west of the Azores, map is at the 39.50 latitude. The De Virga world map, of Albertinus de Virga was created between 1411 and 1415.

At the 14th century we have a map of the Azores and Madeira islands, from the fourth sheet of the Corbitis Atlas, by an anonymous Venetian cartogapher ca 1385/1410. Currently held at Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice.
The Azores archipelago, is laid out vertically from north to south, and named as follows:
y de corvi marini (Corvo),
li conigi (Flores),
sancto zorzi (Sao Jorge),
y la ventura (Faial),
li colonbi (Pico),
y de brazil (Terceira),
caprara (Sao Miguel)
and lovo (Santa Maria).
The Madeira archipelago, with the names y de legname (Madeira), porto santo (Porto Santo), ydesertas (Desertas).
Further south are the 'y. salvaze' (Savage Islands) / Canary Islands.

J. S. Tennant's work 'Mrs Gargantua and the Idea of Cuba' is forthcoming from William Collins. It was shortlisted for the 2020 Eccles Centre and Hay Festival Writer's Award, posted by Jean Petrovic.
The Cantino planisphere of 1502 is coloured like a mappamundi but studded by compass roses radiating rhumb lines and it shows a half-figured, spectral presence of the South and North American continents, but likewise a breach in Central America, hoping against hope for a seaward passage there towards Cathay. The Cantino planisphere informed about the legend of the King of Castile's Antillies, named of course after Antilia, the island associated with Cuba or Haiti, and Columbus's many detractors felt he had really reached.

The Map of Juan de la Cosa in 1500 detailed of the Caribbean Sea region and Satanazes/Cuba like island. Columbus was writing to the Pope in February 1502 and he claims that, among the hundreds of islands he discovered were Tarshish, Cethia, Ophaz, and Cipangu = Japan; and Ophir, as well as 'vastly infinite lands'. It is 'in that vicinity the Terrestrial Paradise is to be found'. Publicly Columbus maintained the unwavering conviction that he'd reached Asia until he died in 1506.

Francesco di Lorenzo Roselli and Giovanni Matteo Contarini, the Mundu spericum in Florence in 1506, was the first printed map to show the 'New World'. The only copy of which is held at the British Library. New World can be seen in the Contarini-Rosselli Map and the Ruysch World Map of 1507. Ruysch painted over his original inscription 'Terra de Cuba', on the large island in its place, leaving it unnamed.
The 1507 and 1516 Waldseemuller maps label Cuba as 'Isabella', while the latter goes as far as to categorise an area of mainland Mexico as Terra de Cuba, Asie Partis.
Similarly, the 1520 Schoner Globe marks 'Terra de Cuba' on a landmass floating where North America should be with Japan nearby through an open sea channel.

"Columbus failed to convince the regents during a debate with the country's leading theologians and cosmographers at Salamanca in 1486, but a further audience near Granada in 1491 led Fernando and Isabel to grant his request. They urged him to set off quickly, in fact, perturbed by recent news that the Portuguese had succeeded in rounding the Cape of Good Hope".

The Portolan chart of 1470 by Grazioso Benincasa in the British Library shows Antilia and Satanazes but in an incorrect position, vertically from north to south.

Encountering Cuba on his first voyage, in 1492, Columbus publicly declared it to be the fabled Golden Chersonese, the Malay Peninsula, stating later it was the littoral of mainland Cathay.

Ahead of his second voyage, the Spanish sovereigns in 1493 urged Columbus to explore Cuba/JUANA, 'known up till now as a continent [tierra firme]', once more.

In June, 1494, dismissing claims to the contrary from native inhabitants 'so ignorant and provincial they think the whole world is composed of islands' Colon made his crew sign an oath affirming the continental nature of Cuba which, if reneged upon, would entail a cutting out of tongues.
Privately, Colon conceded the possibility it could be an island, which he initially called 'Juana', only later updating this to 'Cuba', the name used by its local peoples.

At the turn of the century Pietro Martire d'Anghiera, an Italian humanist in the service of the Spanish court, had written of reports from men who claimed to have rounded the island of CUBA.
Given that he sailed under Columbus's command on both the first and second voyages, as mate of the flagship 'Marigalante', which he also owned.

The Castilian cartographer Juan de la Cosa depict Cuba as an island on his map of 1500. It also shows a putative channel cleaving the isthmus of Central America, through which wades a cartouche of St Christopher, who Columbus openly associated himself with.

'The Life of Christopher Columbus from his own Letters and Journals', by Edward Everett Hale:
in a letter which Toscanelli wrote to Columbus in 1474, he inclosed a copy of a letter which he had already sent to an officer of Alphonso V, the King of Portugal. In writing to Columbus, he says,
'I see that you have a great and noble desire to go into that country (of the East) where the spices come from, and in reply to your letter I send you a copy of that which I addressed some years ago to my attached friend in the service of the most serene King of Portugal. He had an order from his Highness to write me on this subject. If I had a globe in my hand, I could show you what is needed. But I prefer to mark out the route on a chart like a marine chart, which will be an assistance to your intelligence and enterprise. On this chart I have myself drawn the whole extremity of our western shore from Ireland as far down as the coast of Guinea toward the South, with all the islands which are to be found on this route. Opposite this (that is, the shores of Ireland and Africa) I have placed directly at the West the beginning of the Indies with the islands and places where you will land. You will see for yourself how many miles you must keep from the arctic pole toward the equator, and at what distance you will arrive at these regions so fertile and productive of spices and precious stones.'
In Toscanelli's letter, he not only indicates Japan, but, in the middle of the ocean, he places the island of Antilia. This old name gave the name by which the French still call the 'West Indies', 'Les Antilles'.
Toscanelli gives the exact distance which Columbus will have to sail:
'From Lisbon to the famous city of Quisay (Hang-tcheou-fou, then the capital of China) if you take the direct route toward the West, the distance will be thirty-nine hundred miles. And from Antilia to Japan it will be two hundred and twenty-five leagues.'

Toscanelli says again,
'You see that the voyage that you wish to attempt is much legs difficult than would be thought. You would be sure of this if you met as many people as I do who have been in the country of spices.'

In 1966, 'Columbus Historiography Since 1939', by Martin Torodash:
Regarding the possibility of earlier discoveries of America, Armando Cortesao categorically states that Portuguese sailors reached at least the island edge of the New World and possibly even the mainland many years before Columbus. Furthermore, Cortesao states that there is an authentic cartographic record of their adventure. His book concentrates on an old Venetian chart which appeared a few years previously. This chart seems to have been made in 1424 by an Italian cartographer, Zuane Pizigano, and in the western Atlantic beyond the Azores, the Canaries, and Madeira it shows a large island and three smaller ones which are given the collective name of 'Antilia.'

Cortesao is convinced that this map confirms an authentic discovery of Haiti, Cuba, or Jamaica, or perhaps even of the Florida coast. He concludes that this is the first cartographical representation of the approaches to eastern America, put on parchment nearly seventy years before Columbus made his first voyage. Cortesao also states that early in the fifteenth century the Portuguese sailors knew about the Sargasso Sea, whose existence they could not have suspected if they had not sailed west far beyond the Azores.

P. Verhoog, another sea captain possessing an interest in Columbus questions, claims that San Salvador is present day Caicos, not Watling Island. In 1958, Edwin and Marion Link wrote a paper which suggested that Columbus had in fact landed on the Grand Caicos.
Mrs. Ruth Wolper, who has been a resident of Watling, decided on some field tests to confirm the theory that Watling was indeed the landing place of Columbus, as Morison had concluded in his 'Admiral of the Ocean Sea'.

Columbus also had information about a land called Jamaica, and it was not supposed to be an island. Today Jamaica is an island south of Cuba / Satanazes. But to the natives, Jamaica was the Yucatan Peninsula with its coastal cities and Mayan and Toltec strongholds. Columbus only sent his brother to Venezuela for pearls in 1495.

The Greenland colony survived into the fifteenth century, and the Pope had news of the conditions there, after 1418. See the letter of Pope Nicholas V, September 20, 1448, in 'Documenta Selecta e Tabulario Secrete Vaticano', in Rome, 1893, translated in 'The American Hist. Mag.', April, July, and October, 1902.
In October 1492, same year and 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, "the Greenlandic Bishopry in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'."
"The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See".
Acc to Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 / 759 from 23th October 1492; Norwegian text: 'Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Gronland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres'.

Columbus, on his second voyage in November 1493, knew very well about the chain of islands, and knew the course to them, and the distance. There are a maps from Lisbon and Madera.
On his first voyage, in October 1492, he knew very well the distance to the mainland: as did Toscanelli. To within about 3 days. Columbus confirmed during his voyage in 1492 that Antilia was not halfway between Satanazes / Japan / Cipangu / Cuba / Malay Peninsula to Canary.
At that time Columbus knew for sure that Antilia was located about 35 days west and southwest from Canary Island to West. Toscanelli, Columbus and Pinzon knew exactly the distance from Canary to the islands in the Atlantic, to Antilia / Haiti. It is this island with its western bay that is shown on all Atlantic maps from 1424 to 1492.
In Rome in 1493 and 1494 it was known that Columbus had discovered Antilia / Hispaniola.
It was only in Rome that they wanted to show that western islands belonged to Castile like Canary. Portugal declared in 1493 that Antilia was their possession.
Let us also remember that Columbus sailed to South America on his third expedition in 1498. He sailed to the mouth of the Orinoco. But earlier Columbus sailed to the 5th degree of north latitude and the barrels of fresh wine fermented and cracked from the internal pressure. Then he sailed north-west but strangely he did not want to sail to Brazil and Guyana. Perhaps his diaries are forged here. And Castile knew from Columbus about the land discovered by the Portuguese and French. Columbus saw birds and their flight towards Brazil all the time in 1498.
Columbus's forgeries on his fourth expedition are impressive when he already saw the Pacific and saw a non-existent sea passage from Antilles to Asia. Such a false letter exists. Vespuci in 1497 provided much more detailed information about Honduras and the Gulf of Mexico.
After all, it was very easy to sail from Haiti to the west or southwest at that time. And that in 1495, 1497, not in 1502.
'Christopher Columbus changed the world when his ships made landfall on October 12th, 1492'.
The Portuguese in 1487/1488, again in Vasco da Gama's secret expedition in 1495 and again in 1497, knew how to sail around Africa. The only problem for the Portuguese was Sofala and the Arabs.
Columbus in 1492 sailed to Turk and Caicos, 60 miles north of Antillia. The goal was almost achieved. Because Columbus was looking for gold and slaves, not for opponents like China, Japan, Mayan cities or Aztecs. The Aztecs were at the same time conquering the Gulf Coast. Columbus never wanted to sail from Haiti or Cuba west even 10 days as the crow flies. After discovering Jamaica he does not want to sail west to Yucatan. And yet on the western end of Cuba / Satanazes.
Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Bahamas began with a stop in the Canary Islands, where he made repairs to his ships and recruited sailors. His crew set sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain on August 3, 1492. Stop in the Canary Islands on August 9. Columbus's ships arrived in the Canary Islands, where they made repairs and recruited sailors - not in Spain because of counter-Jews actions of Castile.
Dougla Hunter wrote:
"Columbus didn't sail only to prove a better route to the spice islands, but likely as an advance party to support a new phase of conquest of the Canaries. Only when the assault was ready to hit the beach of Tazacorte on La Palma would he strike out west to see if there was yet more wealth to be had from the Indies' riches for the same circle of financiers. ... We recall as well that on first glance Columbus thought the people of the Bahamas might make good Christians, but also good slaves. It is also about time that we considered more closely his remark, as he approvingly sized up their physiques, that these people resembled Canary Islanders. Because it was in those Atlantic islands off the coast of north Africa, which Columbus and his three ships had departed in early September [1492], that the Imperial machinery of which he was one prominent cog was already consuming another people.
The same individuals supporting and funding Columbus on his voyage were also turning the Canary Islands into sugar plantations and enslaving the local people, the Guanches. ... It's no secret that Columbus borrowed the money for the charter of his flagship, the Santa Maria, from a Florentine slaver in Seville named Gianotto Berardi. Far less appreciated is the fact that as Columbus departed Spain in August 1492 on his celebrated voyage, Berardi was putting up part of the money for a privatized Spanish conquest of one of the holdout Canary Islands, La Palma.
A fellow financier of that campaign was a Genoese merchant in Seville named Francesco de Riberol, who probably had met Columbus by then and would become one of his main financial backers.
... Columbus for his part sailed back to the discoveries he claimed were on the perimeter of Asia, smarting from the debts he still owed Berardi over the Santa Maria charter.
He'd lost the ship on the north coast of Espanola on the first voyage;
on the second voyage, he turned that island into a branch operation of the Canaries by mounting a scorched-earth military campaign against the Arawaks who resisted his authority. ...
Columbus was influenced by the idea that inhabited islands lay east of Japan, including the mythical Antillia. He estimated that the distance from the Canary Islands to the Indies was 68 degrees, but the actual distance was much greater".
That is why Columbus falsified the ship's course in the travel journal in 1492. He did not allow anyone to touch the measuring instruments, also during the return to the Azores in 1493.
Columbus knew perfectly the course of the ship from Antilia / Haiti to the Azores. First to the north-east and then to the east to accurately, in storms, sail to the Portuguese Azores. Also in March 1493, he knew very precisely the course of Portuguese ships from the Azores to the European continent, to Lisbon.
There were no mistakes in February and March 1493.
In November 1493, Columbus knew Portuguese data about the chain of islands called today in Portuguese the Lesser Antilles.

Columbus on 12 October 1492 landed at Bahamas, 60 miles north to Antilia, at Turks and Caicos. He had perfect map together with Pinzon. Pinzon was the first at Antilia / Haiti.
Columbus re-discovered Satanazes / Cipangu / Cuba. The distance was like Toscanelli reasearch in 1470s. And during second voyage Columbus had known distance to Antilles [this name first time in 1502] - Dominica in November 1493.
Small ROILLO this is [Canepa in 1489] Puerto Rico but at this map Roillo / ROLLO was at back of Antilla / HAITI, like JAMAICA. Antilla [a map of 1489] need to be turn around, with Rollo at northern side [not west] is Turks and Caicos in Bahamas Island [Pareto map in 1455 showed Antilla like Haiti / Hispaniola and in June 1492 Papa, Portugal and Spain agrred the island is now Spanish].
Small YMANA / TZIMANA was close to ANTILLA like top of Puerto Rico.
Many other European explorers visited the Turks and Caicos after Columbus, including Martin Alonso Pinzon, and Juan Ponce De Leon. Christopher Columbus may have first landed in the New World in the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the area has several Columbus-related features.
Columbus' DNA discovers that Columbus probably belonged to a family of Jewish converts from Valencia, according to genetic tests on 12 October 2024. He came from the 'western Mediterranean,' possibly Valencia or Mallorca, not from Genoa. DNA experts concluded that Columbus was not originally a Genoese sailor, as previously thought, but instead came from a Jewish family of silk spinners in Valencia, Spain.
Christopher Columbus' DNA is partial, but it was confirmed by that of his son Hernando Colon, while the tests practiced on the remains of Diego Colon, until now considered the admiral's brother, have confirmed that he was not one, but a fifth or sixth degree relative. Colom / Colon is common Italian Jewish name.
Columbus enjoyed making cryptic references to Jewish origins. He was associated with prominent Jews - ZACUTO, and with conversos - DE SANTANGEL, SANCHEZ. Colon wrote to de Santangel and Sanchez first of re-discovery islands on Atlantic.
Colon delay of his initial 1492 departure in Palos after TISHA B'AV, delayed one day.
We have significant references in Colon's own writings. First sentence of his 1492 journal references expulsion: tradition invocation 'blessed is the Name'.
At the same letter on bottom-right we have strange signature by Henry Abramson on 16 October 2024:
S. S.A.S. XMY : X poferens./
'X po' is Greek Christos. FERENS is Italian = Christopher. This is secret symbol to his son like conversos kaddish, being Jews.

Was Colon / Columbus from Italy, Mallorca in Illes Balears or Valencia [Valencia in 546 - Visigothic; 711-1238 Arabic; 1238 the Kingdom of Valencia / Aragon; 1391 counter-Jewish riots; by the late 14th century, and later introduced innovative silk manufacturing techniques, and the Genoese community in Valencia included merchants, artisans and workers, Valencia along with Seville, is one of the most important slave centre in the Iberian Peninsula. In the 15th century - silk and slave centre; a Lisbon-Seville-Valencia axis by the second half of the 15th century powered by the incipient Portuguese slave trade originating in West Africa]?

Colon and Genova:
1.
In a 1498 Columbus writes: 'Siendo yo nacido en Genova...' - but the paper was for a court case in 1578.
2.
A letter from Columbus, dated on 2 April 1502, to the Bank of Saint George.
3.
The testament in Seville (on 3 July 1539) is the evidence of Ferdinand Columbus, who states that his father was 'conterraneo' (of the same country) with Mons. Agostino Giustiniani, who was, beyond all doubt, born at Genoa: 'Hijo de don Cristobal Colon, genoves, primero almirante que descubrio las Indias'.
4.
A reference, dated 1492, by a court scribe Galindez, referred to Columbus as "Cristobal Colon, genoves." But this paper was on 1491' meeting. Columbus had a meeting with the Catholic Monarchs in 1491, for discussing the voyage to the Indies. The Court's registrar, in this case Doctor Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal, who in that year said: 'Capitulation with Christopher Columbus, genovese, natural of Savona, for the discovery of the Indies'.
5.
Cesareo Fernandez Duro, in his book 'Colon y la Historia postuma', mentions the chronicler Alonso Estanquez, who has composed a 'Cronica de los reyes don Fernando y dona Isabel', before 1506, where he writes: "Cristobal Colon, genoves."
6.
Testimony of Rodrigo Barreda: "oyo decir que hera de la senioria de Genova de la cibdad de Saona."
7.
Angelo Trevisan, secretary to the Venetian ambassador before the Catholic Monarchs, in the year 1500/1501 managed to become a good friend of Chritopher Columbus, whom he always mentions as 'genovese' (zenovese, in Venetian language). Thanks to Christopher Columbus, he procured himself a copy of a navigation chart of the Indies, made in Palos (today Palos de la Frontera). One of the letters reads: 'Cristoforo Columbo, zenovese, homo di alta et procera statura, rosso, de grande inzegno...' / Christopher Columbus, genovese, man of remarkable and tall height, redhead, of great ingenuity.
8.
The ambassador of the Catholic Monarchs before the Court of Henry VII, Ayala, writes in 1497 a letter to his sovereigns stating that the King of England has hired a navigator, a certain Cabot, 'genovese like Columbus'.

Columbus was called Genovese because he dressed in Genovese fashion from Chios. He signed his name 'Columbus de terra Rubra' which means of the red earth. Columbus, a peasant wool weaver from Genoa, escapes a shipwreck and swims 8 miles to shore in Portugal without a penny to his name. TWO years later, he can speak Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, read maps and doesn't correspond in Italian once. And he married a noble-lady Filipa Moniz despite being a lowly peasant. It seems Columbus can be linked well to Spain and Portugal. From the Pontevedra area?

Columbo / Colon was a descended from a family of sailors: the Colom / Colon family lived in Valencia until 1391; then on Mallorca; Colom / Columbus / Colon in 1465-1473 among Valencia-Genova-Mallorca with unknown Aragon' ships; 1473-1478 Columbus was working for di Negro/Centurione of Genova / Genua; at Chios island ca 1475; in May 1476 Columbus took part in an armed convoy from Genua to Bristol in England, Galway in Ireland, and in 1477 to Thule / Iceland; Columbus back from Galway in Autumn 1477 on Portuguese ship to LISBON; he landed in Lagos, moved to Lisbon to a brother Bartholome and Miguel Ballester; in Lisbon in Winter 1477/1478 worked together with his brother Bartolomeo around charts and maps; in 1478 - a sugar trip to Madeira; in 1479 Columbus was married to Perestrello and moved home to Porto Santo nearby Madeira;
in 1481 Toscanelli had sent to Columbus letter with a map of Atlantic, together with Antillia / Haiti. In 1480/1482-1485 Columbus traded along the West Africa to Guinea - Elmina in Ghana. The Basques sailed with Columbus who told his crews that they would reach land within 750 leagues of the Canary Islands. When they hadn't reached land at 800 leagues, the Basques on the Santa Maria threaten to throw him overboard. Columbus said that in three days it reached the islands and turned sharply southwest into the Portuguese zone below latitude 28 degrees north, up to 21 degrees. In 1496 shortly after the first two voyages of Columbus, Pedro de Arbolancha, from Bilbao, becomes the major supplier and merchant to the New World. Many other Bretons came before Columbus to west Atlantic, among them Coatanlem who met Christopher Columbus in 1484 and is said to have told him about the New World / Newfounland. In 1484 - Colon / Columbus returned to Porto Santo but his wife was died; Columbus back with the son Diego to Lisbon to sell her estate in 1485, then to Castile. In 1487 he was fall in love to Beatrice de Arana, Jewish girl, 20-years-old [Cordoba]. Ferdinand Columbus was born in July 1488.
Columbus' first contact with the sea was at 14 years old in 1465 maybe from Mallorca to Genova / Genua. He received a solid cultural and scholastic preparation. During his voyages, the sailor learned how to communicate with all types and classes of people, Moors and Christians. He maintained conversations with everyone. Maybe Colon crossed the Atlantic as navigator of the Norwegian corsairs Pining and Poshort in 1477 [Galway-Iceland-east coast of Greenland]. On that voyage he had become convinced that by sailing on a lower parallel of latitude, he would reach the East by sailing West. By his marriage to his Portuguese wife he had obtained valuable maps, charts, and documentation for his project belonging to his late father-in-law, former Governor of Porto Santo in the Isles of Madeira, discovered in 1424. In 1478 Columbus was in Madeira purchasing sugar for the Genoese merchants Paolo de Negro and Ludovico Centurione, and around the year 1481, he was living with his wife Felipa Muniz and son Diego in Porto Santo. From there he set out on various voyages to the coast of Portuguese Guinea, where he learned about the local crops and their elaboration. We know that on some of these voyages he was accompanied by close friends and family such as his brother Bartolome and the loyal Miguel Ballester, the first man to plant sugar cane in the New World. Between the ages of 22 and 25 (1473-1476), Columbus was employed as a commercial agent by the great Genoese shipping houses of Paolo di Negro and Ludovico Centurione. Ludovico Centurione, one of Genoa's wealthiest bankers, had paid a merchant, Paolo Di Negro, 1,290 ducats, and Di Negro had hired Captain Columbus. Ludovico Centurione and Paolo di Negro on June 10, 1478 in Lisbon, departed to Madeira Island on behalf of Luigi Centurione. Colon lived in Genova until 1473 [no - he was living in Mallorca/Valencia and Genova]. Colon known a commercial Latin of the time. What familiarity Columbus had with Tuscan is unknown. Columbus later wrote in Italian heavily contaminated by Spanish. Colon undertook a journey to the Greek-speaking island of Chios. The house of Centurione maintained agencies in Seville, Cadiz, and other Spanish ports, but there is no evidence that Columbus worked in or visited such offices. Columbus was shipwrecked off the coast of Portugal in 1476. Christopher Columbus survived a shipwreck off the coast of Portugal in 1476, near Cape Saint Vincent. After the shipwreck, he settled in Lisbon with his brother Bartholomew, where they worked as chart makers. In 1476, Columbus came ashore in Portugal near the town of Lagos, but quickly made his way to Lisbon. For the next nine years (1476 to the end of 1485) he made his home in Lisbon and Porto Santo Island. During this time, he made voyages to England / Ireland and Iceland, and to West Africa, as well as visits to Genoa and other Mediterranean ports, but for most of the period Columbus found himself in a Portuguese-speaking environment.
At least from 1480, Columbus became involved in the social and intellectual life of Portugal. Also learning to write Spanish. Spanish was the first language Columbus learned to write; there is no evidence that he ever learned to write Portuguese, and he could barely write Italian. In 1485, Columbus moved to Spain and had his home there until his death. His various writings are almost exclusively in Spanish, even in the case of letters addressed to Italians. The few notes made by Columbus in Italian are, as we noted above, full of 'hispanisms'.
The evidence suggests that the only language Columbus learned to write was Spanish.
He was learning to write Spanish after learning to speak Portuguese. There are some instances where these two outside influences (Genoese and Portuguese) can be expected to conspire. It should be noted at the outset that, since the 1492 journal only survives in Las Casas's summary (although with extensive verbatim quotation), it is to be expected that at least some non-native features of Columbus's Spanish would have been filtered out by copyists of the Journal and by Las Casas himself. It has long been known that Columbus's Spanish contains items of Portuguese vocabulary not elsewhere attested in Spanish, or not attested there until later.
Above text under copyright by B. W. Ife and King's College London.

The historian Bartolome de las Casas was the son of a father and uncle had accompanied Columbus on the second voyage in 1493. Bartolome began collecting material for a history of the Indies as early as 1502. After his conversion in 1514 he dedicated himself to exposing in writing and by personal advocacy the oppression of the Indians and the illegitimacy of the Spanish presence in the New World.
In 1477 Colon sailed to Iceland and Ireland with the merchant marine, and in 1478 he was buying sugar in Madeira as an agent for the Genoese firm of Centurioni. In 1478, Columbus sailed to Madeira, working as an agent for Paolo di Negro and Ludovico Centurione. Columbus fell in love with Filipa. Columbus lived in a house on Porto Santo Island, during his passage through the Golden Island, in 1478, after his marriage to Filipa de Moniz, the daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrelo, the first Captain Donatory of Porto Santo. In 1478, the Centuriones sent Columbus on a sugar-buying trip to Madeira. Columbus arrived in Madeira in 1478 and later settled on Porto Santo after marrying the governor's daughter in 1479, ie Filipa Moniz Perestrelo. She married Christopher Columbus in 1479 at Vila Baleira on the island. Filipa Moniz Perestrelo born ca 1455 in Porto Santo Island or Madeira. Don Diego Colon (ca 1480 - 1526) was the only child of Columbus's marriage in 1479 to Dona Felipa Perestrello e Moniz (d. ca 1484). Diego was made a page to Queen of Spain. Diego Columbus (born 1479/1480, Porto Santo - died on February 23, 1526, Montalban, Spain) was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and Colon. Bartolomeu Perestrelo, the first governor of Porto Santo, was the father of Felipa Moniz de Perestrello. His in-laws gave him land on Porto Santo. In 1498, Christopher Columbus, now an Admiral and Viceroy of the Indies, on his third voyage to America, stayed six days in Madeira.

Not a single place named in Columbus' first journey is Genoese or Italian.
Pontevedra is a city in the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain.

Bartolome de las Casas, a good friend of Hernando Colon, everywhere mentions that Columbus was from Genoa. In fact, in several passages he mentions 'Antonio Colombo, Genovese, a relative of the Admiral', because that Antonio is a recurring character. That Antonio was one of Columbus' cousins.
Diego Colon de Toledo, III Admiral of the Indies, when he had to testify his ancestry in order to get knighted as member of the order of Santiago (in 1535), reports this about his grandfather: 'He says his grandfather was Don Cristobal Colon, and that he was Genovese, born in Savona, a town close to Genoa'. There is plenty more evidence from all sorts of contemporaries of Columbus accrediting he was genovese, including a number of people from Genoa like Bartolomeo Senarega, Antonio Gallo, and cardinal Giustiniani.
Antonio Gallo knew Columbus at a young age, as both lived in the same street in Genoa. Portuguese sources from the time mention Columbus as Ligurian, Genovese, or Italian. The least trustworthy source is Hernando Colon, Columbus' younger son, who very frequently makes stuff up, including making entirely up his father's noble ancestry. His father of humble birth, but was relatively rich thanks in part to his political connections to the Fieschi family. However, at no point does Hernando deny his father being Genovese, in fact he affirms it at different points.
The evidence of Columbus being genovese is everywhere, and these examples are nothing but a few, and as chronologically close to the man as possible.
Columbus had a meeting with the Catholic Monarchs in 1491, for discussing the voyage to the Indies. The Court's registrar, in this case Doctor Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal, who in that year said: 'Capitulation with Christopher Columbus, genovese, natural of Savona, for the discovery of the Indies'.
Angelo Trevisan, secretary to the Venetian ambassador before the Catholic Monarchs, in the year 1500/1501 managed to become a good friend of Chritopher Columbus, whom he always mentions as 'genovese' (zenovese, in Venetian language). Thanks to Christopher Columbus, he procured himself a copy of a navigation chart of the Indies, made in Palos (today Palos de la Frontera). One of the letters reads: 'Cristoforo Columbo, zenovese, homo di alta et procera statura, rosso, de grande inzegno...' / Christopher Columbus, genovese, man of remarkable and tall height, redhead, of great ingenuity.
The ambassador of the Catholic Monarchs before the Court of Henry VII, Ayala, writes in 1497 a letter to his sovereigns stating that the King of England has hired a navigator, a certain Cabot, 'genovese like Columbus'.

Christopher Columbus was a Sephardic Jew from the Iberian Levant, according to a DNA study. Francesc Albardaner, a historian who has written extensively about Columbus having origins in Catalan-speaking eastern Spain. The documentary 'Columbus DNA. His True Origin', broadcast on Spain's National Holiday suggests that the explorer was not Genoese and Christian but Spanish.
Albardaner maintains that Columbus belonged to a family of silk weavers from Valencia and that he always hid his origin because he was Jewish. Francesc Albardaner, a historian who has written extensively about Columbus having origins in Catalan-speaking eastern Spain. Francesc Albardaner always defended, in addition to the Jewish theory, that Columbus was Valencian - 'He was born into a family of silk weavers in Valencia'. Albardaner then explains his theory: 'Columbus was a Sephardic Jew, following Jewish traditions and customs. He had Jewish teachers.' If the DNA evidence studied by Lorente suggests Columbus was a Jewish man, then it becomes highly improbable that he was from Genoa, according to Albardaner. A new documentary [on 12 October 2024] explores 20/22 years of research into the navigator's roots, suggesting his birthplace is in the 'western Mediterranean'. Investigations into the skeletal remains of Christopher Columbus and his son, Hernando, revealed a Jewish ancestry. Columbus simply had Jewish ancestry. It could be that his family was of Jewish culture and religion, but it could also mean he was just the son of a convert parents. Christopher Columbus may have been a Spanish Jew, according to a new documentary.
By Miguel Macias published October 16, 2024:
"Finally, Lorente arrives at the garden of Francesc Albardaner, a Catalan architect who authored the book 'La catalanitat de Colom'. According to Albardaner, Columbus was a Sephardic Jew, part of the that Jewish diaspora associated with the Iberian Peninsula. Columbus would have followed Jewish traditions and customs, although in the public sphere he acted as Christian. He was born into a family of silk weavers from the Spanish city of Valencia, where there was a long tradition within the Jewish community of silk weavers. But in order to determine Columbus' ancestry, Lorente has to overcome a first hurdle, to shed light on the question of where the true remains of the sailor are. In Columbus' DNA, his true origin, Lorente uses DNA from Hernando Colon, son of Christopher Columbus, and distant cousin Diego Colon to verify that the few bones that were housed at the Cathedral of Seville are indeed the true remains of the sailor. Lorente's conclusion is unequivocal: Christopher Columbus was of Jewish descent. That led to a process of deduction based on historical evidence. The documentary states that during Columbus' time there were only an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Jewish people living on the Italian peninsula. By contrast, there were about 200,000 Jewish people living in what is now Spain, an estimate that may be low, since tens of thousands of Jewish people had converted to Catholicism over the previous century, victims of constant persecution. Also in the documentary, Albardaner, the Catalan architect, says Genoa had expelled its Jewish population in the 12th century. There were virtually no Jewish people living in Genoa in the times of Columbus, who lived from 1451 to 1506, and Jewish people doing business were only allowed to enter the city for three days at a time. If the DNA evidence studied by Lorente suggests Columbus was a Jewish man, then it becomes highly improbable that he was from Genoa, according to Albardaner".
In 1492 the monarchs signed the Alhambra Decree, which ordered the expulsion of Jewish people, seeking to eliminate their influence on Spain's large population of converts, and to make sure its members did not revert to Judaism. The monarchs ordered the remaining Jews to convert or face expulsion from Spain.
Columbus was of Spanish-Jewish origin or converso origin; conversos is what the Spanish called Jewish converts to Catholicism and their descendants.
Colom / Colon / Columbus was born into a family of silk weavers from the Spanish city of Valencia.

Before Columbus embarked on his voyage, Zacuto's student, Jose Vizinho, a Portuguese Jew, gave Columbus a translation of Zacuto's work. These astronomical tables, as well as Zacuto's new astrolabe model, were invaluable to Columbus' voyage across the Atlantic. In his diary, Columbus states that Zacuto's work proved useful for sailing across the ocean as well as traversing the land. Zacuto's tables with Columbus' notes, and the diary Columbus kept during his voyage, were found in Columbus' diary after his death.
Zacuto left Portugal in 1497 but did not arrive in his next destination, Tunis, until 1504, following a path shared by many other Jews and Muslims exiled from the Iberian Peninsula. Once in Tunisia, Zacuto composed no further major astronomical works, only a few astronomical treatises.

Christopher Columbus kept his family origins purposefully murky, giving rise to all sorts of theories about his early life. One of those theories is that he was Jewish, descended from a family of Spanish Jews who fled the Iberian Peninsula in the early 1400s. Perhaps they were conversos, Jews who converted to Christianity in order to avoid the repression of Spain's Catholic kingdom. His voyage to the New World coincided with the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, along with the Spanish Inquisition.
There is a wide range of circumstantial evidence suggesting he may have been Jewish. His first sea bound expedition was at age 14. After a shipwreck off the coast of Portugal in 1470, Columbus swam to shore and began his life there. Over the next decade Columbus made countless voyages to places as far as Iceland and Guinea. In 1479 or 1480, Columbus's son Diego was born. Between 1482 and 1485, Columbus traded along the coasts of West Africa, reaching the Portuguese trading post in Guinea.
Columbus worked with Abraham Zacuto, a Sephardic astronomer from Salamanca, Spain, who helped him chart his course across the Atlantic. In 1485 COLON left for Spain to try and gain support for an expedition to explore the western trade routes. In 1486, Columbus was granted an audience with the Catholic Monarchs, and he presented his plans to Isabella. She referred these to a committee, which determined that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia.
Abraham Zacuto was a prominent thinker who connected the starry skies to life on Earth and aided in connecting worlds that existed on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto was born in 1452 in Salamanca. An astronomer whose work was circulated in Spanish academic circles and in the Portuguese royal court.
On March 13, 1492, Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon ordered that all Jews in Spain either convert to Christianity or be expelled from their kingdoms and territories. Refusing to convert to Christianity, Zacuto moved from his birthplace in Salamanca and was welcomed into the royal court in Lisbon, Portugal. Under King Joao II, Zacuto became the court astronomer and King Manoel I, the successor to King Joao II, upheld Zacuto's appointment.
By 'jns.org': 'Rather, it would seem to indicate that Colon was a converso, or New Christian as they are often called, that is, a descendant of Iberian Jews who had converted to Christianity under duress during the century leading up to Spain's expulsion of the Jews in 1492,' Ray told JNS. 'Some of these conversos remained steadfast to Judaism, albeit in secret, leaving Spain and Portugal to return to Judaism in other lands.'
'Other aspects of Colon's story, from the way he signed his letters to his son to his insistence that his ships sail before midnight of the day (Aug. 3) when the edict of expulsion was to go into effect also point to the interweave of religious and national identities that would have comprised him.'
Matt Goldish, a history professor and chair of Jewish history at Ohio State University, told JNS that an 'extensive older literature' has made the claim that Columbus was Jewish. Among the reasons that claim has been made are 'why did a Genoese mariner speak and write in Spanish?' and 'why did Columbus leave some money to certain Jews or conversos?' - Goldish said.
Columbus also had an 'odd signature,' he added. Some have claimed that the explorer wrote the Hebrew letters 'bet and hay' in the corner of his documents.
The Ohio State professor said that the DNA evidence seems 'pretty strong,' but cautioned that 'Jewish ancestry does not mean Columbus was a Jew.'
Lorente said in the documentary, per Reuters. 'And both in the Y chromosome (male) and in the mitochondrial DNA (transmitted by the mother) of Hernando there are traits compatible with Jewish origin.'

Announcing on 12 October 2024, the study's results on the television documentary Columbus DNA: 'His True Origin', Professor Lorente said they were "almost absolutely reliable". The programme which aired on Spain's national broadcaster RTVE on Saturday night on 12 October 2024, coincided with Spain's National Day. Christopher Columbus 'kept secret he was Jewish' as DNA testing reveals Spanish roots, solving 500 year mystery. Columbus's DNA was 'compatible' with a Jewish origin. 'We have very partial, but sufficient, DNA from Christopher Columbus.'
By Steven Ganot, 10/13/2024 - The study analyzed remains believed to be Columbus's, along with those of his son Hernando and his brother / cousin Diego, which were buried in Seville Cathedral. Researchers found traits in their DNA that are compatible with Jewish origins, particularly in the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. 'We have DNA from Christopher Columbus, very partial, but sufficient,' said Lorente, noting that the findings challenge the widely accepted theory that Columbus was born in Genoa in 1451.
A blockbuster documentary on Spanish national TV presented the results of a 20+ year-long research on the DNA of Christopher Columbus.
These findings were revealed in the documentary 'Columbus DNA: His True Origin', which "aired on Spain's national broadcaster RTVE on Saturday, coinciding with Spain's National Day, which commemorates Columbus's arrival in the Americas. Professor Jose Antonio Lorente, a forensic medicine expert from Granada University and co-leader of the research, described the results as 'almost absolutely reliable,' contributing to a growing body of evidence that challenges traditional narratives surrounding Columbus.' Above acc to: 'economictimes.indiatimes.com'.
DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of mitochondrial DNA could be isolated. These matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, supporting that the two men had the same mother. Such evidence, together with anthropologic and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains belonged to Christopher Columbus.
An international study, initiated in 2001, claimed on October 12, 2024 that Christopher Columbus was of Sephardic Jewish origin by examining the DNA in bone fragments of his apparent remains in Seville Cathedral, stating that "Both in the 'Y' chromosome and in the mitochondrial chromosome of Ferdinand Columbus there are traits compatible with Jewish origin" and stating that he was born somewhere in the Crown of Aragon.
Estelle Irizarry echoed this as well, further noting that Columbus always wrote in Spanish, occasionally included Hebrew in his writing, and referenced the Jewish High Holidays in his journal during the first voyage.
Some historians and Jewish filiopietists have speculated that Columbus was Jewish, noting that his father was a weaver and the Spanish name 'Colon' was common in Hebrew tradition. However, most scholars dismiss this theory until 2024.

Diego Colon, 1479-1526, was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and his wife Filipa Moniz Perestrelo. He was born in Portugal, either in Porto Santo in 1479/1480, or in Lisbon.
Filipa Perestrello Colon, 1455-1484, was the daughter of Isabel Filipa MONIZ, b. 1429 + Bartolomeu Perestrello, 1390/1396-1458;
the granddaughter of Vasco Martins Moniz, b. 1410 + Brites Pereira.
Bartolomeu Perestrelo, the 'governor' of Ilha de Porto Santo / Bartolomeu Barreto Perestrelo, ca 1390 in Lisboa - 1458 in Porto Santo, the son of
Filippo Pallastrelli + Catarina Vicente / Caterina Visconti, b. 1375 in Madeira - died in Lisbon, the daughter of Pietro Pallastrelli + unknown Visconti.
Above Filippo Pallastrelli / Filipe Perestrelo, b. ca 1373 in Piacenza - died in Lisbon, the son of Gabriele Pallastrelli + Bertolina Bracciforti, b. ca 1347 in Piacenza.
Above Gabriele Pallastrelli / Gabriel Perestrelo b. ca 1343 in Piacenza, d. ca 1420 in Piacenza, the son of Gherardo Pallastrelli + Franceschina Forno.
Above Gherardo Pallastrelli b. ca 1290 in Piacenza, the son of Matteo Pallastrelli + Benigna Scotti. Above Matteo was the son of Gherardo Pallestrelli, and the grandson of Petraccio Pallestrelli.

Cristobal Colon / Christoper Columbus was from Aragon / Spain. It was claiming that indeed the 'Ilustrisimo y distringuido voron, Don Cristobal Colon' was of Spanish descent; born in Felanitz (Island of Majorca), he was the son of Margalida Colon and the prince Carlos De Viana [but the Colon family came from Valencia, from Jewish peoples].
Margalida Colon and Carlos, the Prince of Viana, are possible parents of Christopher Columbus, according to a theory by Verd. Verd's theory suggests that Margalida Colon was the mother of Cristofor Colom, and that Columbus called an island off Venezuela, Margalida, a Mallorcan name.
Colon was fathered by the brother of King Fernando de Aragon, Principe Carlos de Viana.
Segun Gabriel Verd's theory suggests that Carlos, the Prince of Viana, was the illegitimate father of Columbus, and that Columbus was born in 1460 at the "S'Alqueria Roja finca" in Felanitz (Island of Majorca).
Columbus called a Island close to Venezuela, Margalida, and Margalida was a Mallorcan name. It was the name of Cristofor Colom's mother, Margalida Colom.
Diego Jacobo Colon De Fontanarrosa, 1465-1515, had 5 siblings: Cristobal Colon De Fontanarrosa, Juan Colon De Fontanarrosa, Ana de la Cerda y Mendoza (born de Navarra y Aragon), and 2 others.
Colon came from Mallorca in 1460 by principe de Viana + mallorquina, Margarita Colon. Verd's theory also suggests that Columbus was the half-brother of Ferdinand of Aragon. However, the exact family tree of Christopher Columbus is not known. The widely accepted theory is that he was born in Genoa in 1451 to a family of wool weavers.
A 'Jewis theory' may be very difficult to prove even with the help of modern science; the body of Colombo was buried originally in Seville, the grave was later moved to Santo Domingo (the Island Hispaniola / Antilia discovered by PINZON), then to Cuba and then after Spain lost all these colonies, the remains, or possibly only part of them were finally returned to Seville.
Family tree of Diego COLON who was the eldest son of Christopher Columbus and his wife Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, back to Portugal, either in Porto Santo in 1479/1480, or in Lisbon.
Ferdinand Colon, b. 1488 in Cordova, Spain, illegitimate son by Beatrice de Aranha, accompanied Columbus on his 4th voyage. We have the DNA of Hernando Colon / Ferdinand, his son.
In 1520, 14 years after Colombo's death, his son Fernando traveled to Genoa to look for living relatives, but could not find any. He had to travel to nearby towns such as Cogoleto and Piacenza where other branches of the Colombo family had settled.
Cristobal Colon de Carvajal, 18th Duke of Veragua, is a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus by way of Christopher's son, Diego. From Diego, Colon de Carvajal also holds the Duchy of Veragua since 1986.
On 12 October 2024, the documentary on Columbus' DNA study was showed. It seems like he was not Genovese but rather of Sephardic Jewish heritage. Columbus' DNA indicates he was of Western Mediterranean origin, and had some markers 'compatible with a Jewish origin'. It makes it very unlikely that Columbus would have been Italian. If Columbus being from Genova should be ruled out as Jews were not allowed to live in Genova.
The most relevant documents to support that he was from Savona are the Court's registry by Lorenzo Galindez de Carvajal, who in 1491 writes that 'Their Highnesses had audience with Christopher Columbus, Genovese from Saona, on the matter of the discovery of the Indies'.
Furthermore, Columbus' grandson, in the testimony for joining the Order of Santiago states that 'his grandfather was the Admiral Don Cristobal Colon, and that he was from Savona, a town not far from the city of Genova'.
"Columbus has YDNA J (the claims of mtDNA via his son are bogus obviously, as that is inherited by the mother).
'J' is a broad haplogroup that common across the Mediterranean, including in Liguria. So to claim he was Jewish based off this is a massive stretch. Even if it was a specifically Jewish clade, ... this is not proof he was Jewish and definitely not proof he was born outside of Genoa. The article is also full of outright falsities. There were Jews in Genoa (they were expelled in 1515), and Columbus knew Italian and Genoese (we find notes in such languages in his handwriting in books he owned). Furthermore, his earliest Spanish writings are poor and mixed with Portuguese."
The court documents confirmed his birth in Genoa. This was unchallenged until the 19th century and is still the overwhelming consensus amongst historians today.
Columbus, his son Diego, or his brothers Diego and Bartholomew it's unlikely that they left no descendants in the Spanish Caribbean.
We find traces of Y DNA and mitocondrial DNA from Hernando, Columbus' son, to be Jew.
The mitocondrial DNA comes from the mother. The mother of Hernadno was Jew. A 'Y' chromosome is not a paternity test.

"Contrary to modern-day mythological beliefs about Columbus, he did not physically discover the continents of North or South or even Central America, he discovered the Bahamas and Caribbean Islands". Europeans in 1492, had zero knowledge that there was any land whatsoever west of Europe. Columbus was, after all, an explorer merely seeking an alternate passage to India. Columbus personally discovered the Bahamas and Caribbean Islands. Columbus did not discover any continent.

Christopher Columbus appears to have donated one-tenth of his income from his discovery of the Americas to the Bank of San Giorgio in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods.
Columbus was also aware of Marco Polo's claim that Japan (which he called 'Cipangu') was some 2,414 km (1,500 mi) to the east of China ('Cathay'), and closer to the equator than it is. He was influenced by Toscanelli's idea that there were inhabited islands even farther to the east than Japan, including the Antillia, which he thought might lie not much farther to the west than the Azores, and the distance westward from the Canary Islands to the Indies as only 68 degrees, equivalent to 3,080 nmi (5,700 km / 3,540 mi).

It turns out, Columbus was a Sephardic Jew. Now, this is extremely significant
for various reasons:
"it completely conflicts with the standard narrative of his background. He CANNOT have been from Genoa since the city of Genoa had expelled all Jews from the city hundreds of years prior in medieval times. It highly likely means he was Spanish, likely from a city with a large Jewish community such as Valencia. This is significant because his background should cast a bit of doubt as to HOW and WHY he got funding from the Spanish crown to find new naval paths to India. It sheds a different light on the date of 1492, which was also the date of the expelling of Jews from Spain. Highly likely, highly ranked Jewish administrators at the court funded his expedition, rather than the crown itself".
If Columbus lied about his background, what else did he lie about?
For example, researchers found he lied about his direct family. His 'brother' Diego was found to be his distant cousin instead, according to their DNA.

The DNA in Sevilla is conclusively found to be that of Columbus. Now, what does this mean for the 'body of Columbus' in Santo Domingo, in the Dominican Republic?
Research confirms authenticity of Christopher Columbus' remains in Spain. He's not Genovese.
The documentary on Columbus' DNA study is on tonight 12/13 October 2024. It seems like he was not Genovese but rather of Sephardic Jewish heritage.

On October 13, 2024, acc. to BBC, after 20 years of research, it was published DNA research of Christopher Colon / Columbus. His grandfather converted in 1391. Christopher Columbus was born in Valencia. He wrote in Spanish in the Catalan dialect, not Castilian. He did not write in Italian. He left Palos on the day the Inquisition ordered Castilian Jews to leave the country in August 1492. Christopher Columbus himself may not have been baptized. There was a similar family living in Genoa, but DNA proved that Columbus was from Valencia. The research lasted more than 20 years. On 13 October 2024: famed explorer Christopher Columbus was likely Spanish and Jewish, according to a new genetic study conducted by Spanish scientists that aimed to shed light on a centuries-old mystery.
Columbus was probably born in western Europe, possibly in the city of Valencia.
They think he concealed his Jewish identity, or converted to Catholicism, to escape religious persecution. The study of DNA contradicts the traditional theory, which many historians had questioned, that the explorer was an Italian from Genoa.
Columbus led an expedition backed by Spain's Catholic Monarchs seeking to establish a new route to Asia. But instead he reached the Caribbean / BAHAMAS and Cuba / Satanazes / Cipangu. His arrival there was the beginning of a period of European contact with the Americas. These new findings are based on more than two decades of research.
The study began in 2003, when Jose Antonio Lorente, professor of forensic medicine at Granada University, and the historian Marcial Castro, exhumed what were believed to be the remains of Columbus from Seville Cathedral. Columbus died in the Spanish city of Vallodalid in 1506 but wished to be buried on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. His remains were taken there in 1542 but centuries later were transferred to Cuba before being finally laid to rest in Seville.
The researchers also took DNA samples from the tomb, and from the bones of Columbus' son, Hernando, and brother, Diego.
Since then scientists have compared that genetic information with that of historical figures and the explorer's relatives in order to try and solve the mystery. The previously widely accepted theory was that Columbus was born in Genoa in 1451, to a family of wool weavers. But they now believe he lived in Spain, likely in Valencia, and was Jewish. They think he hid his background to avoid persecution.
Around 300,000 practicing Jews lived in Spain, before they along with Muslims were ordered to either convert to Catholicism in August 1492.
Acc. to - 'Christopher Columbus was secretly Jewish' - James Badcock, 'Sun', October 13, 2024 at 1:28 PM, GMT+1.
'Both in the 'Y' chromosome and in the mitochondrial chromosome of Hernando, there are traits compatible with Jewish origins,' Prof Lorente declared.
He said the DNA showed a 'western Mediterranean' origin, but he could not state categorically which country or region.
Francesc Albardaner, a historian who has written extensively about Columbus having origins in Catalan-speaking eastern Spain, explained that being Jewish and from Genoa was effectively impossible in the 15th century.
'Jews could only spend three days at a time in Genoa by law at that time,' said Mr Albardaner.
By YAHOO:
Mr Albardaner said his research has shown that Columbus was from a family of Jewish silk spinners from the Valencia region. Christopher Columbus was Jewish, DNA experts concluded in a long-awaited investigation into the true origins of one of history's most famous explorers. Researcher conducted over 22 years suggests that Columbus was not a sailor from Genoa, as previously believed, but in fact from a family of Jewish silk spinners from Valencia. Examinations of the bones of Columbus and of his son, Hernando, showed a Jewish origin, something the explorer concealed during a time in which Jews were being persecuted in Spain and other parts of Europe. The discovery was the culmination of two decades of investigation led by Antonio Lorente, professor of legal and forensic medicine at the University of Granada.
It was presented in a prime-time Spanish television documentary on Saturday night to coincide with Spain's national day.
By 'Jewish Press': Investigations into the skeletal remains of Christopher Columbus and his son, Hernando, revealed a Jewish ancestry.
Irizarry's linguistic analysis suggested that Columbus was descended from the Sephardic Jews in Spain.
If Columbus was a Sephardic Jew, Sefarad being the Hebrew name for the Iberian peninsula, his identity would be a significant historical irony.

The islands of Antilia and Satanazes are reversed twice on maps since 1424: Antilia has a large bay to the west like Haiti / Espanola, not to the south. Furthermore, Satanazes is not north of Haiti / Antilia but west of it, and close to the Central American continent. Moreover, Columbus did not discover America, he just sailed back to Satanazes / Cuba, and Haiti was discovered by Pinzon. Columbus only discovered the Bahamas.
The Pope and the Spanish kings needed a false interpretation because they knew that Antilia was given to Portuguese explorers in the 1480s. The falsehood was needed for the incorporation of the Atlantic islands into Castile.
"The Antilles first appear on the Cantino planisphere (a Portuguese world map dating to 1502) as Las Antilhas del Rey de Castella / The Antilles of the King of Spain". That -ilhas suffix suggests that the Portuguese cartographers were thinking of this archipelago as the '[something] islands' and the half of the word is anti-, 'opposite'. The Antilles are the 'opposite islands', across the Atlantic from all the islands already known. The large island in the middle of the Atlantic, named Antillia or Antilia was about 90 kilometres wide by 390 kilometres long ... was surrounded by lesser islands. Christopher Columbus ... sought detailed knowledge of its location from the Florentine cosmographer
Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who wrote to tell him that he could expect to sail 1,000 miles from the Canary Islands to Antillia, and then 2,500 miles from Antillia to Japan = Cipangu [all together 3.500 see miles = 6,300 km and we have central part of Cuba / Satanazes / Cipangu. Distance from Cuba to Canary Islands is 6,147 / 6,160 kilometers. This air travel distance is equal to 3,828 miles].
Toscanelli knew distance to Satanazes / Cuba, and he knew Antilia is east to Cuba. But not 1.900 km from Canaries. Columbus - before Bahamas, 4/2 days - informed Pinzon about location of Bahamas / the small islands around Antilia and Satanazes. During second trip to the Antilles, Columbus knew - 2 days before - about nearby island. All above data back to Portuguese sailors ca 1425-1491.

In 1408 we have the last written evidence on Greenlanders in Iceland. In 1425 there is a major spike in salt around southern Greenland and it is a close match to the last known record from Greenland. The sea is more dangerous. Exodus of young peoples was in the years 1420-1440. Older population died in the years 1430-1470.
In 1448 and ca 1492 we have written evidences of the Roman Popes on Greenland.
In Azores, Iceland and from Hanza in the 1470s sailed on Labrador and Greenland.
In Bergen were ships in the 1480s.

'Hop', meaning 'tidal lagoon' ['laguna plywowa'], is a Viking temporary settlement in Guysborough in Nova Scotia [not in Miramichi]. Norse sagas informed on LEIF's place that supported the growth of wild grapes [Bay di Vin Beach], provided copious supplies of salmon [Miramichi River / Leifsbudir], and was home to a group of people who made canoes from animal hides.

The remnants of butternut trees ['drzewo orzechowe'], which are native to Miramichi / LEIFSBUDIR in New Brunswick, have been found in excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, alongside pieces of white elm ['wiaz bialy'], beech ['buk'], white ash ['bialy jesion'], and eastern hemlock ['cykuta' = 'pietrasznik plamisty'], which, again, can be found in New Brunswick, said Wallace.
The Viking camps and ports described in the two sagas are all four located southwest of Newfoundland.

L'Anse aux Meadow is not described in any of the Icelandic sagas. Nor is there any Norman name. Straumfjord is subsequent the Basque port in southwestern Newfoundland. Hop / Hup the Viking camp is eastern Nova Scotia. The cape with the broken ship's keel is northeastern Cape Breton Island. Leifsbudir is Miramichi on the western shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One-Foot Land is southern Prince Edward Island. The Vikings never sailed any further than the southeastern shore of Nova Scotia. They also never sailed into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Their voyages in the years 1001-1080 included the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the tip of Nova Scotia, the western shore of Newfoundland, the northeastern shores of Newfoundland and of course the eastern and southeastern shores of Labrador - here they sailed to eastern Labrador until the 1340s, and probably also in the years 1360-1400.

Straumfjordr / Straumsfjord / Straumfjord, acc. to the Sagas of Icelanders a fjord in Vinland where Thorfinn Karlsefni set up a temporary settlement. In the Saga of Erik the Red, but not in the Greenland saga: 'Current-fjord' / 'Stream-fjord' / 'Tide-fjord' is located beyond the Wonderstrands (Furdustrandir). Then Vikings sailed into the southern regions. There was an island lying out in front of the narrow bay. There were great currents around the island, which they called Straums-ey (Stream-island). There were so many birds. They had with them cattle of all kinds. Off Markland to the southeast was an island that Karlsefni and his company called Bear Island, closest ot northern tip of Newfoundland. From Markland, they encountered a headland, possibly Kjalarnes = northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Keeping the Cape Breton coast on their the right-hand side. They journeyed along Furdustrandir (Wonder-strands / eastern shore of Cape Breton). Then, the coast became indented with creeks = inlet in a shoreline with grapes and wild wheat, and continued to where the shore was cut into by the fjord / eastern Nova Scotia, with the island of Straumsey / Current-isle at its mouth. To the south of Straumfjord was Hop, where no snow fell during winter, and on the west side [south-west of Cape Breton to Prince Edward Island] of Kjalarnes was a wilderness, and a river which flowed from east to west [Prince Edward Island, southern shore]. East of Kjalarnes was the 'Irish Ocean' / Atlantic Ocean. Straumfjord is estimated by Karlsefni to be at half way from Hop to Prince Edward Island, but around Cape Breton Island. The location north of the Cape Breton, south-west of Newfoundland. Hop and the river at Prince Edward Island to share the same mountain range on the northern Nova Scotia.

The Cantino map in 1502 shows Portuguese perfect knowledge on Greenland.
Acc to Wikipedia:
In 1378 there was no longer a bishop at Gardar in the Eastern Settlement.
In 1379, Inuit attacked the Eastern Settlement, killed 18 men and captured two boys.
A church document describes a 1418 attack that has been attributed to Inuit people.
In 1380 the Norwegian kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark.
From 1402-1404 the Black Death hit Iceland. There is no evidence that it reached Greenland.
The last written record of the Norse Greenlanders documents a marriage in 1408 at Hvalsey Church.
After 1408 few written records mention the settlers.
Correspondence between the Pope and the Biskop Bertold af Garde dates 1408.
The Danish cartographer Claudius Clavus seems to have visited Greenland in 1420.
Above is according to documents written by Nicolas Germanus and Henricus Martellus, who had access to original cartographic notes and a map by Clavus.

Martellus on his world map in 1489 showed many islands west to Iberian Penisula. Big Antilla and few islands northern; and chain of islands southern of Antilla / Haiti like The Lesser Antilles, a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea.
Tenerife is situtaed at coordinates: 28'16'7''North.
But Turks and Caicos at 21'18'North.
Three Portuguese ships observed Columbus in the Canary Islands in August-September 1492. Columbus showed that they did not deviate below 28 degrees north latitude. But it was only halfway to Antilla that he began to deviate from his course towards the southwest and obviously falsified the journal in case he would be captured in the Azores or Portugal on the way back in February-MARCH 1493. That is why he landed directly in Turkus and Caicos in the Bahamas. That is almost exactly close to northern Haiti. Pinzon knew this, he separated from Columbus and sailed alone to Haiti. Columbus wanted to reconnoiter the imaginary coast of China or India, but on Satanazes/Cuba he only came across American Indians. There were no traces of Japan/Cipang. These traces were on the second expedition in western Cuba. But here he learned about Jamaica, which according to the Indians was Yucatan.
However, everything testified to the Portuguese discoveries from the years 1410-1420, later mapped in 1424.
South Bahamas has coordinates 21.18.05 North.
A significant agreement between Portugal and Castile, the Treaty of Alcacovas-Toledo, occurred in 1479. This treaty resolved a dispute over spheres of influence in the Atlantic, including the Canary Islands and lands south of them like Antilla / Haiti. The treaty recognized Isabella and Ferdinand of Aragon as the sovereigns of Castile and granted Portugal hegemony in the Atlantic Ocean, except for the Canary Islands, which were recognized as Castilian. This treaty also gave Portugal exclusive rights to navigate and colonize all of Central Atlantic and of Africa, except the Canary Islands, and initiated Portugal's prominence in the Atlantic slave trade. With the exception of the Canary Islands, all territories and shores disputed between Portugal and Castile stayed under Portuguese control like Satanazes and Antilla; Guinea with its gold mines, Madeira in 1419, the Azores discovered in 1427 and Cape Verde discovered in 1456. Portugal won the exclusive right of navigating, conquering and trading in all the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands. Portuguese King in March 1493 confirmed his right to Antilla / Haiti. Columbus given false data about Haiti / Hispaniola / Antilla.

In the late 20th century the Danish scholars Bjonbo and Petersen found two mathematical manuscripts containing the second chart of the Claudius Clavus map from his journey to Greenland (where he himself mapped the area).
In a letter dated 1448 from Rome, Pope Nicholas V instructed the bishops of Skalholt and Holar (the two Icelandic episcopal sees) to provide the inhabitants of Greenland with priests and a bishop, the latter of which they had not had in the 30 years since a purported attack by 'heathens' who destroyed most of the churches and took the population prisoner.
It is probable that the Eastern Settlement was defunct around 1450.
A European ship that landed in the former Eastern Settlement in the 1540s found the corpse of a Norse man there, which may be the last mention of a Norse individual from the settlement.
The Icelandic seafarer Jon Greenlander, who visited Greenland around 1540, described the dead Norse Greenlander.

While Antilha, 'opposite island', seems plausible (you can even imagine Antillia arising from Antilha by a copying error), there seem to be no maps in existence that actually spell Antillia that way. Indeed, the earliest maps use Atulae, Atilae or Attiaela. ...". "Antillia makes its first unambiguous appearance in the 1424 portolan chart of Venetian cartographer Zuane Pizzigano, as part of a group of four islands, lying far in the Atlantic Ocean some 250 leagues west of Portugal, and 200 leagues west of the Azores archipelago (which also usually depicted in contemporary charts) [by Wikipedia]".
By Wikipedia:
Salvador de Madariaga argued in 1940 that Columbus was a marrano forced to leave Spain for Genoa. Jose Erugo, Celso Garcia de la Riega, Otero Sanchez and Nicholas Dias Perez have since concluded that Columbus may have had a Jewish background. Columbus' reference to the expulsion of the Jews in his first accounts, the reference to the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the Hebraic term 'Second House',
the Hebrew letters bet-hei (meaning B'ezrat hashem) on all but one of his letters to his son, and an anagram that was a cryptic substitute for the Kaddish, according to Cecil Roth.
All the personalities who supported Columbus before the kings are of Jewish origin and that his voyage was mainly funded by two Jewish conversos and a prominent Jew: Luis de Santangel, Gabriel Sanchez (treasurer of the Crown of Aragon, d. 1505), and Don Isaac Abarbanel, respectively.

Historian and long-time TCI resident Josiah Marvel has spent three decades scrutinising age-old texts detailing Columbus' voyage in libraries across the globe. In 2016 Mr Marvel claims other modern translations have "too many flaws" to justify the long-held assertion that San Salvador, known as Watlings Island until 1926, was the landfall spot. Among them is the failure to allow for magnetic variation, and the apparent impossibility of various moorings. Additionally, Columbus' diary gives latitudes indicating the difference between the landfall island and Hispaniola to be 90 nautical miles. Almost the precise distance between Grand Turk and Hispaniola, Mr Marvel said. To test the theory, he joined forces with two professional sea captains to sail an alternative route from Grand Turk to Ragged Island, Columbus' final stop in the Bahamas, via Mayaguana and the Inagua Islands. Also, magnetic variation meant Columbus thought he was heading west but in fact was heading further south than he realised. This ties in perfectly with Grand Turk which is the southernmost island of all the possible landfall places. It's absolutely clear that Columbus landed somewhere in the south-eastern Bahamas or Turks and Caicos. Dr Sullivan said, adding that resolving the issue would require "a long, scholarly process" and the accumulation of additional physical evidence.

Columbus DNA, his true origin discovers that Columbus probably belonged to a family of Jewish converts from Valencia, according to genetic tests. Francesc Albardaner's research suggests that Columbus was from a family of Jewish silk spinners in the Valencia region. Albardaner maintains that Columbus belonged to a family of silk weavers from Valencia and that he always hid his origin because he was Jewish. Suspected birthplaces are down to eight, expanding beyond Genoa to include areas like Galicia, Mallorca, and Valencia in Spain.

At the beginning Heimaey island off Iceland - ca 680 evidence of Norse settlers. Controversial results of recent carbon dating work, published in the journal Skornir, suggest that Iceland may have been settled as early as the second half of the seventh century. In 820/825: the Islendingabok of Ari Thorgilsson claims that the Norse settlers encountered Gaelic monks from a Hiberno-Scottish mission when they arrived in Iceland. There is some archaeological evidence for a monastic settlement from Ireland at Kverkarhellir cave, on the Seljaland farm in southern Iceland. Sediment deposits indicate people lived there around 800, and crosses consistent with the Hiberno-Scottish style were carved in the wall of a nearby cave. The oldest known source which mentions the name "Iceland" is an 11th-century rune carving from Gotland. In 825: a cabin in Hafnir was abandoned between 770 and 880 CE, showing that it was built well before the traditional settlement date of 874. It is thought to have been an outpost only inhabited part of the year, but it is not known whether it was built by people from Scandinavia, Ireland or Scotland. There is a possible early mention of Iceland in the book De mensura orbis terrae by the Irish monk Dicuil, dating to 825. Dicuil claimed to have met some monks who had lived on the island of Thule. They said that darkness reigned during winter but that the summers were bright enough to pick lice from one's clothing, but the veracity of this source may be questioned. Additionally, Iceland is only about 450 kilometres from the Faroes, which had been visited by Irish monks in the 6th century, and settled by the Norse around 650.

Vikings siege of Paris, 845; Vikings established Novgorod in 854.

Bjorn Ironside (Swedish: Bjorn Jarnsida) (Old Norse: Bjorn Jarnsida), according to Norse legends, was a Norse Viking chief and Swedish king. According to the 12th- and 13th-century Scandinavian histories, he was the son of notorious Viking king Ragnar Lodbrok and lived in the 9th century, between 855 and 858.
In "Poland" Giecz - established stronhold in 860/869. Vikings in 870 - ICELAND.
In 874: written sources consider the age of settlement in Iceland to have begun with settlement by Ingolfr Arnarson around 874, for he was the first to sail to Iceland with the purpose of settling the land. Archaeological evidence shows that extensive human settlement of the island indeed began at this time, and "that the whole country was occupied within a couple of decades towards the end of the 9th century." Estimates of the number of people who migrated to the country during the Age of Settlement range between 4,300 and 24,000, with estimates of the number of initial settlers ranging between 311 and 436.
Vikings in KIEV and in south Greenland - 882.

In 902 - the Great Moravia defeated by Hungarian.
In 905/906 - Czechia took the Wislanie country.
In 907 - Pressburg, Hungarien in Austria, Hungarian defeted Bavarian. Ca 920 - Czechia conquered the Silesia Lower.

In 919/922: established the first stronghold of Polanie in Grzybowo close to GIECZ. In 926 - Hungarien in Bavaria and Italy. Ostrow Lednicki, 930/940. Poznan, 935/940.
In 919, in addition to the Vikings from southern Sweden and Denmark, there were also Picts from Scotland, where the Normans had plundered the coast. A warrior from eastern Scotland born ca 900. He assumed leadership over the rest of Normans around 930 in 'Polanie' area. His son was Dagome / Mieszko / Burislaw. Dagome was born ca 935 and he probably came from mixed parents: Pict and Norman woman. Dagome had one or two wifes before Dubrava, ca 955-963.
The Picts were a mysterious people who inhabited northern and eastern Scotland during the early medieval period.
Dagome had three daughters with GEIRA older, a Norman woman ca 958-963, Geira younger, Astryda, and the third was Zygfryda / Zygryda = Gunhilda / Torrada / Storrada / Swietoslawa.
Three daughters of Mestko / Mieszko / Dagome / Buryslaw / Burisleif, were with Geira older, the wife before 963. Mieszko I born ca 935, d. on 25 May 992 = Buryslaw, his wife Thyra / Geira. They had three daughters:
1. Geira younger married to Erik Tryggvason.
2. Astryda married Sigwald, earl of Jomsburg / Jumna in Pomerania, where the Danes settled in the second half of the 10th century.
3. SYGRYBA / STORRADA = Gunhilda / Swietoslawa b. ca 959/963 (= Proud) in Danish it sometimes appears as Gunhilda. Storrada means a person strong in words, proud; Sigryda received this Scandinavian nickname when she burned alive the king of Vestfold, Harald Grenske to warn other from proposing marriage to her.
In one English source, the name of the sister of King Canute, therefore the daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and 'Piast', was written as 'Santslaue' younger / 'Santslaue soror CNVTI regis nostri', which can be deciphered as Swietoslawa. Since the daughter had such a name, she probably inherited it, as is assumed, from her mother, Swietoslawa older. Maybe the name was inherited from her grandmother, the pagan wife of Mieszko I / Dagome.
Between 980 and 984, 'Swietoslawa' older [17/21 years old] married to Eric the Victorious, the King of Sweden. Most likely, it was a political marriage, aimed against Denmark, which was to allow Mieszko to strengthen his power in Western Pomerania. The only known children from this marriage were Olof Skotkonung, later King of Sweden, and Holmfryda Eriksdotter. Swietoslawa older / Sigryda was widowed around 995. Olaf was already in full power. The queen led to the conclusion of a Swedish-Danish alliance against Norway, sealing it with her marriage to the king of Denmark and Norway, Swen Forkbeard, who had returned from exile. This marriage took place around 996. At least five children were born from this union, including two subsequent Danish kings: Harald II Svensson and Canute II the Great, and daughters: Estrida and Swietoslawa younger. When Swen expelled his wife around 1002, she took refuge with her brother, Boleslaw the Brave, in Poland. Swen became king of England in 1013. After the death of the Danish king Swen, their sons Harald and Canute came to Poland, asking their mother to return to Denmark. The last certain fact of her life is her return to Denmark in 1016. Canute's mother probably accompanied him during his reign in England.
Canute the Great (born 996/997, died 12 November 1035), the king of Denmark and Norway, had two sisters:
Estryda Margaret (born 995, died ca 1057/1073), the wife of earl Ulf Torgilsson,
and Swietoslawa younger, born ca 995/999, died after 1031, the wife of the Slavic prince Wyrtgeorn.
According to this historian the name Swietoslawa older could rather have been by her grandmother, and therefore the mother of Mieszko I.
Gunhilda, the daughter of Mieszko, was not the daughter of Dobrawa. An additional argument is the same name took granddaughter Gunhilda, who could have been named after her deceased grandmother. Sigryda / Storrada is identified by some historians with Gunhild / Gunhilda.

Ca 920/930: discovered Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before him.
Tradition credits Gunnbjorn Ulfsson (also known as Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson) with the first sighting of the land-mass. Nearly a century before Erik, strong winds had driven Gunnbjorn towards a set of islands between Iceland and Greenland, later named Gunnbjorn's skerries in his honor. He and his crew sighted islands (Gunnbjorn's skerries) lying close off the coast of Greenland, and reported this find but did not land.
Since Greenland is physically part of North America, separated from Ellesmere Island by only a narrow strait, this sighting could also have been the first European connection with North America. The exact date of this event is not recorded in the sagas.
Various sources cite dates ranging from 876 to 932.
The first records of purposeful visits to Gunnbjorn's skerries were made by Snabjorn Galti around 978
and soon after by Erik the Red in 982 who also explored the main island of Greenland,
and soon established a settlement in 985 or 986. It was hot here. In winter minus 6, and in Summer up to 20 degrees Celsius in the valleys, much warmer than today. Beetroot and cabbage were grown, cattle and sheep were bred. There were plenty of trees on the coast brought by sea currents. Everywhere grew dwarf trees like large bushes.

In 2019 L'Anse aux Meadows - a 'model A' suggests Norse occupation began AD 910-1030 [around 970 AD], ended AD 1030-1145 [around 1085 AD].

'More than 150 14C dates have been obtained, of which 55 relate to the Norse occupation. However, the calibrated age ranges provided by these samples extend across and beyond the entire Viking Age (AD 793-1066). This is in contrast with the archaeological evidence and interpretations of the sagas'. Vikings from Iceland sailed to Newfoundland after about 930/960 AD. And they stopped using the L'Anse aux Meadows camp around 1060. The camp on the northern tip of Newfoundland has nothing to do with the Icelandic Sagas describing the journeys of one family to Vinland, i.e. to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, including the islands of Cape Breton and Prince Edward. The camp at L'Anse aux Meadows did not have to serve as a base for all the 'Vinland' expeditions. The first Vinland expedition in 1001 followed the route from southeastern Labrador to the south-east, precisely to Miramichi, but this was probably a route known between 990 and 1000. The sagas deal only with one Greenlandic-Icelandic-Norwegian family. Norway's contacts with Vinland lasted until the 1080s, as confirmed by a Norwegian coin from Maine, but probably brought this far by the American Indian trade from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. The dating from L'Anse aux Meadows confirms the Norman monuments from the average years 930-1060. This is a similar situation to Columbus who only sailed again to Haiti / Antilla, known after all exactly after the period 1410/1424. Similarly, the Portuguese sailed to Labrador and Nova Scotia in the years 1495/1499-1520s, only repeating the expeditions from the Azores in the 1470s. The period 1018-1024 at L'Anse aux Meadows is not strongly marked by finds. But we have of course samples dated 1021 AD. The largest number of L'Anse aux Meadows excavations are from the Norman period in the years around 760-780, 840-890, 915, 930-940, 980-995, 982-984, 985-992, 993-996. A clear decline 997-999. An increase in 1001-1009. Again an increase in 1011-1020. The best dated monument - 1021. 'The results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1021'. The decline in the dating of monuments drops sharply after 1070 and disappears altogether after 1150. The period 1010-1030 has only a very weak increase in the number of excavations. 'The remains of eight buildings constructed of sod over a wood frame, with over 800 Norse objects unearthed, including bronze, bone, and stone artifacts, and evidence of iron production'. 'Carbon analysis and artifacts dated the settlement to the period 990-1050 AD. Building remains emerged, typical of the communities in Norse' settlements.

The research in 2018-2019 30 meters outside L'Anse aux Meadows:
it suggests a potentially longer than assumed period of L'Anse aux Meadows use, Up to 195 years. "This does not imply a continuous occupation, which, given the shallow cultural deposits, seems unlikely. Rather, it indicates the possibility of sporadic Norse activity beyond the early 11th century!".
Around 960 AD until 1155 AD.
Assays on short-lived macrofossils (twigs) from Norse contexts dated on 920 AD - 970 AD either AD 895-1030;
or 968-1063 AD, suggesting an occupation centered on AD 1000, provided a shortened result of AD 986-1022. But before 1001 AD!
Birgitta Wallace [and others like Meghan Burchell and Bryn Tapper] PROVED that Leifsbudir = Miramichi; but L'Anse aux Meadows is not mentioned in Icelandic sagas.
"Of the beetles, 'S. metallica' is considered native to Greenland, where it has been found in Norse and Pre-Inuit contexts, while 'A. quadrata', never previously identified from Newfoundland, is common in the circumpolar north. If any of these species truly are introductions to Newfoundland, their arrival by the 13th century may have been via either Norse or indigenous trade or migration routes".
Over 100 ecofacts associated with the archaeological L'Anse aux Meadows heritage (wood and charcoal) were submitted for radiocarbon dating. Botanical analyses identified wood and nuts from the White Walnut (Juglans cinerea), an exotic species in Newfoundland that suggests wider-ranging Norse voyages to the south [Miramichi = Leifsbudir; and New Scotia = Hop / Hup].
"Assays from Norse contexts (56 assays) ranged from 420 AD, charred wood, to 1150 AD, wood. Icelandic saga literature, and references to Vinland in an ecclesiastical treatise from AD 1075, suggested L'Anse aux Meadows should date to ca AD 1000, something the radiocarbon data seemed to challenge".
Above data acc. to Paul M. Ledger, Linus Girdland-Flink, and Veronique Forbes.
In 2018, them trench, measuring 0.65 on 1.50 m, was located 30 m east of 'Ruin D'. The new cultural horizon was encountered between 35 and 45 cm and comprised finely laminated. Apparently trampled surfaces containing charcoal, wood debitage, and charred plant remains.
None of the structures are identifiable as animal shelters, nor is there faunal evidence for animal husbandry - the foundation of Norse subsistence in Greenland and Iceland.
Mainly indigenous occupations dated on 880-960 AD; Norse on 950-1120 AD.
Other examples include Acidota quadrata (Zetterstedt), a Holarctic species previously unrecorded in Newfoundland, and Simplocaria metallica (Sturm), a pill beetle considered adventive (nonnative) in Canada.
In 2019 a 'model A' suggests Norse occupation began AD 910-1030 [around 970 AD], ended AD 1030-1145 [around 1085 AD].
And endured for 0 to 195 years.
Greater uncertainty surrounds indigenous occupations, where a start of AD 710-1130, and end of AD 1540-1815.

Ca 985:
Erik's salesmanship of Greenland proved successful as after spending the winter in Iceland Erik returned to Greenland in the summer of 985 with a large number of colonists. However, out of 25 ships that left for Greenland, 11 were lost at sea; only 14 arrived. The Icelanders established two colonies on the southwest coast: the Eastern Settlement or Eystribyggd, in what is now Qaqortoq, and the Western Settlement, close to present-day Nuuk. Eventually, a Middle Settlement grew, but many suggest it formed part of the Western Settlement. The Eastern and Western Settlements, both established on the southwest coast, proved the only two areas suitable for farming. During the summers, when the weather was more favorable to travel, each settlement would send an army of men to hunt in Disko Bay above the Arctic Circle for food and other valuable commodities such as seals (used for rope), ivory from walrus tusks, and beached whales.
In 985 - colony in south Greenland. This is very warm period. At south Greenland we have cows, horses, grass field, sheep, many timbers at beaches. Wild small aples.
In 986/987 - first Vikings trip to east and south-east Labrador. Great wood country.

Ca 986:
The first voyage, of Bjarni Herjolfsson in about 985 A.D., was accidental and without a landfall. He was trying to sail from Iceland to join his father in Greenland, but was blown past Greenland, ending up in a lengthy detour along the Labrador coast, before reaching his Greenland destination. Bjarni Herjolfsson was an Icelandic man who is told in Granlendinga saga , and it says that he found 'Vinland' (or Markland / Labrador - like G. Cortereal in 1500; G. Cortereal again discovered in 1501, south-west Greenland and south-east Labrador; John Cabot in 1497 re-discovered north Newfounland = Tierra de los Bacallaos = Codfish Land; John Cabot in 1498 re-discovered Tierra de los Bretones / Land of the Bretons / Nova Scotia, and here was FAGUNDES in 1521), that is, he saw it with its thrones. A monument to him will soon be erected on Eyrarbakki, near the town of Drepstokk. Herjolfsson was likely the first European to sight the east coast of North America. While sailing from Iceland to Greenland in 986 CE, Herjolfsson sighted lands that were later determined to be Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland [rather he discovered only three parts of Labrador, but not Vinland]. Bjarni sailed from Eyrum (where Eyrarbakki was later built) and intended to find his father in Greenland. On his way there, he and his high-seats spot a land without mountains and covered with forests. The high seas wanted to fetch water, but Bjarni sailed on and found a land with a glacier, that is, Greenland. It was done. Bjarni says he thinks it won't be Greenland. They ask if he wants to sail to this land or not. "It is my plan to sail close to the land." And so they did, and they soon saw that the land was not mountainous and wooded, and there were small hills on the land, and they put the land on the port side and let the bow face the land. Then they sail two days before they see another land. They ask if Bjarni was still going to Greenland. He said that he did not intend this Greenland but the former "because glaciers are said to be very large in Greenland" They soon approached this land and saw that it was a flat land and wood grew. Then it took off for them. Then the nobles discussed that they thought it would be a good idea to take that land, but Bjarni doesn't want it. They thought they needed both wood and water. "That's why you are unsupplied," says Bjarni, but he was reprimanded by his superiors for that. He asked them to wind the sails and it was done, and they set out from the land and sailed into the sea for three days, and then they saw the third land. But that land was high and mountainous and had a glacier - Grenland.

Compare in Poland: established Bnin, 938/940 in Greater Poland at present.

Quetzalcoatl may be based on a historical person in 10th entury died in 947.
Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula. Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, or '1 Reed, Our Prince Plumed Serpent', was a holy man and patron of the post-classic Toltec city of Tollan which is now thought to be modern day Tula, situated in the state of Hidalgo, North of Mexico City. Prince One-Reed Precious Serpent born ca 895, died in 947, a figure appearing in 16th-century accounts of Nahua historical traditions, where he is identified as a ruler in the 10th century of the Toltecs, by Aztec tradition their predecessors who had political control of the Valley of Mexico and surrounding region several centuries before the Aztecs themselves settled there.
One version of the story is that he was born in the 10th century, during the year and day-sign "1 Acatl," correlated to date May 13 of the year 895, allegedly in what is now the town of Tepoztlan.
Tollan, Tolan, or Tolan is a name used for the capital cities of two empires of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica; first for Teotihuacan, and later for the Toltec capital, Tula, both in Mexico. The name has also been applied to the Postclassic Mexican settlement Cholula.
According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. He headed east, eventually settling in Chichen Itza in 947.
The Mayan white bearded man called Quetzalcoatl, the feathered snake, god of goodness and wisdom. Others, too, spoke of the bearded white man.
The Incas, in Peru, called him Viracocha, while their neighbours the Aymara called him Hyustus / Chrystus. In Bolivia he was known as the "God of the Wind".
His disappearance and reappearance in the sky represented death and rebirth. They also believed him to be the god of learning, writing, books, and the calendar. In addition, he was the protector of craftspeople, such as goldsmiths. Quetzalcoatl sometimes became the god of wind, known as Ehecatl / Ezechiel.
Quetzalcoatl wandered down to the coast of the 'divine water' (the Atlantic Ocean) and then immolated himself on a pyre, emerging as the planet Venus. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon / Gulf of Mexico ie from around Veracruz sailed to Yucatan and Chichen Itza.
The myth of the return of Quetzalcoatl played an important role in the subsequent history of Mesoamerica. When Hernan Cortes and the conquistadors arrived in Mexico in 1517, the Aztec king Moctezuma II was convinced that the Spaniard was Quetzalcoatl, returning as he had promised to do.
Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, was a white, bearded man who came from the east and descended to the Americas before the Spanish arrived. He was described as tall, fair-skinned, and fair-haired, wearing long robes and carrying a message of love. Historians from the 16th century recorded pre-Hispanic beliefs about Quetzalcoatl, including:
Bernardo de Sahagun: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was worshipped in the past.
Diego Duran: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was tall, dignified, and had long hair.
Bartolome de las Casas: Wrote that Quetzalcoatl was white, had a rounded beard, and came from the east.
Oral legends say that Quetzalcoatl gave humans many gifts, including: a calendar marking the days of the fifth sun, astronomy and mathematics. Quetzalcoatl also promised his people that he would return from the east one day, and the Aztecs waited for his coming. The cyclical return of Quetzalcoatl coincided with the arrival of Hernan Cortez in 1519, and some people believed that the Spaniards were the fulfillment of Quetzalcoatl's promise.
LEGENDS said that a bearded white man, with fair hair and blue eyes, brought super-knowledge to the Maya.
According to some sources, Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god, was a white, bearded man who came from the east and descended to the Americas before the Spanish arrived. He was described as tall, fair-skinned, and fair-haired, wearing long robes and carrying a message of love. Historians from the 16th century recorded pre-Hispanic beliefs about Quetzalcoatl.
They called him Quetzalcoatl, the feathered snake, god of goodness and wisdom. Others, too, spoke of the bearded white man. The Incas, in Peru, called him Viracocha, while their neighbours the Aymara called him Hyustus. In Bolivia he was known as the "God of the Wind".
Montezuma proclaimed Cortes was in fact Quetzalcoatl himself, come to fulfill the prophecy. He then graciously handed over the keys to his empire.
Mesoamerican peoples believed that Quetzalcoatl created the world when he fought with his brother Tezcatlipoca. They then split a monster into pieces, creating the earth and sky. To create mankind, Quetzalcoatl snuck into the underworld to trick the Lord and Lady and steal some of the bones they guarded. Quetzalcoatl, the God of the Aztecs. He was the Lord of Intelligence. He was described as a tall fair-skinned, fair-haired man, with a beard. It was told he wore long robes and his message was one of love.
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote that Viracocha was described as "a man of medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured round the waist and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands." In one legend he had one son, Inti, and two daughters, Mama Killa and Pachamama.
The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya, images of the deity began acquiring human features, such as the beard (see the Borgia codex illustration) that he was sometimes depicted with.
Quetzalcoatl - could be known as Red Tezcatlipoca, the 'Flayed One' and associated with the gods Camaxtli and Xipe Totec (god of the Tlaxcaltecans) or as White Tezcatlipoca, the 'Plumed Serpent' or Quetzalcoatl, god of the Cholula.
Quetzalcoatlus, or simply Quetzalcoatl is an Aztec sky and creator god. The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and coatl, which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent".
The Aztecs feared that the end of the world would happen every 52 years, marking the completion of a Calendar Round cycle. To prevent this, they held a New Fire Ceremony, where they extinguished all fires and lit a new one, practicing blood sacrifice to appease the gods.
At Tollan, in what is now Tula, Hidalgo, the Toltec people prospered under Quetzalcoatl's reign; they developed trading partnerships across Mexico and Central America. However, according to legendary accounts, Quetzalcoatl was banished from Tula after committing transgressions while under the influence of a rival.

Gniezno, 940/941 at Winter.
In 954 - Hungarian in Bavaria and Svabia.
Ca 955 - Miesko / Dagome ruled in Gniezno. 965 - married catholic bohemian woman Dubrava. 966 - baptised in Ostrow Lednicki, Gniezno or Poznan.

960-990: most warmer period in Middle Ages: hotter then now in 2024. Warm years: 920-1120.

In 982 and again in 985 - Vikings in Greenland.

Ca 982:
Erik Thorvaldsson (ca 950 - ca 1003), known as Erik the Red, was a Norse explorer, described in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first European settlement in Greenland. Erik most likely earned the epithet "the Red" due to the color of his hair and beard. Kinsmen of Eyjolf sought legal prosecution and Erik was later banished from Haukaladr for killing Eyjolf the Foul around the year 982. The dispute between Erik and Thorgest was later resolved at the Thorsnes Thing, where Erik and the men that sided with him were outlawed from Iceland for three years; many of these men would then join Erik on his expedition to Greenland.

Ca 985:
Erik's salesmanship of Greenland proved successful as after spending the winter in Iceland Erik returned to Greenland in the summer of 985 with a large number of colonists. However, out of 25 ships that left for Greenland, 11 were lost at sea; only 14 arrived. The Icelanders established two colonies on the southwest coast: the Eastern Settlement or Eystribyggd, in what is now Qaqortoq, and the Western Settlement, close to present-day Nuuk. Eventually, a Middle Settlement grew, but many suggest it formed part of the Western Settlement. The Eastern and Western Settlements, both established on the southwest coast, proved the only two areas suitable for farming. During the summers, when the weather was more favorable to travel, each settlement would send an army of men to hunt in Disko Bay above the Arctic Circle for food and other valuable commodities such as seals (used for rope), ivory from walrus tusks, and beached whales.
In 985 - colony in south Greenland. This is very warm period. At south Greenland we have cows, horses, grass field, sheep, many timbers at beaches. Wild small aples.
In 986/987 - first Vikings trip to east and south-east Labrador. Great wood country.

Ca 986:
The first voyage, of Bjarni Herjolfsson in about 985 A.D., was accidental and without a landfall. He was trying to sail from Iceland to join his father in Greenland, but was blown past Greenland, ending up in a lengthy detour along the Labrador coast, before reaching his Greenland destination. Bjarni Herjolfsson was an Icelandic man who is told in Granlendinga saga , and it says that he found 'Vinland' (or Markland / Labrador), that is, he saw it with its thrones. A monument to him will soon be erected on Eyrarbakki, near the town of Drepstokk. Herjolfsson was likely the first European to sight the east coast of North America. While sailing from Iceland to Greenland in 986 CE, Herjolfsson sighted lands that were later determined to be Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland [rather only three parts of Labrador]. Bjarni sailed from Eyrum (where Eyrarbakki was later built) and intended to find his father in Greenland. On his way there, he and his high-seats spot a land without mountains and covered with forests. The high seas wanted to fetch water, but Bjarni sailed on and found a land with a glacier, that is, Greenland. It was done. Bjarni says he thinks it won't be Greenland. They ask if he wants to sail to this land or not. "It is my plan to sail close to the land." And so they did, and they soon saw that the land was not mountainous and wooded, and there were small hills on the land, and they put the land on the port side and let the bow face the land. Then they sail two days before they see another land. They ask if Bjarni was still going to Greenland. He said that he did not intend this Greenland but the former "because glaciers are said to be very large in Greenland" They soon approached this land and saw that it was a flat land and wood grew. Then it took off for them. Then the nobles discussed that they thought it would be a good idea to take that land, but Bjarni doesn't want it. They thought they needed both wood and water. "That's why you are unsupplied," says Bjarni, but he was reprimanded by his superiors for that. He asked them to wind the sails and it was done, and they set out from the land and sailed into the sea for three days, and then they saw the third land. But that land was high and mountainous and had a glacier - Grenland.

Ca 995/1000.
Leif Heppenn is described in the Grelendinga saga as his trail runner, but he does land there. There is an inconsistency between the stories, because according to Eirik's story of the Reds, Leifur finds Vinland on his way from Scotland to Greenland. Leifur heppni Eiriksson (about 980 - about 1020) was an explorer who is said to have been the first European to come to North America. It is believed that Leifur was born around the year 980 in Iceland, the son of Erick the Red Torvaldsson and his wife Tjodhilda. He moved with his parents to Greenland at a young age, together with his brothers, Torvald and Torstein.
In Grenlendinga saga, it is told that Leifur bought Bjarn Herjolfsson's ship, which had previously strayed to North America, but never set foot on land.

1000/1002:
Around the year 1000, Leifur sailed from Greenland and first came to Helluland (probably Baffin island). He then sailed further south and now comes to a wooded country (Marklandi), probably Labrador. Finally, it is believed that he came to Newfoundland / rather St Lawrence bay and Island in this river. Leifur named it Vinland after he found grapes there / only Ile de Orleans close to Quebec or MIRAMICHI or Bathurst north to Miramichi.
In Winter 1000/1001 plague killed 25 % peoples at Greenland after LEIFUR departure.
In 2018 wrote:
'Hop', meaning 'tidal lagoon' ['laguna plywowa'], is a Viking temporary settlement in Guysborough in Nova Scotia [not in Miramichi]. Norse sagas informed on LEIF's place that supported the growth of wild grapes [Bay di Vin Beach], provided copious supplies of salmon [Miramichi River / Leifsbudir], and was home to a group of people who made canoes from animal hides. The remnants of butternut trees ['drzewo orzechowe'], which are native to Miramichi / LEIFSBUDIR in New Brunswick, have been found in excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, alongside pieces of white elm ['wiaz bialy'], beech ['buk'], white ash ['bialy jesion'], and eastern hemlock ['cykuta' = 'pietrasznik plamisty'], which, again, can be found in New Brunswick, said Wallace.
The Viking camps and ports described in the two sagas are all four located southwest of Newfoundland. L'Anse aux Meadow is not described in any of the Icelandic sagas. Nor is there any Norman name. Straumfjord is subsequent the Basque port in southwestern Newfoundland. Hop / Hup the Viking camp is eastern Nova Scotia. The cape with the broken ship's keel is northeastern Cape Breton Island. Leifsbudir is Miramichi on the western shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One-Foot Land is southern Prince Edward Island. The Vikings never sailed any further than the southeastern shore of Nova Scotia. They also never sailed into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. Their voyages in the years 1001-1080 included the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the tip of Nova Scotia, the western shore of Newfoundland, the northeastern shores of Newfoundland and of course the eastern and southeastern shores of Labrador - here they sailed to eastern Labrador until the 1340s, and probably also in the years 1360-1400.
L'Anse aux Meadows was using 20 - 100 years, for 70-90 peoples in 8 buildings with iron making, carpentry, smithing, boat repair. It would have taken 60 men of two months, or 90 men of one month and half to build of the structures of the settlement.
"The remains of eight buildings were located [L'Anse aux Meadows]. They are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were variously identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling measured 28.8 by 15.6 m (94.5 by 51 ft) and consisted of several rooms. Workshops were identified as an iron smithy containing a forge and iron slag, a carpentry workshop, which generated wood debris, and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets.
Besides those related to iron working, carpentry, and boat repair, other artifacts found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a whetstone, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle, and part of a spindle.
The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women were present as well as men.
Food remains included butternuts, which are significant because they do not grow naturally north of New Brunswick, and their presence probably indicates the Norse inhabitants travelled farther south to obtain them [Miramichi]. Archaeologists concluded that the site was inhabited by the Norse for a relatively short period of time."
Recent archaeological studies suggest that the L'Anse aux Meadows site is not Vinland itself but was within a land called Vinland that spread farther west-south from L'Anse aux Meadows, extending to the New Brunswick. The village at L'Anse aux Meadows served as an exploration base and winter camp for expeditions heading southward into the New Brunswick for butternut shells and a butternut burl found at L'Anse aux Meadows.
The settlements of Vinland mentioned in the Eric saga and the Greenlanders saga:
Leifsbudir (Leif Ericson) - close to Miramichi Bay [like Dr. Stuart C. Brown];
and Hop (Norse Greenlanders) - Nova Scotia, southern shore close to Guysborough.

A Viking settlement in Vinland was in New Brunswick. This is because the two Sagas focusing on Vinland narrate 5 settlements or camps south of Labrador, such as the repair station at 'Kjalarnes' (north tip of Cape Breton) and Leif's settlement at 'Leifsbudir' in 'Vinland' [Miramichi].
The camp at 'Vinland' was not at L'Anse aux Meadows. One reason is that the Sagas explain that the Vikings named Vinland after their discovery of grapes there. Wild grapes grow in New Brunswick. Archaeologists found butternuts and a butternut burl cut by a metal tool at the ruins of L'Anse aux Meadows, and the northeast range of butternuts is in New Brunswick.
Brattahlid = Eastern Settlement at modern Qassiarsuk at the south end of Greenland.
Vestribygd of farms east and inland from Nuuk on Greenland's west coast.
Bjarney / Bear Island, Vikings found a bear on this island off the southeast coast of Markland / Labrador Peninsula. This is probably Belle Isle.
Helluland / Flat Stone Land, with glaciers and foxes, with no grass in one area = Baffin Island.
Markland / Forest Land, a flat wooded land 2-3 days south of Baffin Island. It must be the Labrador Peninsula.
The First Land on Bjarni the son of Hierulf's long journey west and south from Iceland, was a wooded land [south-east Labrador] with small hills, then turned his boat so that the land was on its left, portside, then sailed 2 days [to the north] and saw Markland [east-central Labrador].
Irland hit mikla = Hvitramannaland / Ireland the Great / White Man's Land - a land west of Ireland and near Vinland = Ari Marsson found it by sailing 6 days west from Ireland. Ari would have arrived in Newfoundland, which is comparable in size to Ireland and on the opposite side of the Atlantic.
Kjalarnes / Keel Ness / Peninsula, northeastern Cape Breton Island. In the Greenlanders' Saga, the Vikings sail southwest from Markland = south-east Labrador's Peninsula, discover Vinland west of a northward cape, build Leifsbudir [Miramichi], and later sail back eastward [along Prince Edward Island to Cape Breton Island and then to western shore of Newfoundland]. On their trip back eastward, they break a ship's keel on a peninsula south of Markland [northern Cape Breton], and then camp there a long time to repair it. They name the Peninsula 'Kjalarnes' [northern tip of Cape Breton].
Vikings in North America
In Eric the Red's Saga, the Vikings sail southward from Markland [south Labrador] and find a peninsula with a keel, so they name the peninsula 'Kjalarnes' = Cape Breton.
Later, an eastward wind blew Vikings to the WEST [Prince Edward Island] but trying to sail north and west to Miramichi. From the north end of Cape Breton Island. They could see hills for 20 miles. In Eric the Red's Saga, the Vikings try to sail west from Kjalarnes [Cape Breton] to get to Leifsbudir [Miramichi], and the Vikings built Leifsbudir in the Greenlanders' Saga, so Leifsbudir in Eric the Red's Saga is east of Leifsbudir in the Greenlanders' Saga [but both settlements in the Miramichi Bay and Miramichi River].
Furdustrandir = Wonder Shores, these are long sandy shores to the east of Kjalarnes. Maybe around Channel-Port aux Basques at south-west Newfoundland.
Krossanes / Cross Ness / Point is across a fjord [the STRAIT between Cape Breton and Newfoundland] and east of Kjalarnes [northern Cape Breton], so it could be the south-west end on Newfoundland.
In the Greenlanders' Saga, the Vikings sail southwest from Markland = Labrador Peninsula and sight land, and come to an island, ness, river, and lake [Miramichi]. Archaeologists found butternuts at L'Anse aux Meadows, along with a butternut tree burl cut with a metal knife from Miramichi Bay. The river could be the Miramichi River, and the lake could be a bulky area of the Miramichi River around Beaubears Island at the river.
Straumfjord / Straumsfjordr / Current Fjord, is a fjord with very strong currents and an island at its mouth, and it's east and south of Kjalarnes [north-east tip of Cape Breton Island]. The Vikings make a settlement there and Gudrid gives birth to Snorri there. This is the strongest currents in eastern Canada around Cape Breton Island and Straumsfjordr is STRAIT among Newfounland and Cape Breton Island.

Hop = Tidal Pool Estuary, the Vikings reach it by sailing southward along the ocean coast from Staumsfjordr. The Vikings make a settlement there too, but eventually abandon it after a conflict with the Amerindians, who come in skin canoes. Hop (Norse Greenlanders) = Nova Scotia, south-east shore close to Guysborough. The cape where the Vikings let their cattle graze heavily after the Vikings abandon Hop. This cape [Cape Auguet] is between Hop and Straumsfjordr.

The One-Footer's Land - the Vikings sail west from Kjalarnes [from Cape Breton to Prince Edward Island] and arrived at the mouth of a westward flowing river [Charlottetown]. A one-footed Amerindian attacks them with a ball and they chase him north [from north to the south] to his mountainous home region. His home region's mountain range [north-east Nova Scotia] connects to Hop's mountain [eastern Nova Scotia], and Straumsfjordr / Straumfjord is midway between the One-footer's home [Prince Edward Island] and Hop [sail by sea around Cape Breton Island from Prince Edward Island to Nova Scotia = HOP / HUP].
The 'One-Footed' image could be an allusion to the Amerindian ball-tossing weapon.
The One-Footed land is located on Hillsborough Bay, an arm of Northumberland Strait, at the mouths of the Elliot (west), North, and Hillsborough rivers.

Jasper stones used for starting fires that were concluded to have been of Greenlandic origin have been found in the largest hall but the stones were taken from eastern Newfoundland.
Jasper stones was took from around Shoe Cove, the Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, just 7 km from La Scie.

Possible Norse hunting pits have been excavated near Sop's Arm. Watson Budden, a local resident, showed these in 1961 to Helge Ingstad, the archaeologist who investigated L'Anse aux Meadows, the only Viking settlement to be attested in North America, which is approximately 200 kilometres away. His nephew Kent Budden assembled a collection of suspected Norse artefacts in the area and displayed them in a Viking museum. Kevin McAleese, a curator of archaeology and ethnology at the Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador, led an investigation of the pits in 2010 and has said that no other cultures in the area are known to have use deadfalls to hunt, but doubts Budden's artefacts are Norse.

No farming was done at the L'Anse aux Meadows site.
New archaeological evidence in 2013 suggests Vikings, around 1,000 years ago, journeyed from L'Anse aux Meadows, their settlement in Newfoundland, to Notre Dame Bay, further south on the island. Chemical analysis of jasper fire starters found at L'Anse aux Meadows indicated the jasper originated in Notre Dame Bay. This discovery supports the possibility of contact between the Norse and the ancestral Beothuk people, who inhabited the Notre Dame Bay region at that time.
This fire starter would have been struck against steel, creating sparks and starting a fire. Over time it wore down and was discarded. Chemical analysis of two jasper fire starters unearthed at the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, suggests that the raw material to make them came from the Notre Dame Bay area of Newfoundland. 'This area of Notre Dame Bay is archaeologically the area of densest settlement on Newfoundland, at that time, of indigenous people, the ancestors of the Beothuk,' said Kevin Smith of Brown University. Smith thinks it's possible that the Norse and the ancestral Beothuk may have made contact when the Norse traveled from L'Anse aux Meadows. Other trips may have taken them to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they may have obtained butternut seeds of Miramichi.

By Rachel Morgan, MA Medieval Archaeology:
Since Anne and Helge started digging, around 800 artifacts have emerged from L'Anse aux Meadows including
iron nails, a soapstone spindle whorl, and a bronze ringed pin.
The ringed pin was telling. The Vikings adopted ringed pins from Ireland. They used them to fasten clothing.
A spindle whorl, a bone needle, and a glass bead.
Excavations in the 1970s recovered wood fragments consistent with repairing ships as well.
The member of Leif's crew, Tyrkir the German, found grapes in a forest near their settlement [around Miramichi River]. Leif christened the place Vinland-Land of Wine.
Chemical analysis of two jasper fire starters ['podpalki jaspisowe' / gemstone] found at L'Anse aux Meadows showed that the artifacts came from the Notre Dame Bay region [330 km south to aux Meadows, on the east Newfoundland], raising questions about the connections of the Vikings in Newfoundland.
Three pieces of wood offered further insight into the history of L'Anse aux Meadows. The wood was made of fir and juniper ['jodla' and 'jalowiec']. The wood fragments had been cut with an iron blade and tossed into a pile of trash. Archaeologists found them centuries later. Studying the tree rings, scholars determined that the wood had been felled around approximately 1021 CE at the Miramichi shore / Bathurst.
The L'Anse aux Meadows archaeological excavation has determined that the Norse settlement at the site was active between approximately 990-1050 AD [1001-1040s]. This conclusion was reached through carbon dating of wood samples and artifacts found during excavations, including those conducted by Anne Stine Ingstad.

The northern limit of wild grapes in Canada, specifically the Vitis riparia species (riverbank or wild grape), extends into northeastern New Brunswick. The northern limit of wild grape growth in New Brunswick is generally considered to be near Dalhousie. While grapes are found as far north as the mouth of the Restigouche River, and even in some spots near Dalhousie. Wild Grape Vines are found in the warmer parts of New Brunswick, along riverbanks, along hedgerows and forestland. BUTTERNUT particularly in areas like Victoria County and the Saint John River Valley. Butternut trees are also found in the Upper Southwest Miramichi River valley.

Juglans cinerea, commonly known as butternut or white walnut - acc. to Wallace - and great rivers lead inland, among them the Miramichi, along which butternuts and wild grapes, Vitis riparia, grew in pre-contact times, in deciduous forests dominated by oak and maple. In north Newfounland excavators also found birch bark rolls ['kora brzozowa'] and fragments of rope made from twisted spruce roots ['korzenie swierka']. With one exception, the waste [at Newfoundland] consisted of local woods: balsam fir and northern pine, with some larch (tamarack), birch, and alder. The exception was a butternut burl, cut with a sharp knife. A few broken objects lay within the wood waste: a barrel lid, the floor plank for a small boat, an auger bow, a birchbark cup, treenails, and a few objects whose function has not been determined (A. E. Christensen).
The artifacts at the Newfoundland site are more specialized than those typical of family farm sites in Greenland or Iceland; the buildings have relatively large living areas, plenty of space for storage and specific work areas. The extensive living space would have served an unusually large concentration of people. The exposed location of the settlement, on the open sea of the Strait of Belle Isle, suggests that seafaring was the most important function of the settlement. The burl of butternut wood (cut with a sharp metal knife and then discarded) and three butternuts, recovered from the carpentry waste, prove that some of the Norse who overwintered at L'Anse aux Meadows had been farther south. Butternut or white walnut, 'Juglanscinerea', is a North American species of wood but is not indigenous to Newfoundland. Its northern limit lies about latitude 47 north degree, in the inner Miramichi region of north-eastern New Brunswick, along the Saint John River and in the St. Lawrence River valley, west of Baie St. Paul, Quebec (Adams, 2000). Finds of butternuts at L'Anse aux Meadows are significant and confirmed MIRAMICHI.
This debate can now be closed: the presence of butternut wood and nuts at L'Anse aux Meadows proves that the Norse did, in fact, visit areas where grapes grew wild. The sagas also speak of 'vinvid', or 'grape trees', which were felled and shipped back to Greenland as a prime cargo. This has puzzled many scholars, who have even pictured grapes on vines in vineyards and attempted to explain why the Norse would bring vines back to Greenland.

Erik's Saga mentions two Norse settlements in the New World:
STRAUMFJORD in the north;
and HOP located in the south.
Straumfjord was described as a year-round base camp;
while HOP was considered a summer camp where lumber [= timber / 'budulec'] and grapes were collected.
Straumfjord is almost certainly L'anse Aux Meadows due to the archaeology matching the descriptions in the Sagas. The settlement was used ca 1000 until ca 1040.
During the summers in Straumfjord [here ca 1001/1002 until 1040s], the Norse would explore the region by ship and boat. That ventured to the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence characterized by warmer waters and lots of hardwood forests with plenty of animals.
We are believe HOP was most likely located on the New Brunswick shore of the gulf Miramichi [here ca 1001/1002 until 1021].
At Greenland was only 2000 vikings in the 11th century and around 4500 in the 12th century. But hardwood was taken by Greenlanders to Greenland since around 1000/1002 until 1340s [Markland in Lake Melville - Sandwich Bay with long beach among named gulfs]. Southern Greenland was visited by Danish geographer in 1420s. In 1470s Greenland and Labrador were re-discovered by Azores sailors.
Hop was in the Miramichi-Chaleur Bay region.
New Brunswick is the northern limit of grapes, which are not native either to Prince Edward Island or Nova Scotia. Archaeological evidence also suggests there would have been a strong stock of wild salmon in the region at the time. Butternut trees, which are native to New Brunswick, have been found in excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, alongside pieces of white elm, beech, white ash, and eastern hemlock, which, again, can be found in New Brunswick. That area known as Vinland or Hop in the sagas, a settlement of Norse in Canada is likely in Miramichi, NB as it matches the saga description almost perfectly. From the saga description of Hop we know the following:
- wild wheat in low lying areas,
- wild grapes on the hills,
- salmon, BUTTERNUT;
- wooden palisade built around farm,
- on a hill,
- inland lake fed by a river with sandbar to ocean,
- across from large island (PEI),
- built houses above the lake on a hill, other huts near the shore,
- MAPLE tree;
- noticed natives in boats coming from south, so settlers are on north side,
- battled natives up river where they faced a cliff wall.

The evidence for Viking Age pole lathes is in their products: turned bowls and vessels, and the "turning cores" left when producing these items. A number of turned wood finds have been found in Anglo-Scandinavian contexts in the York excavations, ranging from wide-mouthed bowls to closed cups, most in various unidentified soft woods, others in field maple (Acer campestre) or oak (Arthur MacGregor, Anglo-Scandinavian Finds from Lloyd's Bank, Pavement, and Other Sites, pp. 145-147, 155).

Looking at just a few furniture finds from Dublin, this range of wood types can be plainly seen (James T. Lang, Viking Age Decorated Wood): Maple - 8945, a squared maple baulk that was originally part of the back or side of a chair, bench or rack. Looking at wooden remains from York (Carole A. Morris, Wood and Woodworking in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York): Maple - spouts and spigots for casks or buckets (p. 2258-2260); spoons (p. 2268).
The Viking Age wood-carvers possessed this knowledge as appears, for instance, from the fact that maple was used for the animal head posts with the finest details. Maple is the hardest of all the native Norwegian woods, and these minute, exquisite details could not have been cut in any softer material.
Another surviving chair consists of the back only, found in Lund, Sweden, and dated between 1000-1050 A.D. The cross-pieces are beech, while the remainder is maple wood. Inf. in 2018 - Furthermore, the landscape in the Miramichi-Chaleur bay area has changed, and any Viking site (or sites) could be paved over.
With the Miramichi River, you have salmon.

In 2019 - Viking expert certain Norse seafarers visited Miramichi, Chaleur Bay. The presence of foreign logs cut by European tools near a Viking. Butternut tree suggests Vikings 'went well beyond L'Anse aux Meadows,' amateur historian says Jordan Gill, CBC News in 2019.
The butternut tree is found along the lower St. John River Valley and was once quite bountiful before over-harvesting. This tree is found in New Brunswick, but not in Newfoundland. The presence of foreign logs cut by European tools near a Viking settlement makes Tim McLaughlin, secretary of the New Brunswick Historical Society, believe that Vikings harvested the logs in New Brunswick. Vinland is described as a paradise, with high tides and grapes and warmer than Greenland, which the Vikings also explored. "They found wild grapes, they found big trees, they experienced extremely high tides, they encountered a lot of wildlife a lot of salmon and different fish, whales and so forth," said McLaughlin.

Grapes, wild salmon, canoes, butternut - only Miramichi-Chaleur bay area, said in 2006, dr Brigitta Wallace in Live Science. Butternut tree that is native to New Brunswick ash Beach Eastern hemlock. White ELM of viking's HOP in Miramichi - acc. to a movie of 2018.

There were also rivers full of fish and the grass was green all year round. In Vinland, Leifur and his followers built several houses and settled in during the winter - Bathurst or Ile de Orleans [ca 1001/1002]. On the way home to Greenland, Leifur saved 15 shipwrecked people from a cutter and got the nickname 'the lucky one'.

The Saga reveals Erik the Red's discovery of Greenland. He stayed there for three winters [892/895], returned to Iceland for a winter, and then returned [896] to settle permanently in Greenland. The saga does not give a specific time of when this took place, but it does suggest that it was fourteen years before Snorri declared Christianity the official religion of Snefellsnes.

Radiocarbon (14C) analysis has been attempted at the site, but has not proved especially informative. More than 150, 14C dates have been obtained, of which 55 relate to the Norse occupation. However, the calibrated age ranges provided by these samples extend across and beyond the entire Viking Age (ad 793-1066 on NEWFOUNLAND). This is in contrast with the archaeological evidence and interpretations of the sagas. The latter offer differing scenarios for the frequency and duration of Norse activity in the Americas, but both the archaeological and written records are consistent with a very brief occupation. The unfavourable spread in the 14C dates is down to the limitations of this chronometric technique in the 1960s and 1970s when most of these dates were obtained. In 1000/1001 either 1001/1002 or 1002/1003: Viking settlement 'Hop' is in New Brunswick [Bathurst or MIRAMICHI], claims archaeologist, acc. to Daily Mail Online.

Vinland - 1002:
maybe Miramichi or in St Lawrence River to ILE DE ORLEANS with grapes and butternuts [in 2025 we know thet Vikings sailed to Miramichi not to St Lawrence River]. Vikings took back wild graes and timber. A small colony was established somewhere in Vinland.
Then Staumsfjord described in Eirik the Red's Saga may be the Saguenay [river]. Leifsbudir (Old Norse: Leifsbudir / Bathurst) was a settlement, mentioned in the Greenland Saga, founded by Leif Eriksson in 1000 or 1001 in Vinland but NOT in NEWFOUNLAND. Ca 1000/1002: Erik's son Leif Erikson became the first Norseman to explore the land of Vinland-part of North America, presumably near modern-day Newfoundland and invited his father on the voyage. However, according to the sagas, Erik fell off his horse on the way to the ship and took this as a bad sign, leaving his son to continue without him. Erik later died in an epidemic that killed many of the colonists in the winter 1001/1002, after his son's departure. Leif Erikson, also known as Leif the Lucky (ca 970s - ca 1018/1025), was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. It was 15 years after Bjarni, and Leif purchased Bjarni's ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men, and mounted an expedition towards the land Bjarni had described. His father Erik was set to join him. Leif followed Bjarni's route in reverse and landed first in a rocky and desolate place he named Helluland (Flat-Rock Land; possibly northern parts of Labrador). After venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named Markland (Forest Land; possibly near Cape Porcupine, Labrador). After two more days at sea, he landed on an island to the north (Belle Isle), and then returned to the mainland of Labrador, going past a cape on the north side (Anticosti Island). They sailed to the west [St Lawrence River] of this and landed in a verdant area with a mild climate and plentiful supplies of salmon [Saquenay River]. As winter approached [1001/1002], he decided to encamp there and sent out parties to explore the country [New Brunswick not at Ile de Orleans in St Lawrence river - grapes and vines]. During one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land Vinland (Miramichi / Vinland not in Bathurst / 'Wineland' or at south bank of St Lawrence river). There, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif's Booths / Bathurst) by later visitors from Greenland [this is not Newfounland]. Next explorers built L'Anse aux Meadows (carbon dating estimates 990-1050 CE [ca 1015-1025] and tree-ring analysis dating to the year 1021 couldn't be Leifsbudir. 1001: best-documented evidence for European contact with America before Columbus is the Vikings. Icelandic sagas record that Lief Eriksson took a ship west from Greenland in the year 1001 and set up a settlement in an area they called Vinland - not in Newfounland. 1002 - above voyage was the famous journey of Leif Eriksson about 1002 A.D. He found grapes, named his landfall 'Vinland' (Norse: 'Wineland'), built temporary housing ('Leif's Booths' / Bathurst), and later more substantial 'Leif's House(s)' for overwintering. Loading his ship next spring 1002, with valuable hardwood lumber, 'grape-wood' (Norse: 'vinber') and raisins, he returned to Greenland, rescuing a shipwrecked crew enroute, subsequently rich and renowned. Leif "the Lucky" discovered Viking Vinland / Bathurst: a chronological sequence of the voyages, beginning with Leif Eriksson's historic voyage in about 1002 A.D. He 'discovered' the New World, established a basecamp at 'Leif's Booths' (Houses), and named it 'Vinland' (Norse: 'Wineland'), after his foster-father, Tyrkir, found grapes. Artifact dating for the site is still lacking, so this segment will likely be the subject of a later, out-of-sequence paper. Only four of the six recorded Vinland voyages resulted in landfalls.

The Vinland waters are full of shoals, and it is hard to avoid them in Miramichi Bay.
Thanks to saga research and recent archaeological work in Iceland and Greenland coupled with anthropological studies, we have a much deeper understanding of what Vinland was all about.
Leif's men found excellent building timber, which they cut as the main cargo to bring back to Greenland. On one of the reconnaissance trips, grapes were discovered growing in the woods [Miramichi River]. So significant was this discovery that Leif named this third land Vinland, Land of Wine (probably the coasts of the Miramichi Bay).
Rosie McCall, Freelance Writer in 2018 wrote:
according to the sagas, it was Freydis' half-brother, Leif Eriksson, who led the first Norse voyage to the New World. Promptly following that trip, in the decade beginning around A.D. 1000/1002, four additional expeditions set sail from Greenland.
Thorvald Eriksson, Leif's brother, led the first. From Leif's base in Vinland (probably Miramichi), he explored the coasts in several directions. In one of his encounters with skraelings, Thorvald was killed [Cape Breton Island]. In the Greenlanders' Saga Leif's brother, Thorvald, sailing to the west [from Miramichi to St Lawrence River], came upon a wooden drying frame, which looked like a hayrick.
A hayrick is a large, sometimes thatched, outdoor pile of hay.
Northeastern New Brunswick could be the site of Hop / Hup, the southern camp at Miramichi Bay. Acc. to me in Nova Scotia, Guysborough. The name itself refers to shallow tidal lagoons behind sandbars. Such sandbars and lagoons exist along the entire coast of New Brunswick / Miramichi = Leifsbudir. Butternuts (found among Norse debris at L'Anse aux Meadows) grow along the Miramichi River, the richest area along the coast, as do wild grapes.
When the archaeological and saga evidence are combined, Vinland emerges as the coastal land surrounding the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The southern gulf offers large hardwood forests, warm waters, and summer temperatures equal to those of southern Europe.
Theorists of a more southerly Vinland fail to realize that the southern gulf area offered a lush environment full of resources for the Greenland colonists, and was much closer to home. Finally, it was at Hup / Hop [= Guysborough in Nova Scotia] that the Norse encountered the largest groups of aboriginals, and the Miramichi area [= Leifsbudir] has been home to some of the largest groups of aboriginal people in Atlantic Canada. Mi'kmaq at Metepenagiag (Red Bank) have lived in the area for at least 3,000 years. The aboriginal people the Norse met at Hop / Hup [Guysborough in Nova Scotia] travelled in skin canoes. Such canoes were rarely found south of central Maine and not at all south of northern Massachusetts.
The next year, THORVALD exploring to the north [from Miramichi to St Lawrence River] and east [from Miramichi to Cape Breton Island], he and his men found three skin boats with three men sleeping under each. Without provocation, they killed all but one. Returning to their ship, warriors in a large number of skin boats attacked them, and Thorvald was killed.
The aboriginals were especially numerous in the area of wild grapes. The first encounter with them resulted in trade. The Norse offered milk (or red cloth) in return for grey squirrel skins, marten, and other fine furs. For the Norse, everything in the new land was unexpected.
Brigitta Wallace, one of the leading scholars on the Vikings in North America, examines why their settlements failed. Wallace is convinced the lost settlement is 'in the Miramichi-Chaleur bay area'.

The following year, Thorsten, another brother, set out to recover Thorvald's body for burial in a Greenland cemetery, but ended up tossed on the open seas and prevented from reaching Cape Breton land.

The third expedition was led by well-to-do Icelandic merchant Thorfinn Karlsefni and his wife, Gudrid. Comprising several ships, he and his party stayed for three years. It is believed that Gudrid and Thorfinn Karlsefni's son Snorri was the first European child born in North America.
Karlsefni's party met and traded for furs with aboriginals. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Norse likely met the ancestors of the Mi'kmaq in the areas where they found grapes in the Miramichi Bay.

At NEWFOUNLAND:
Lawrence, the now-deserted Turpin's Island was once occupied by fishermen from the Basque Country, France, England and Newfoundland families. Extending from the east side of Little St. Lawrence harbour, the small peninsula remains shaped by its history, with traces of ancient buildings still defining the landscape.

Little St. Lawrence, also known as Joe Harbour, is a small coastal community rich in history.

In 1006:
Paper I describes a dramatic voyage of Leif Eriksson's brother, Thorvald, during the second of four successful 'Vinland' voyages. Thorvald borrowed Leif's ship for further exploration, was caught in a storm, "shattering" the keel, and disabling the ship. In Greenlanders' Saga: "They had to stay there for a long time while they repaired the ship. Thorvald said to his companions, 'I want to erect the old keel here on the headland and call the place Kjalarnes (Keelness)". Locating 'Keelness', a Viking Shipwreck Site in North America. Acc. to Royce Haynes, Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, 19958, USA, describe re-evaluation of Viking voyages from Greenland to North America, from about 985 to 1026 A.D. American landfalls were located using clues from Norse sagas, logic, creative imagination, and advanced imaging technology.
Where was Keelness? Re-imagining the voyage, the search led from 'Leif's Booths' [south bank of the St Lawrence river], Leif's original 'Vinland' to the site in New Brunswick, Canada, and to the north coast of Newfoundland. Using logic, a single satellite image, and follow-up drone scans, the Keelness site was found, very near L'Anse aux Meadows, the first authenticated Viking site in North America [Keelness is situated at northern tip of Cape Breto Island]. Advanced data-processing of drone data was used to confirm the site, while unexpectedly revealing several distinctive ship-repair features; with visible and thermal imaging supporting this site as 'Keelness' [Cape Norman on northern Newfounland]; perhaps the first Viking site unequivocally named in the Vinland sagas.

The third journey was by Leif's brother, Thorvald Eriksson, probably 1006 until 1009 A.D. He had borrowed Leif's Houses and Leif's ship, but in his third year [in 1008] suffered a major shipwreck at 'Keelness' (Keel Point / Cape Norman - it is northern tip of Cape Breton Island). This, and subsequent repair of the ship.
Shortly after completing an incredible ship repair, Thorvald was killed by 'Skraelings' [1008], ancestors of Canada's First Nations people.
He was most likely the first European killed and buried in the New World [Cape Breton Island], a dubious distinction. Leif's brother, Thorvald Eriksson, had borrowed Leif's ship and Leif's house(s), for his own voyage of exploration. In his third year he suffered a catastrophic shipwreck, completed an heroic ship repair, but was killed a short time later by the local residents, effectively ending the voyage [in 1009].

The voyage's trajectory, from 'Leif's Booths (Houses)' as the hypothetical departure point [Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick or Miramichi, south-east to Bathurst], to a shipwreck site on the north coast of Newfoundland, Canada [at Cape Breton Island], and subsequent discovery of 'Keelness'.

And Greenland was settled by Vikings in 982/985 until 1458, acc. to 2025' source.
"But evidence discovered by archaeologists throws that widely accepted tale on its head after several analyses of organic material, suggesting that the Vikings were sailing to North America centuries before Columbus. By analysing wood samples from five Norse settlements in western Greenland, occupied between 1000 and 1400 AD, researchers from the University of Iceland revealed that the Vikings had been importing timber from across the Atlantic, long before it was thought possible. Through microscopic analysis of the wood's cellular structure, the team identified several foreign tree species, including Hemlock and Jack Pine-trees that did not grow in Northern Europe during the second millennium".
Hemlock is native to regions like Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, while Jack Pine grows naturally in areas around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia [Cape Breton Island has two Mackenzie Rivers. At southern close to BUTTER Island; and northern river close to CABOT TRAIL - this is north tip of Cape Breton Island; here probably Bretons in 15th century and Basques in 14th century and in beginning of the 16th century Portugueses], and New England.
Jack pine Trailhead is situated close to northern tip of Cape Breton.
Characteristic Acadian forest tree species growing in Cape Breton include sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, balsam fir and eastern hemlock.
Red spruce, red oak, white ash, white pine and ironwood are common trees in other Acadian forests but are not common in northern Cape Breton.
Old-growth forests within Kejimkujik National Park are a part of the Acadian Forest zone which include primarily hemlocks, yellow birch, sugar maple and beech trees with ages recorded up to 350 years old.
This indicates that the wood must have been transported directly from North America, providing physical proof that the Vikings had made contact with the continent and were actively engaged in transatlantic trade. This evidence supports long-held Norse legends and sagas about voyages to a mysterious land called 'Vinland,' believed to be located along the Gulf of St Lawrence.
The Jack Pine Trail in Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia features a stand of jack pines, a tree species not typically found in this area. While there's no direct connection between the Jack Pine Trail and Vikings in Cape Breton, the trail itself and its unique flora are interesting features of the park. The Vikings were, however, the first Europeans to potentially explore North America, with evidence suggesting their arrival in Newfoundland in the early 11th century CE.
Jack pine grows naturally around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia, and New England, while hemlock can be found near Quebec, New Brunswick.
AD 1000/1001: Viking ships land in Mi'kmaq / MIRAMICHI homelands.
Viking ships visit the homelands of the Mi'kmaq people in areas now known as Maine, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The Norsemen trade a little with the Inuit and perhaps with the Mi'kmaq; the Inuit probably obtain yarn / fiber from the Vikings in Baffin Island.
The findings in 2021, published in the journal 'Antiquity', state in April 2023:
'These discoveries highlight that Norse Greenlanders possessed the skills, knowledge, and seaworthy vessels necessary to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America, continuing this practice throughout the entirety of Norse settlement in Greenland.'
"It suggests that transatlantic voyages were not isolated incidents but part of a sustained effort to gather resources over several centuries. Historical records have shown that the Norse settlers in Greenland, who lived there from 985 to around 1450 AD, heavily depended on imported materials like wood and iron. ... To understand the scale of this reliance on imported wood, archaeologists collected and analysed samples from wood assemblages at four elite Viking farms and a bishop's manor, sites known to have been active during the peak of Norse settlement. By studying the wood under microscopes, they identified both the species and likely origins of the timber. Their findings showed that 0.27% of the samples came from non-native species sourced either from Northern Europe or North America. European imports included oak, beech, and Scots pine, which may have arrived as old ship timbers or as parts of imported goods. Surprisingly, the analysis also revealed that up to a quarter of the wood samples were either imported or consisted of driftwood. This driftwood, alongside local resources, was primarily used for fuel and domestic tasks but wasn't sufficient for larger projects, reinforcing the Vikings' need to import higher-quality timber. ...".
In February 2024:
'To study timber orgins and distribution on Greenland, Lisabet Gudmundsdottir from the University of Iceland examined the wood assemblages from five Norse sites in western Greenland, of which four were medium-sized farms and one a high-status episcopal manor. All sites were occupied between AD 1000 and 1400 and dated by radiocarbon dating and associated artefact types. Her research is published in the journal Antiquity'.
Because hemlock and Jack pine were not present in Northern Europe during the early second millennium AD, the pieces identified from the medieval contexts in Greenland must have come from North America. The presence of North American timber shows that Norse Greenlanders had the means, knowledge and appropriate vessels to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America at least up until the 14th century.
In addition to the possibility of import, driftwood was one of the most important raw materials in Norse Greenland, making up over 50% of the combined assemblage.
Wood also came from Europe, likely including the oak, beech and Scots pine from this assemblage. Some may have come as ready-made artefacts, such as barrel staves, while reused ship timber could have been brought to use in buildings on Greenland.

Central area of 'Vinland', with hypothetical route of Thorvald Eriksson's voyage:
'Leif's Booths' [Miramichi or Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick], 'Keelness', L'Anse aux Meadows, and other key locations are indicated. Studying the New Brunswick coastline, we sought distinctive geographical, geological, and environmental features mentioned in the sagas. We narrowed down the 'Leif's Booths' location to Nepisiguit (Mi'kmaq: 'Rough Waters'), present-day Bathurst, New Brunswick. A satellite image resembling the 'footprint' of a Viking house foundation, was detected only a few hundred feet from our hypothetical target location. Whether coincidental or prophetic still remains to be seen. It was however, reminiscent of Helge Ingstad's first encounter with L'Anse aux Meadows [here around 1020/1025]; being shown ground patterns of 'Viking houses' in a pasture, by 'headman' George Decker. Similar patterns of known Viking provenance in Norse Greenland, support our working hypothesis, but will require excavation and/or radiocarbon dating to resolve. Returning to the saga, with Nepisiguit [the City of Bathurst overlooks Nepisiguit Bay, part of Chaleur Bay and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River] as a hypothetical starting point we followed the trajectory described. Leaving the Bay of Chaleur, Thorvald sailed east, across the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Newfoundland, and north along the coast, Newfoundland's west coast. This brought us to Cape Norman at the northwest tip of the Great Northern Peninsula. Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick. The City of Bathurst overlooks Nepisiguit Bay, part of Chaleur Bay and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River. It is generally accepted by Norse scholars that Vikings explored the coasts of Atlantic Canada, including New Brunswick, during their stay in Vinland where their base was possibly at BATHURST or at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland [around the year 1008]. Wild walnut (butternut) shells found at l'Anse aux Meadows suggest that the Vikings did indeed explore [Miramichi or Ile d'Orleans] further along the Atlantic Coast. Butternut trees do not now grow in Newfoundland, but recent studies suggest that due to environmental changes butternuts may have grown in Newfoundland around the year 1006/1009. There was some evidence hinting towards them visiting in the form of butternut wood at a Newfoundland settlement, when those trees were only found in southern New Brunswick [Miramichi, southern to Bathurst] and down or something along those lines. But no settlements or tools found of yet. So if they were here, it was probably just a resource expedition. This is because the two Sagas focusing on Vinland narrate 5 settlements or camps south of Labrador, such as the repair station at Kjalarnes (maybe L'Anse Aux Meadows or nearby Cape Norman) and Leif's settlement at Leifsbudir in Vinland [Bathurst or Ile d'Orleans].

It's reasonable for the show to theorize that the camp at Vinland was in a place like New Brunswick and not at L'Anse aux Meadows.

One reason is that the Sagas explain that the Vikings named Vinland after their discovery of grapes there, whereas in real life, wild grapes grow in New Brunswick naturally, whereas L'Anse aux Meadows is much too cold for wild grapes to grow naturally.

It can be easily shown that Leifsbudir in Vinland was not at L'Anse aux Meadows, but it's harder to prove that Leifsbudir was specifically New Brunswick.

However, N.B. is my own best guess because archaeologists found butternuts and a butternut burl cut by a metal tool at the ruins of L'anse aux Meadows, and the northeast range of butternuts is in the Quebec City region [Ile d'Orleans], New Brunswick [Miramichi], and New England.

1009 or 1010:
In 1009 or in 1010, legends report that Norse explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni abducted two children from Markland, an area on the North American mainland where Norse explorers visited but did not settle. The two children were then taken to Greenland, where they were baptized and taught to speak Norse. Later, 160 Greenlanders, including 16 women, established themselves there under the leadership of Norseman Thorfinn Karlsefni [Bathurst or Miramichi], the first European to come into contact with the local Skraelings, or American Indians. Thorfinn's son, Snorri Thorfinnsson, is believed to have been the first child of European descent to be born in North America outside of Greenland.
However the settlement in Bathurst / Miramichi was a temporary one; the settlers were forced to abandon Leifsbudir due to a lack of trade with natives and return to Greenland.

On the Kingdom of Saguenay, by Jessica Auer:
Quebecois readers will know about Jacques Cartier, who traveled from France to explore the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534. But was he really the first European to describe and map the St. Lawrence and a great part of Quebec? As I mentioned in an earlier post, the Norse Sagas, which describe a place called Vinland, could be the earliest written descriptions of North America. Historians and archeologists have been preoccupied with the location of Vinland for hundreds of years and its whereabouts still remain a mystery. Due to a Norse cloak pin that was unearthed at the L'Anse aux Meadows archeological site [1009 - ca 1080 ?], we know that Viking explorers attempted a settlement in Newfoundland [1009], but how much farther did they explore? Some believe that Vinland could be as far south as Miramichi [1001/1002], Bathurst or Ile d'Orleans. When Jacques Cartier discovered the Sauguenay Fjord, which flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, he was presumably told by Iroquoian natives of a kingdom to the north [Greenland or Iceland], established and ruled by blond men. Unable to find the legendary place, the Kingdom of Saguenay was dismissed as a local myth, yet the river and greater area still bear the name.

Ca 1012/1015:
The follow-up fourth voyage was even more disastrous. Thorvald's brother, Thorstein, set out to repatriate Thorvald's body a few years later, but a summer of terrible North Atlantic weather foiled his attempt, with he and many of his crew dying in an epidemic shortly after returning to Greenland.

1017-1022:
The fifth voyage, about 1017 to 1022 A.D., was that of Icelandic merchant Thorfinn Karlsefni, and his wife Gudrid Thorbjornardottir (Thorstein's widow, whom Karlsefni had subsequently married). Karlsefni was accompanied by another ship of Icelanders, and a ship of Greenlanders; totaling around 160 people. They brought a variety of livestock, because their intention was to settle in Vinland if they could. Conflicts with the Skraelings, and near mutiny of his crew, forced a retreat; returning to Greenland, then on to Norway, before settling down in Iceland, very rich. Evidence for his transient stay at both 'Keelness' [Newfounland / Cape Breton Island] and L'Anse aux Meadows [Newfounland] will be covered in 1021 by butternuts from New Brunswick [Miramichi or Ile d'Orleans].

Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white walnut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family.

Bjorn Asbrandsson was an Icelandic Viking. He appears in the Sagas of Icelanders, in particular the Eyrbyggja saga. According to Irish tradition, Asbrandsson was a farmer, warrior, exile Jomsviking [Jomsborg in WOLIN island in Poland now] and settler in North America.

Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, an island where butternut does not grow and to which it therefore is presumed to have been transported from more southerly locations - Ile d'Orleans. Our guides to the location of those resources are three butternuts or white walnuts, a North American species, as well as a burl of butternut wood. Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows. The butternut log specimens found there were cut with European tools.

1021:
In 2021 archaeologists confirmed the vikings were in Canada in 1021, 7 years after the Battle of Clontarf and centuries before Colombus made his famous arrival. Its exact location is not known, but it was probably the area surrounding the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in what is now eastern Canada. The most detailed information about Viking visits to Vinland is contained in two Norse sagas, Graelendinga saga (Saga of the Greenlanders) and Eiriks saga rauda (Erik the Red's Saga).

Our result of 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1021. Further evidence reinforces this conclusion. First, the modifications are extremely unlikely to have taken place before this year. Second, the probability that the items would have been modified at a later stage is also negligible. This is largely because of the fact that they all had their waney edges preserved. This layer would almost certainly have been stripped off during water transport, so the possibility of driftwood is effectively discounted. The explorers - up to 100 people, both women and men - felled trees to build the village and to repair their ships, and the new study fixes a date they were there by showing they cut down at least three trees in the year 1021, at least 470 years before Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas in 1492. This is the first time the date has been scientifically established, said archaeologist Margot Kuitems, a researcher at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and the study's lead author. Previously the date was based only on sagas - oral histories that were only written down in the 13th century, at least 200 years after the events they described took place, she said.

The Norse expeditions to North America (985 - 1010/1022 AD) - led by Bjarni Herjolfsson, Leif and Thorvald Eiriksson, Thorfinn Karlsefni and Freydis Eiriksdottir - explored and mapped what would later become known as French Canada, including the shorelines of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and up, way up the St. Lawrence River to Ile d'Orleans. Then finally, with the second headland in the red cloth Saga still to be found, Ile d'Orleans, Quebec (Straumfjord). There, off the northeastern tip of the island, Cap Tourmente, Quebec. Here's how Thorfinn Karlsefni's 'Red Cloth Saga' (ca 1010 AD and 1017-1022), weaves together both the Norse history of explorations in North America, and sailing directions from Hop, out Newfoundland's St. George's Bay, south across the Gulf of St Lawrence [Ile d'Orleans], and up the St. Lawrence River estuary to Straumfjord - Ile d'Orleans.

The first documented source of Scots in what would become Canada comes from the Saga of Eric the Red and the Viking expedition of 1001 AD to Vinland (literally, the land of meadows), which is believed to refer to Bathurst. The Viking prince Thorfinn Karlsefni took two Scottish slaves to Vinland in 1017-1022. There is no evidence the Norse reached Nova Scotia although it is possible. Newfoundland was a long way from the Greenland settlements.

Ca 1025-1026:
The sixth and final recorded journey was that of Freydis Eriksdottir, sister of Leif, Thorvald and Thorstein, accompanied by another ship and crew of Norwegian traders. During the second year, Freydis had the Norwegian crew killed, stole their ship, loaded it with lumber, grape-wood and raisins, and returned to Greenland as if nothing had happened. Her treachery was found out, and her family stigmatized. This narrows down the areas to either be in New Brusnwick or along the St. Lawrence River, areas where the Norse acquired the butternuts and grapes they took back. The existence of authentic Norse artifacts can not be denied, it is just figuring out how they got there that remains a mystery. trading with the indigenous tribes of the time is the accepted theory, but it seems odd these Norse items would make their way inland while none of these same items were ever found. It is not common practice for the Vikings to trade their weapon items with the native population. Norse visitors may have come into Ontario further than we had thought possible. It is hard to request an investigation into these areas unknown without concrete evidence but if we look back on the speculation of the Ingstads in 1960 they proved to the world that legend can indeed be fact.

1053:
Knowledge of the discovery of Greenland and land beyond it began to gradually seep into Europe in the eleventh century as indicated by papal records. The first documented reference to Greenland can be found in a letter written by Pope Leo IX in 1053.

1075:
The oldest commonly acknowledged surviving written record of Vinland appears in Descriptio insularum Aquilonis by Adam of Bremen written in about 1075. Adam was told about 'islands' [Newfounlad] discovered by Norse sailors in the Atlantic by the Danish king Svend Estridsen. Sweyn Estridsson Ulfsson[a] / Sveinn Astrodarson, b. ca 1019 - d. on 28 April 1076, was King of Denmark (being Sweyn II) from 1047 until his death in 1076. He was the son of Ulf Thorgilsson and Estrid Svendsdatter. Adam of Bremen records how Vinland got its namesake.

Ca 1075:
The Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both thought to have been written around 1200, contain different accounts of the voyages to Vinland (usually interpreted as coastal North America, Bathurst, Miramichi). The only two known strictly historical mentions of Vinland are found in the work of Adam of Bremen ca 1075 and in the Book of Icelanders, compiled ca 1122 by Ari the Wise.

1065/1080:
1950s - another Norse discovery was made in Aillik, Labrador when a Viking sword was found in a remote outpost on the coast of Labrador in 1953. A newspaper article of the time reports the find but I have been unable to determine what happened to the sword and whether or not it was authenticated. Perhaps it still lies in storage somewhere. Newspaper article describing a Viking sword found in Aillik, Labrador. A few years later in 1957 Guy Mellgren, a local resident and amateur archaeologist, found a coin on August 18, 1957 in Brooklin, Maine. At first, like the previous finds, it was not thought to be Norse. It was thought to be a British penny from the 12th century. In 1978, experts from London considered that it might be of Norse origin. Today the identity of the Maine Penny was been authenticated by Kolbjorn Skaare of the University of Oslo who determined the coin had been minted between 1065 and 1080 AD. The penny was discovered with a hole in it that indicates it was probably used as a pendant of some sort, most likely by the indigenous people of Maine at the time it was being circulated by the Norse. The Norse penny currently resides in the Maine State Museum.

1112-1121:

Icelander Eirik Gnuppson, also known as Eirik Upsi, is recorded as Greenland's first bishop. In 1112, he was seated at Sandnes church where he remained until 1121 when he left in search of Vinland and was never heard from again. The second bishop sent to Greenland, Arnald, arrived in 1124. Aral of Norway was appointed for the position of bishop and in 1126 he arrived in Greenland. The Cathedral of St Nicholas was established.
He was given a small farm at Gardar near Brattahlid where the Greenlanders built a cathedral that could hold hundreds of people and dedicated it to St. Nicholas, the patron saint of seafarers. The cathedral was accompanied by a tithe barn which could fit one hundred cows. These developments indicate that Greenland's population was growing.

1133:
A papal letter of 1133 contains the confirmation of the Hamburg archbishop's authority by Innocent II - an authority that now included not only Greenland but the Faroes.

1159:
Additional proof of papal knowledge of new lands is found in a separate letter written after 1159 by Pope Alexander III in which he speaks of a territorial island of Norway [Greanland].

1195:
By examining ancient walrus ivory DNA, an international team of researchers led by Lund University in Sweden found that Norse Vikings and Arctic Indigenous peoples were probably meeting and trading ivory in remote parts of High Arctic Greenland, several centuries before Christopher Columbus 'discovered' North America. Vikings sailed 6,000 km away from Europe for walrus ivory, deep into Arctic, on 06 October 2024, by DR Peter Jordan, University in Sweden. The research in Ottawa extracted ancient DNA - by Jarrett.
A small detail that further hints at the interconnectedness of church officials in the North Atlantic is the two windows that Bishop Pall brought to his cathedral in Iceland after being ordained in 1195. The windows' blue green hue matches the windows in the bell tower of Gardar suggesting both sets of glass came from the same source.

Ca 1205:
The Maine Penny is a Viking coin found in Maine [ca 1205 AD], the northeasternmost American state. It's a Norwegian silver coin dating to the reign of Olaf Haraldsson, known as Olaf the Peaceful. He was the King of Norway from 1067 until his death in 1093. The Maine penny, also referred to as the Goddard coin, is a Norwegian silver coin dating to the reign of Olaf Kyrre King of Norway (1067-1093 AD). It was claimed to be discovered in Maine in 1957, and it has been suggested as evidence of Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. Kolbjorn Skaare of the University of Oslo determined the coin had been minted between 1065 and 1080 AD and widely circulated in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The penny was found with a perforation, probably for use as a pendant. The Goddard site has been dated to 1180-1235, within the circulation period of pennies of this type. The people who lived at the site at that time are generally considered to be ancestors of the Penobscot. While the date is around two hundred years after the last of the Vinland voyages (1022 AD) described in Norse sagas, it is well within the period during which the Norse lived in Greenland (10th to 15th centuries) and could have visited North America. The penny's coastal origin has been offered as evidence either that the Norsemen from Greenland traveled farther south than Newfoundland or that the coin might have been traded locally.

Ca 1200-1350:
The presence of Norse people on Baffin Island is suggested by several archaeological finds found on Baffin Island as well as neighboring islands. From the findings of an excavation in the Tanfield Valley on the southeast coast of Baffin Island it is concluded that there was a Graenlendingar trading post at this location, from which trade was carried out with the bearers of the Dorset culture. The findings include yarn, whetstones and the remains of European rats that may have come there on Graenlendingar ships. The unearthed yarns and balls of yarn are comparable in their production method to those found in the Graenlendingar settlements. However, they often contain components from the hair of wild animals such as the Arctic fox and the muskrat. Furthermore, the remains of a peat sod and stone building were examined and interpreted as being of Scandinavian origin. Radiocarbon analyzes suggest that this place was used until the 14th century.

ca 1300/1370:
At Baffin Island, Sutherland and her field crew wind single file down a rocky footpath into a green hollow known as Tanfield Valley. Along some boggy patches in the valley, an oily-looking microbial slick suggests the presence of bog iron, the ore that Viking smiths worked expertly. But as Sutherland scrambles up a small rise to the excavation, her high spirits evaporate. Eight inches of muddy water from the previous night's storm flood the pits.

Sutherland discovered more pieces of spun yarn that had come from four major sites, Nunguvik, Tanfield Valley, Willows Island, and the Avayalik Islands, scattered along a thousand miles of coastline, from northern Baffin Island to northern Labrador.

The house in Tanfield Valley, one wall of which measured more than 40 feet long, would have been much, much larger. The ruins have yielded other clues that aren't so subtle. One team member excavated a whalebone shovel closely matching those found in Greenland's Viking settlements. It's 'the exact size and material as the spades used to cut sod for houses,' notes Sutherland.
Sutherland and her colleagues found remnants of turf blocks, a material the Vikings used to build insulated walls, and a foundation made of large rocks that appear to have been cut and shaped by someone familiar with Norse stone masonry. The overall size of the structure, the type of walls, and a drainage channel lined with stones resemble features of Viking buildings in Greenland. One area still has the telltale reek of a latrine.
Teams working there had turned up numerous pieces of wood, despite the fact that the landscape is treeless tundra. To Sutherland's astonishment, she discovered fragments of what seemed to be tally sticks, used by Vikings for recording trade transactions, and spindles, which might have been for spinning fibers. She also noted scraps of wood with square nail holes and possibly iron stains. One was radiocarbon, dated to the 14th century, toward the end of the Norse era in Greenland.
However, strands of yarn from southern Baffin Island, at sites called Nanook, Nunguvik and Willows Island, were obviously different, and not Norse. This yarn, when I analyzed it, immediately struck me as distinct. The materials were wrong for Norse textiles, made of maybe musk ox or arctic hare rather than sheep or goat. The fibers were very tightly spun, very consistent, with very little variation in how it was made, which is not what you see in Norse textiles.
At that point, we worked with a commercial laboratory, Beta Analytic, using the protocol Gorill Nilsen developed, which is critical in accurately dating textiles contaminated with marine mammal oils. In the high Canadian Arctic, people live predominantly off marine mammals. They would hunt seals, whales and other animals and use the fats for a range of purposes. The oils from these mammals permeate archaeological sites and artifacts, including textiles. The site seems to point at having been occupied several times, and one radio-carbon date confirms Tanfield Valley was occupied in the 14th century, at the very time Norse settlers lived along nearby Greenland. Sutherland approached the Geological Survey of Canada to unearth more clues.

1347 - 1351, Black Death in Europe, and in Norway the plague kills about half the population. Black Death never reach Greenland. In 1341 see ice appeared around the southern tip of the island. In 1347 the trip from Eastern Settlement to Labrador for trees was too dangerous - sometimes Greenlanders landed in Iceland with trees and timbers.
Voyages west from Greenland, to at least as far as Markland (Wooded Land) (east-south Labrador = Lake Melville), continued long after those of the sagas. The last recorded voyage mentioned in the Iceland annals in 1347 A.D., while trying to return from Markland to Greenland with a load of wood. It was a small ship with a crew of 15 men, missing their anchor, and accidentally blown to Iceland. The Greenland colonies were ultimately unsustainable, and finally abandoned in the years 1460-1540.

1349: Black Death in Europe - we haven't data about the catastrophe in Greenland but it was break in trade of iron, ivory and wool.

In Gardar, 85 % timber of 'Pinus banksiana' / Jack pine tree of Cape Breton Island came from 1300-1400 AD. And 15 % of 'Quercus sp.' / oak, a hardwood tree / the genus Quercus of Miramichi/Prince Edward Island (research in 2025). Confirmation note in Iceland in 1347 on Markland timber - Lake Melville of eastern Labrador, re-discovered by the Azores sailors in 1470s and in 1490s. The first voyages to Newfoundland around 968/970/990-1085. The Miramichi vikings camp in 1001-1030s.

The Azores archipelago began appearing on European portolan charts by likely Genovese or Majorcan, navigators. At the Medici Atlas (1351), the Pizzigani Brothers' Map (1367) which clearly depicts the archipelago. Catalan Atlas (1375), Pinelli-Walckenaer Atlas (1384), the Corbitis Atlas ca 1385/1410, Charts of Guillem Soler (in 1380, 1385). San Zorzo (St. George) and Corvis Marinis (likely related to Corvo), Graciosa is often missing from these early maps. The Azores discovered in a 1341 back expedition to the Canary Islands. These early maps suggest they were sighted or mapped well before. The Portuguese expedition, commanded by Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi (Florentine) and Nicoloso da Recco (Genoese), mapped the Canary Islands in 1341 and during back home journey, they may have spotted the Azores, and on charts from 1351 onwards strongly suggests they were discovered.

Ca 1320-1350:
In the early 14th Century, a geography encyclopedia called Geographica Universalis was compiled at Malmesbury Abbey in England, which was in turn used as a source for one of the most widely circulated medieval English educational works, Polychronicon by Ranulf Higden, a few years later. Both these works, with Adam of Bremen as a possible source, were confused about the location of what they called Wintland / Vinland, the Malmesbury monk had it on the ocean east of Norway, while Higden put it west of Denmark but failed to explain the distance. Copies of Polychronicon commonly included a world map on which Wintland was marked in the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland, but again much closer to the Scandinavian mainland than in reality.
The earliest map of Vinland was drawn by Sigurd Stefansson, a schoolmaster at Skalholt, Iceland, around 1570, which placed Vinland somewhere that can be Chesapeake Bay, St. Lawrence, or Cape Cod Bay.
The maritime expeditions of Portugal to the Canary Islands in 1336.
Ca 1339/1344/1345:
The nearby Norse outpost of Markland was mentioned in the writings of Galvano Fiamma in his book, Cronica universalis. He is believed to be the first Southern European to write about the New World. Galvano Fiamma was an Italian Dominican and chronicler of Milan. He appears to have been the first European in the Mediterranean area to describe the New World. His numerous historical writings include the Chronica Galvagnana,
Galvano Fiamma (Galvaneus Flamma; 1283-1344) was an Italian Dominican and chronicler of Milan. His book, Cronica universalis, written sometime between 1339 and 1345, includes a passage in which he describes Iceland, Greenland, and Markland: 'Further northwards there is the Ocean, a sea with many islands where a great quantity of peregrine falcons and gyrfalcons live. These islands are located so far north that the Polar Star remains behind you, toward the south. Sailors who frequent the seas of Denmark and Norway say that northwards, beyond Norway, there is Iceland; further ahead there is an island named Grolandia, where the Polar Star remains behind you, toward the south. The governor of this island is a bishop. In this land, there is neither wheat nor wine nor fruit; people live on milk, meat, and fish. They dwell in subterranean houses and do not venture to speak loudly or to make any noise, for fear that wild animals hear and devour them. There live huge white bears, which swim in the sea and bring shipwrecked sailors to the shore. There live white falcons capable of great flights, which are sent to the emperor of Katai. Further westwards there is another land, named Marckalada [eastern Labrador], where giants live;
in this land, there are buildings with such huge slabs of stone that nobody could build with them [Baffin Island], except huge giants. There are also green trees [Markland / Labrador], animals and a great quantity of birds. However, no sailor was ever able to know anything for sure about this land or about its features. From all these facts it is clear that there are settlements at the Arctic pole [Baffin Island]'.
Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion spectrometry have identified a small stone vessel from the Nanook [Baffin Island] site as a crucible used for melting bronze. The interior of the vessel contains abundant traces of copper-tin alloy (bronze) as well as glass spherules similar to those associated with high-temperature processes. The crucible appears to have been broken while in use, suggesting that it was likely used at the locality where it was found; analysis of soil matrix from the Nanook site also produced evidence of smelted metal particles. During long days of fieldwork at Nanook, the site became increasingly complex. Moreau Maxwell's excavations had damaged the walls of the mysterious stone dwelling, but she soon discovered a new wall: layers of sod chunks alternating with large stones, some cut and shaped in a style reminiscent of European stone-masonry. Nanook also yielded a trove of artifacts not usually associated with the Inuit or Dorset, including the whalebone spade, and notched wooden 'tally sticks' to record trade transactions.

Until 2021, when this passage was discovered, there had been no evidence that anyone outside Northern Europe had heard of America before Columbus's voyage in 1492. Paolo Chiesa, a professor of Medieval Latin Literature at Milan University, believes these accounts of the New World likely came from seafarers in the port city of Genoa [trade with ICELAND and Grenland].
Also in the Cronica universalis, Galvano claims the Vivaldi Brothers reached Ethiopia.

Ca 1320/1350:
Worked wood with nail holes, sawing and morticing at Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, by Pat Sutherland: these specimens display evidence of carpentry techniques similar to those found in mediaeval European collections. One of the specimens is White pine (Pinus strobus) and has been radiocarbon dated to the 13th or 14th century A.D. Something about the strange strands didn't fit. Patricia Sutherland spotted it right away: the weird fuzziness of them, so soft to the touch. The strands of cordage came from an abandoned settlement at the northern tip of Canada's Baffin Island, far above the Arctic Circle and north of Hudson Bay. There indigenous hunters had warmed themselves by seal-oil lamps some 700 years ago. Then one day in 1999 Sutherland, an Arctic archaeologist at the museum, slipped the strands under a microscope and saw that someone had spun the short hairs into soft yarn. The prehistoric people of Baffin Island, however, were neither spinners nor weavers; they stitched their clothing from skins and furs. So where could this spun yarn have come from? Sutherland had an inkling. Years earlier, while helping to excavate a Viking farmhouse in Greenland, she had seen colleagues dig bits of similar yarn from the floor of a weaving room. She promptly got on the phone to an archaeologist in Denmark. Weeks later an expert on Viking textiles informed her that the Canadian strands were dead ringers for yarn made by Norse women in Greenland.

The only known mention of Markland in the Middle Ages outside of the Nordic area occurs in a chronicle written by the Milanese friar Galvaneus Flamma in the first half of the 14th century. This is the only known mention of the New World before Columbus's voyage in 1492 outside of Northern Europe. His book, Cronica universalis, written sometime between 1339 and 1345, includes a passage in which he describes Iceland, Greenland, and Markland.

1347:
Helluland was the first European settlement site in Canada in a region known today as Baffin Island.

Markland (Old Norse pronunciation: mark'land is the name given to one of three lands on North America's Atlantic shore discovered by Leif Eriksson around 1000 AD. It was located south of Helluland and north of Vinland. Although it was never recorded to be settled by Norsemen, there were probably a number of later expeditions from Greenland to gather timber). The 1347 Icelandic document records that a ship went off course and ended up in Iceland in the process of returning from Markland, without further specifying where Markland was. The only known mention of Markland in the Middle Ages outside of the Nordic area occurs in a chronicle written by the Milanese friar Galvaneus Flamma in the first half of the 14th century. This is the only known mention of the New World before Columbus's voyage in 1492 outside of Northern Europe. His book, Cronica universalis, written sometime between 1339 and 1345, includes a passage in which he describes Iceland, Greenland, and Markland.

Helluland was the first European settlement site in Canada in a region known today as Baffin Island.

The presence of Norse people on Baffin Island is suggested by several archaeological finds found on Baffin Island as well as neighboring islands. From the findings of an excavation in the Tanfield Valley on the southeast coast of Baffin Island it is concluded that there was a Graenlendingar trading post at this location , from which trade was carried out with the bearers of the Dorset culture. The findings include yarn, whetstones and the remains of European rats that may have come there on Graenlendingar ships. The unearthed yarns and balls of yarn are comparable in their production method to those found in the Graenlendingar settlements. However, they often contain components from the hair of wild animals such as the Arctic fox and the muskrat. Furthermore, the remains of a peat sod and stone building were examined and interpreted as being of Scandinavian origin. Radiocarbon analyzes suggest that this place was used until the 14th century. It would also be conceivable that Baffin Island and the neighboring islands are the Bjarneyjar mentioned in the Eriks saga. Apart from the polar bears that are abundant there and provide the namesake, it becomes understandable why Karlsefni's journey first went north to the western settlement, even though the destination was in the southwest. Baffin Island was easier to reach from the Western Settlement; the distance corresponds approximately to that to the northern hunting area. The stated travel time of two half days from the Bjarneyjar to Helluland would seem almost plausible against this background. The distance from Baffin Island to the Labrador coast is only about 300 km. The dating of some finds, such as yarn remains, to the period before 1000 AD [982/999] also supports the classification of Baffin Island as Bjarneyjar. An area that was already known would not have needed a new name after 1000 AD. The Eiriks saga rauda says about the journey of Thorfinn Karlsefni's group, starting from Brattahlid in the eastern settlement: 'They sailed landward; then to the western settlement (Vestribygd) and to the Bjarneyjar (the Bear Islands). They then sailed from the Bjarneyjar with northerly winds. They sailed on the high seas for two half days. Then they came upon land [northern Labrador], and rowed along it in boats, and explored it. They found many large, flat stones there. The stones were so large that two men could lie on them, stretched out on their backs, heel to heel. Arctic foxes were plentiful. They also gave the country a name and referred to it as Helluland (Stone Land).'

1250-1300:
In 1257 ahes at ice of Greenland from Indonesia; cloder period beginning in the Western Settlement of Greenland. The temperatures at Greenland fell violently like plummet by up to 4 degrees Celsius - until ca 1850.
Vatnahverfi is situated between the fjords Alluitsup kangerlua and Igalikup kargerlua. The Southwest Greenland fjords were settled from Iceland around AD 985. Around 1370 in Middle Settlement, Eastern Settlement and seasonally at Western Settlement lived around 1,000 Vikings. By 1400 the Eastern Settlement is in drought less rainfall would have been devastating for the last 500 Vikings. The Eastern Settlement collapsed among 1410-1460; after 1400 around the Eskimos appeared, and in the years 1410-1430 pirates from Iceland, Germany and Scotland. Around 1420 there was no priest. Around 1450 maybe only 100 old peoples lived in Vikings colony. Ca 1460/1540 at south tip of Greenland lived hunters from Iceland and rest Colony, 50-10 members. Sometime between A.D. 989 and 1020, Viking seafarers, perhaps as many as 90 men and women in all, landed on a Newfoundland shore and raised three sturdy halls and an assortment of sod huts for weaving, ironworking, and ship repair. In the 1960s a Norwegian adventurer, Helge Ingstad, and his archaeologist wife, Anne Stine Ingstad, discovered and excavated the overgrown ruins of this ancient base camp at a place called L'Anse aux Meadows. Later, Canadian archaeologists found iron ship rivets and other artifacts from what appeared to be a Viking shipwreck off the coast of Ellesmere Island. Around 1000/1002 until ca 1050/1080 seasonally Vikings lived at Miramichi-Bathurst area in New Brunswick. But in the years that followed, few other traces of the Vikings' legendary exploration of the New World came to light, that is, until Patricia Sutherland came along.

Tanfield Valley, also referred to as Nanook, is an archaeological site located on Cape Tanfield, along the southernmost projection of Baffin Island in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. It is possible that the site was known to Pre-Columbian Norse explorers from Greenland and Iceland. It may be in the region of Helluland, spoken of in the Vinland sagas (Saga of the Greenlanders and Saga of Erik the Red). The Helluland Archaeology Project was a research initiative that was set up at the Canadian Museum of Civilization, now the Canadian Museum of History, to investigate the possibility of an extended Norse presence on Baffin Island. Excavations led by Sutherland at Tanfield Valley found possible evidence of medieval Norse textiles, metallurgy and other items of European-related technologies. Wooden artifacts from Dorset sites include specimens which bear a close resemblance to Norse artifacts from Greenland. Pelts from Eurasian rats have also been discovered. Analysis of cordage samples from Helluland sites indicates that the yarn is technically identical to that recovered from Greenlandic Norse farms, but that it was spun from the hair of wild animals, primarily Arctic hare and fox but occasionally the hair of forest animals including mink, otter and muskrat. On the other hand, microscopic examination of textile samples from Norse Greenland confirm that most are made from the wool of sheep and goats, with wild animal fur only rarely incorporated. This evidence strongly suggests that the Helluland cordage was spun in Baffin Island and Labrador, rather than being imported from Greenland or elsewhere in the Norse world. Spinning of animal hair, especially the short and slippery fibres of wild animal fur, is a complex technology requiring a great deal of practice and the accumulation of considerable skill and knowledge. Given the availability of superior materials for clothing and cordage in the form of animal skins and furs, and the absence of a known tradition of spinning among Indigenous peoples of Arctic America, it seems unlikely that this technology was developed locally by Dorset/Tuniit artisans. Since spinning was exclusively women's work in mediaeval Europe, the ubiquitous presence of this material. Scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersion spectrometry have identified a small stone vessel from the Nanook site as a crucible used for melting bronze. The interior of the vessel contains abundant traces of copper-tin alloy (bronze) as well as glass spherules similar to those associated with high-temperature processes. The crucible appears to have been broken while in use, suggesting that it was likely used at the locality where it was found; analysis of soil matrix from the Nanook site also produced evidence of smelted metal particles. During long days of fieldwork at Nanook, the site became increasingly complex. Moreau Maxwell's excavations had damaged the walls of the mysterious stone dwelling, but she soon discovered a new wall: layers of sod chunks alternating with large stones, some cut and shaped in a style reminiscent of European stone-masonry. Nanook also yielded a trove of artifacts not usually associated with the Inuit or Dorset, including the whalebone spade, and notched wooden 'tally sticks' to record trade transactions. There were remains of European rats that couldn't have survived long in the Canadian Arctic, more strands of Scandinavian-style spun yarn, and European whetstones designed for sharpening metal knives that didn't exist in indigenous Northerners' toolboxes. One particularly intriguing item was a carved wooden figure with a beard and heavy ridge over his eyes: either eyebrows or the edge of a cap common among medieval European merchants. Among this jumble were classic hunter-gatherer artifacts like fur-cleaning tools and needles - things Inuit or Dorset might use. And there were issues with the radio-carbon dating: results pointing to the 8th century, hundreds of years before the Norse arrived even in Greenland. Part of the problem, says Sutherland, is that 'everything on the site was saturated with seal, walrus and whale oil.'

1311:
Malian sources describe what some consider to be visits to the New World by a fleet from the Mali Empire in 1311, led by Abu Bakr II. According to the only known primary-source-based copy of Christopher Columbus's journal (transcribed by Bartolome de las Casas), the purpose of Columbus's third voyage was to test both the claims of King John II of Portugal that "canoes had been found which set out from the coast of Guinea [West Africa] and sailed to the west with merchandise" and the claims of the native inhabitants of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that "there had come to Espanola from the south and south-east, a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanin, of which he had sent samples to the Sovereigns to have them assayed, when it was found that of 32 parts, 18 were of gold, 6 of silver and 8 of copper".

1327: How profitable was the ivory trade? Every six years, the Norse in Greenland and Iceland paid a tithe to the Norwegian king. A document from 1327, recording the shipment of a single boatload of tusks to Bergen, Norway, shows that that boatload, with tusks from 260 walruses, was worth more than all the woolen cloth sent to the king by nearly 4,000 Icelandic farms for one six-year period.
Archaeologists once assumed that the Norse in Greenland were primarily farmers who did some hunting on the side.

1355:
But in 1355 union king Magnus IV of Sweden and Norway (In Norway crowned Magnus VII after claims of birthright) sent a ship (or ships) to Greenland to inspect its Western and Eastern Settlements. Sailors found settlements entirely Norse and Christian. The Greenland carrier (Groenlands Knorr) made the Greenland run at intervals till 1369, when she sank and was apparently not replaced. Arneborg suggests that worsening climatic and economical circumstances, causing them to migrate to Iceland or Scandinavia.

1372:
The most likely answer was English sea rovers or Basque whalers. According to their own tradition, Basques founded a whaling station in Newfoundland as early as 1372. They had only to follow Leif Eriksson's route north to reach Greenland.

1343-1360-1375:
Large maps of the fourteenth century, after 1343, forming an island in the Atlantic Ocean, about the current position of the northeastern region of South America and with a configuration similar to this. This means that after the year of 1343 to South America was explored by the Portuguese and considered a possession. In 1375, Charles V, then King of France, established a cartographer of Majorca to copy the Portuguese map, with orders to also fix and extend the map based on the holdings made between 1343 and 1375. This statement is that the "island", where it was found the redwood [BRASIL], the approximate position and shape of South America.

Ca 1348/1350:
The Western Settlement is believed to have been abandoned around the mid-fourteenth century [to Baffin Island]. One of the last recorded pieces of information by the Greenlanders themselves before their disappearance is in the form of a marriage document.

ca 1350:
Ranulf Higden or Higdon (ca 1280 - 12 March 1364) was an English chronicler and a Benedictine monk who wrote the Polychronicon, a Late Medieval magnum opus.

ca 1350/1355:
Sometime between 1350 and 1400, the Greenland western settlement was abandoned. Ivarr Bardarson (Ivar Bardarson), a priest from Norway, sailed from the eastern to the western settlement in 1350, but did not find anyone living there. He suspected that the Skraeling had conquered the settlement and killed all the inhabitants. As a result, King Magnus II of Sweden and Norway sent a Swedish-Norwegian expedition across the North Sea to western Greenland in 1355 to help the beleaguered settlers. Captain Paul Knutson reached the western settlement, but did not find any Norse [moved home to Baffin Island ?].

The Ingstads found many Dorset, Thule, and Viking artifacts in close proximity to Viking and Thule settlements indicating continued contact between the natives and the Norse. These objects, such as chess pieces, iron rivets, woven cloth, and bits of chain mail were found on both the Canadian and Greenlandic side of Smith Sound and could be indicative of an established trade relation. A more curious find was a coin found in Penobscot Bay, Maine in 1957. This Maine Penny was discovered on the grounds of a former Native American trade village known as the Goddard site. The silver coin is believed to have been minted in the eleventh century during the reign of Olaf Kyrre, king of Norway. The coin also appears to have been fashioned as a pendant, and further analysis has shown that the artifact contains particles of Ramah chert and a fragment of a Dorset burin-like tool. However, Ramah chert is primarily found in Northern Labrador, not Maine.
The coin was probably obtained from Vikings by the Innu in Labrador, a place still visited as late as 1347, and then traded to or otherwise obtained by other groups of natives in regions beyond the Viking's sphere of travel.

1355:
The Thule had possibly spread to and positioned themselves in Southern Greenland. The spread of the Thule this far south coincides with the mid-fourteenth century report by Ivar Bardson that the Skraelings had taken over the Western Settlement. This means the Thule were likely pushing the Norse out of the settlements in response to the climate changes mentioned previously. The Thule pressed south in order to gain more hunting areas likely competing with the less skilled Norse hunters. The Norse settlers began to leave Greenland in the mid-fifteenth century. Skeletons of the elderly found in the graveyard at Herjolfsnes suggests that the young left first in a swift mass movement.

1112, 1115 and ca 1001-1347:
Icelandic chronicles record another attempt to visit Vinland from Greenland, over a century after the saga voyages. In 1121, Icelandic bishop Eric Gnupsson, who had been based on Greenland since 1112, "went to seek Vinland". Nothing more is reported of him, and three years later another bishop, Arnald, was sent to Greenland. No written records, other than inscribed stones, have survived in Greenland, so the next reference to a voyage also comes from Icelandic chronicles. In 1347, a ship arrived in Iceland, after being blown off course on its way home from Markland to Greenland with a load of timber. The implication is that the Greenlanders had continued to use Markland as a source of timber over several centuries.

The map of 1439 informed on AZORES:
the more westerly Ylla de Corp-Marinos (Corvo) and Conigi (Flores) (officially discovered by Diogo de Teive in 1452; Vallseca in 1439 apparently lifted these last two from the Catalan Atlas of 1375).
Sargassum was named by the Portuguese sailors who found it in the Sargasso Sea. They called it after the wooly rock rose (Halimium lasianthum). Portuguese pronunciation from the Latin salicastrum.

Ca 1379:
In the Icelandic Gottskalks Annalar it is recorded for 1379 that Skraelingar raided the Graenlendingar, killed 18 men and enslaved two servants. However, the authenticity and accuracy of this source is doubted by some historians, and both Jared Diamond and Jens Melgaard caution that it may actually describe an attack that occurred between Norse and Sami people in Northern Europe, or an attack on the Icelandic coast by European pirates, assuming such an attack really did occur.

1021-1378-1379-1380-1402/1404-1408:
In 2021, wood from the site was shown to have been cut in 1021, using metal blades, which the local indigenous people did not have. Although it is now generally accepted that L'Anse aux Meadows was the main base of the Norse explorers, the southernmost limit of Norse exploration remains a subject of intense speculation. Gustav Storm (1887) and Joseph Fischer (1902) both suggested Cape Breton; Samuel Eliot Morison (1971) the southern part of Newfoundland; Erik Wahlgren (1986) - Miramichi Bay in New Brunswick.
The insistence in all the main historical sources that grapes were found in Vinland suggests that the explorers ventured at least to the south side of the St. Lawrence River, as Jacques Cartier did 500 years later, finding both wild vines and nut trees. Three butternuts were found at L'Anse aux Meadows, another species which grows only as far north as the St. Lawrence. The vinvidir (wine wood) the Norse were cutting down in the sagas may refer to the vines of Vitis riparia, a species of wild grape that grows on trees. As the Norse were searching for lumber [timber], a material that was needed in Greenland, they found trees covered with Vitis riparia south of L'Anse aux Meadows and called them vinvidir.

In 1378 there was no longer a bishop at Gardar in the Eastern Settlement. A single source suggests that in 1379, "skraelings" (Inuit) attacked the Eastern Settlement, killed 18 men and captured two boys. However, the authenticity and accuracy of this source is doubted by some historians, and both Jared Diamond and Jens Melgaard caution that it may actually describe an attack that occurred between Norse and Saami people in Northern Europe, or an attack on the Icelandic coast by European pirates.

In 1380 the Norwegian kingdom entered into a personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark. From 1402-1404 the Black Death hit Iceland for the first time and killed approximately half the population there - but there is no evidence that it reached Greenland. The last written record of the Norse reenlanders documents a marriage in 1408 at Hvalsey Church, whose ruins are the best-preserved of the Norse buildings of that period.

Climate change was not the only factor threatening Greenland's livelihood. The colony's economic survival was in jeopardy due to a decline in trade with mainland Europe after the 1340s when the Black Death struck. In the decades following this event, demand for the colony's exports decreased and regular ship traffic with Norway and Iceland had ceased.

The Church also owned an estimated two thirds of Greenland's pasture land though less clergymen were willing to travel there.
Bishop Alf, the last bishop in Greenland, died in 1378.

1379:
The passage was recorded in the Icelandic Annals which described an attack on Greenland from the heathens neighbouring coasts. This attack was blamed on the Skraelings, but it is actually possible the attackers may in fact have been pirates from Europe.

1340-1360:
Almost two decades prior a Minorite friar arrived in Greenland from England. The story of his trip was presented normally as if nothing unfamiliar had taken place suggesting outside Europeans had some familiarity with Greenland further begging the question of who else might have ventured that way: Herjolfsnes had been the first port of call for ships from Iceland and northern Europe. Archaeologists wondered who might have come to Greenland after Norse traders ceased to arrive. The most likely answer was English sea rovers or Basque whalers.

1372:
According to their own tradition, Basques founded a whaling station in Newfoundland as early as 1372.
They had only to follow Leif Eriksson's route north to reach Greenland.

1390:
A reproduction of the Zeno map from a 1793 book. A text was published in 1558 about members of the Italian Zeno family, mainly Nicolo and Antonio Zeno, who lived during the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. The publication provides a broader look at European travel and activity in the North Atlantic. In 1390, Messire Nicolo Zeno, the Chevalier, was thrown off course during a sea expedition and ended up in the Faeroe Islands where Zeno's crew was rescued by Henry Sinclair, Earl of the Orkney and Caithness. Sinclair is referred to as Zichmni in the text and described as a warlike, valiant man, and specially famous in naval exploits because he had gained a victory over the King of Norway. Both Nicolo and Antonio fought alongside Sinclair in his failed attempt to plunder Shetland Island.
After this, Nicolo retreats to the island Bres off the east coast of Iceland from which he ventures to Greenland.
1397 - the Kingdom of Norway entered into a personal Union Denmark. Greenland belonged in 1261 to Norway together with Iceland. But in 1378 ALFUR Bishop of Greenland died. Never any bishop made journey to Greenland. In 1385 a trader from Iceland Bjorn Einerson / Aaron arrived to Greenland along with FOUR ships to Eastern Settlement. They lived here two years. Bjorn was the tax collector. He took Greenland cargo which he sold in Bergen in 1388. This resulted in charges brought against him for unsanctioned trade. He informed that local cathedral was managed only by priest. In 1406 we have the next voyage from Iceland. But in 1300 it was beggining of Ice Age coldest of last 2000 years in Europe. Great Famine in 1315-1317 have been caused by this climate shift. In 1303 and 1307 the Baltic Sea itself froze over. In 1282 and 1325 the Archbishop informed about break in tax for church. In 1361 IVAR the Norwegian priest arrived to Greenland to Eastern Settlement. In 1341 the Old Paths to Greenland was changed, from Bergen around southern tip. In 1361 all Eastern Settlement was fully inhabited and people had warm water Springs and bathed in during the winter. Vikings also farmed reindeer. But Western Settlement was uninhabited - but now we know that people back here ca 1400. The entire population was between 500 to 1000. But in 1150 we have around 4500/5000. In 1354 Magnus the King of Sweden and Norway issued the order to Paul Knutson to undertake a mission to Greenland to help reestablish the Western Settlement in 1361. In 1361, a seafaring Norwegian priest, Ivar Bardarson, and his companions reported Greenland's Western Settlement eerily empty. In 1406 a ships captained by Thorstein Olafson carried off course and landed in Eastern Settlement and back in 1408 to Iceland. In 1448 a letter from Pope Nicholas to Bishop of Gardar lamenting about paganism for 30 years, because in 1408 we have old law managed in Eastern Settlement. In 1501 King Manuel the 1st of Portugal, sent a crew to Greenland find a Passage to Asia. They tried to land in Greenland but the sea ice was too great. But we have wonderfull map of Greenland of 1502, with detalis. In 1501 a Portuguese ships lande in New Founland and Labrador, like in 1470s Portugueses from Azores. In 1540s Icelanders attempting to make contact with Eastern Settlement but they saw only one died man on a shore with good clothing. Now 25-40 % Greenlanders-Inuit has European blood.
1402/1404:
There, he briefly encounters a monastery seemingly immune to the cold because of a hot spring connected to it. Shortly after returning to Frislanda, Nicolo dies of an illness possibly associated with an epidemic that struck Iceland in 1402 and lasted two years resulting in the death of two thirds of the island's population.

1402:
Nicolo's fantasized report of the settlement in Greenland, likely embellished by his descendent who adhered to the Italian storytelling style of the sixteenth century, greatly differs from what archaeological evidence clearly points to as a failing civilization. Ultimately, the Zeno text serves as evidence of Southern European knowledge of Norse expansion but also supports the idea that the North Atlantic territories including Greenland were being pillaged by rogue Europeans. Due to English and German pirates having attacked Iceland during the fifteenth century, King Erik VII of Denmark, Norway and Sweden was forced repeatedly to request the English King Henry V prohibit the illegal English traffic. This could be related to the voyages conducted by Henry Sinclair and others like him and the conflict caused by them is another factor which contributed to the downfall of the Greenland settlements.

1406-1410:
The last recorded Norwegian merchant ship reached Greenland in 1406. Captain Porsteinn Olafsson (Thorstein Olafsson) stayed in Greenland for a few years and married Sigridr Bjarnardottir (Sigrid Bjornsdottir) in the church of Hvalsey in 1408. This report in the Nyi Annall is the last evident written record of people who were in Greenland. Later there are reports in the various Annalar about observations of people on Greenland (see the translated sources). After that, no contacts with the rest of Europe can be found in terms of sources. Whether they were actually broken off is doubtful given the archaeological findings.

1408:
After 1408 few written records mention the settlers. Correspondence between the Pope and the Biskop Bertold af Garde dates from the same year.

1408:
A young, married couple who relocated to Iceland from Greenland in the early fifteenth century were required to provide written evidence of their marriage to the bishop. Thorstein Olafsson, married Sigrid Bjornsdottir in the church on the Hvalsey Fjord on September 14, 1408. Aside from this evidence, most of the information about the Greenlanders' final days is found in archaeological data taken from the sites of the former settlements.

In 1412/1414/1424:

One of the chief early descriptions of Antilia is that inscribed on the globe which the geographer Martin Behaim made at Nuremberg in 1492. Behaim relates that in 734, a date which is probably a misprint for 714, and after the Moors had conquered Spain and Portugal, the island of Antilia or 'Septe Cidade' was colonized by Christian refugees under the archbishop of Oporto and six bishops.
The inscription in 1492 adds that a Spanish vessel sighted the island in 1414.
According to an old Portuguese tradition each of the seven leaders founded and ruled a city. Later Portuguese tradition localized Antilia in the island of St Michael's, the largest of the Azores.

Many navigators of the Fifteenth Century knew about Antilia and attempted to find it. There is documentary evidence of a letter patent of Alfonso V of Portugal, dated November 10, 1475, granting to Fernao Teles 'the Seven Cities or some other islands' that he might find in the western Atlantic [Teles in Haiti / Antilia in 1474/1475 ?].

A similar grant about Antilia was issued by Joao II in 1486 to Ferdnand van Olm, a Fleming who had settled in the Azores and was known as Fernao Dulmo [in March 1493 the Portuguase King said about to Columbus in Lisbon].

Columbus firmly believed that Antilia was a real island, with shores of gold-flecked sand [see Bahamas in 1492 by Pinzon and Columbus discovered], on the route to the Indies. He based much of his thinking on a letter said to have been written in 1474 by a Florentine physician, Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who wrote that a route to China passed by the island of Antilia 'which is known to you.'
Antilia is located west of the Azores, and the old sources claim that it was first sighted by a Spanish ship in 1412.
The second time in 1414 by Portuguese ship? In the year 1414, a Spanish ship approached very near this Island. And Portugal ships of 1422/1423 acc to me.

John V and Cristiano of Denmark organized and traveled in place all the West.

In 1487,
Trip to America for Fernao Dulmo (Flemish) and Joao Affonso Estreito, with Martin Behaim which has then that built the world and the land map of the Portuguese real money, the existence the peninsula of Florida, the Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico?

In 1492,
Discovery, between January 30 and April 14, the land of Labrador by John Fernandes and Pedro de Barcellos.
In 1499 made D. Manuel Joao Fernandes Labrador donation to the captaincy of island or islands that 'elle found or find again'. Since resources to pay for shipping, Joao Fernandes Labrador was associated with Francis Fernandes and Joao Goncalves, squires, naturae Azores, with three Inglez merchants of Bristol, probably provided the capital needs, and they won the King Henry VII of England new letter of donation of land to discover. However, Joao Fernandes Labrador, where organized the expedition, knew of existence of land that 'go find' because in there been with Pedro de Barcellos in January to April 1492, and the end of his expedition to the dealers in Bristol but was not otherwise take possession of land previously found.

The Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489. The island of Antillia / Haiti, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it. But Haiti has big bay on the western side; Canepa need to change west to east.
Antonio Galvao (1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the Antilia island.
In 1493/1494, Lisbon and Rome were thinking that Columbus was at Hispaniola / Antilia in 1492/1493.
1475 and ANTILIA:
The island is mentioned in a royal letter of King Afonso V of Portugal (dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernao Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" [Haiti and Cuba] he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean.
It is mentioned again in a royal letter (dated 24 July 1486), issued by King John II of Portugal at the request of Fernao Dulmo authorizing him to search for and "discover the island of Seven Cities" [Haiti].
Already by the 1490s, there are rumors that silver can be found in the island's sands.
The term Antillia is derived from the Portuguese "Ante-Ilha" ("Fore-Island", "Island of the Other", or "Opposite Island"). The island lay directly "opposite" from mainland - Mexico or Cuba. Its size and rectangular shape is a near-mirror image of Haiti.
Antilia = "Aprositus" ("the Inaccessible"), the name reported by Ptolemy for one of the Fortunate Isles. One more recent hypothesis is that Antillia may mean "in front of Thule" / Iceland.

Now we show Colon / Columbus and his voyages to Satanazes and Antilia:
Columbus' father was born in 1418; married Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of prosperous family of Porta della'Olivella by Bisagno River. Christopher was born in 1451, and the couple had 4 more children - Diego Giacomo was younger. Christopher had red heir, in 1470 he may have moved to SAVONA because a wool trade. 1475 - he sailed to the Greek island of Chios, the Genoese colony.
In May 1476 he travelled on an expedition to Portugal. Columbus moved to Lagos, then to Lisbon and in 1477 to England and to Ireland in GALWAY. He also possibly visited Iceland. Speculated there Columbus first learned about the North American continent and in 1477 navigated from Iceland to the west closest to Greenland.

Columbus made his home in Portugal [the Azores Islands in 1439 were discovered by Portuguese]. He was in ELMINA. Christopher and Bertholomew in Lisbon worked together in the map and chart business making Columbus a skilled cartographer by the 1480s.

Antilia is located west of the Azores or west to Canaries, and the old sources claim that it was first sighted by a Spanish ship in 1412 or by Portuguese ship in 1414, it debuted in maps in 1424.
Armando Cortesao, author of the major study devoted to the 1424, said in fact Antilia is composed of two Portuguese words: ante or anti and ilha. In the 1424 chart Antilia is about 450 km long and 100 km wide. This nautical chart, lost for five centuries, gives evidence that Portuguese captains had found the New World by 1424.
Acc to Alvin M. Josephy Jr. in April 1955, volume 6 by 'americanheritage.com/was-america-discovered-columbus', the pre-Columbians believe that the true discoverer of the New World was a Portuguese navigator. Who he was or when he made the first landfall they cannot say. Pedro de Velasco in 1452; Joao Vaz Corte-Real in 1472, claimed their discoveries. the Portuguese navigators before 1492 did suspect or even know of lands lying west of the Azores, and that Portuguese navigators were sailing out through the misty reaches of the great Ocean Sea looking for those lands. Recently, there came to light in England an aged nautical chart of 1424, showing what an outstanding Portuguese cartographical expert, Armando Cortesao, asserts is a representation of the New World made almost seventy years before Columbus' first voyage, and possibly proving therefore that someone, perhaps unknown Portuguese navigators, had reached America by that time.
This document came from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps who, during the first three-quarters of the Nineteenth Century, amassed the biggest library of old vellum manuscripts. When Sir Thomas died in 1872, his great, bulging collection of some 60,000 parchment manuscripts and maps, many of them still uncatalogued, represented a fabulous storehouse of unsuspected historical treasures. In 1946 the still-considerable remainder was bought by William H. Robinson, Ltd., a distinguished London firm dealing in rare books and manuscripts, in reputedly the largest single purchase ever made by a dealer.
Alter eight years, it is still not all unpacked. The well-preserved sea (hart of 1424 was one of the first items revealed. It was numbered 25,924 in the Phillipps Collection, but cataloguing of the library had stopped on Sir Thomas' death with Number 23,837, and there was no clue concerning the background of the map, where Sir Thomas found it or anything else about it.
The document was tested at once for authenticity and found to be entirely genuine; there was no doubt that the date and writing were of the early Fifteenth Century. Upon the recommendation of scholars at the British Museum, Professor Cortesao, a Portuguese representative at UNESCO, was then invited to make a study of it. Especially after noting quickly no less than 23 Atlantic islands on the map, including a conspicuous red rectangle with the legend, 'ista ixola dixeno antilia,' a combination of old Portuguese and Venetian, meaning 'This island is called Antilia,' an isle or representation of mainland which has played a key role in the Portuguese theory of pre-Columbian discovery.
Professor Maximino Correia, Rector Magnificus of the University, refers to the work, not unexpectedly, as part of 'this really national task' of securing proper recognition for the early Portuguese navigators. The original name was erased, 'Zuane Pizzi,' finally inserted. Zuane Pizzigano, a previously unknown member of a family of Venetian cartographers who were well-known a century earlier. The 1424 chart is the first document known in which the name or representation of Antilia appears. Antilia did represent a real island, and Cortesao's study, in essence, is an attempt to prove that it got onto the 1424 chart, and all others following it, as a real island because it had been seen by some unknown Portuguese navigators. In the first chapter of his famous Historia de lax Indias, begun about 1527, Bartolome de Las Casas, wrote: 'In the seacharts made in times gone by, were depicted several islands in those seas and parts, especially the island called Antillia, and they placed it a little over two hundred leagues west of the Canary Islands and the Azores.'
Antilia, indeed, had been appearing on maps since the middle of the Fifteenth Century, usually as a large rectangle in a group of four islands far out in the western reaches of the Atlantic. The other three islands (Satanazes, Saya, Ymana) changed their names from map to map. Antilia was shown with the names of seven cities, and was considered either an island or large land mass to which seven Portuguese bishops and their flocks fled by boat in 734 A.D. when the Moors overran the Iberian Peninsula.

Many navigators of the Fifteenth Century knew about Antilia and attempted to find it. There is documentary evidence of a letter patent of Alfonso V of Portugal, dated November 10, 1475, granting to Fernao Teles 'the Seven Cities or some other islands' that he might find in the western Atlantic [Teles in Haiti / Antilia in 1474/1475 ?].

A similar grant about Antilia was issued by Joao II in 1486 to Ferdnand van Olm, a Fleming who had settled in the Azores and was known as Fernao Dulmo [in March 1493 the Portuguase King said about to Columbus in Lisbon].

Columbus firmly believed that Antilia was a real island, with shores of gold-flecked sand [see Bahamas in 1492 by Pinzon and Columbus discovered], on the route to the Indies. He based much of his thinking on a letter said to have been written in 1474 by a Florentine physician, Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who wrote that a route to China passed by the island of Antilia 'which is known to you.'
Antilia is located west of the Azores, and the old sources claim that it was first sighted by a Spanish ship in 1412.
The second time in 1414 by Portuguese ship? In the year 1414, a Spanish ship approached very near this Island. And Portugal ships of 1422/1423 acc to me.
The first appearance of that island is on a map dated 1325. As a disc of land well at Sea Westward from Hibernia but a map of 1375 turns the disc into a ring surrounding a body of water.

In 1911 by Encyclopedia Britannica:
The origin of the name is quite uncertain. The oldest suggested etymology (1455) fancifully connects it with the name of the Platonic Atlantis. The island that is reached 'before' (Cipango), or from the Jezirat al Tennyn, 'Dragon's Isle,' of the Arabian geographers.
Antilia is marked in an anonymous map which is dated 1424 and preserved in the grand-ducal library at Weimar [opinion in 1911].
It reappears in the maps of the Genoese B. Beccario or Beccaria (1435),
and of the Venetian Andrea Bianco (1436),
and again in 1455 and 1476. The main island of Antillia is shown in red with the inscription 'ista ixola dixemo antilia' ('this island is called antillia'). The first certain indication of Antilia is fixed at the year 1414, when, according to Behaim, a Spanish ship approached for the first time this island.
In most of these it is accompanied by the smaller islands of Royllo, St Atanagio / Satanazes, and Tanmar, the whole group [Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico] being classified as 'insulae de novo repertae', 'newly discovered islands.'

The Florentine Paul Toscanelli, in his letters to Columbus and the Portuguese court (1474), takes Antilia as the principal landmark for measuring the distance between Lisbon and the island of Cipango or Zipangu (Japan).

In 1472/1475:
Due to the declining involvement of Church officials and the absence of both tithe and tax revenue generated in Greenland, King Christian I of Denmark sent an envoy to assess the situation sometime between 1472 and 1475. The men sent reported that some Norsemen still remained in the Eastern colony. While sailing along the east coast, Christian I's men were ambushed by natives travelling on 'small ships lacking keels, in great number.'

1422:
We do know that at least two people made it out of Greenland alive: Sigrid Bjornsdottir and Thorstein Olafsson, the couple who married at Hvalsey's church. They eventually settled in Iceland, and in 1424, for reasons lost to history, they needed to provide letters and witnesses proving that they had been married in Greenland. Whether they were among a lucky few survivors or part of a larger immigrant community may remain unknown.

It is a matter of wonder how Pizzigano put pieces of other maps together in the first half of 1424. Of course Pizzigano did not know how far these islands were from the Portuguese coast, and even if he did he could not have kept the small map to scale. This is a well-known fact of 15th century mapmaking.
These three islands, plus two smaller companions, are arranged from north to south.
Balimas / Balmas west to Canary Island. Antilia and one island, small to west. That is, the natives provided information about the continent beyond [to western] Antilia / Haiti. Satanaza / Satanazes and one small island to north. Pizzigano should have arranged them from east to west, that is Satanazes more to the west as Cuba, and according to Columbus it was Cipangu / Japan. Pizzigano simply put everything along a vertical line, when it should be a horizontal line. Then Antilia would be more to the east. It is accompanied by a small island - maybe Puerto Rico. Satanazes has a small island accompanying it - maybe Jamaica. These are exactly the islands that Columbus saw again, after the information from the natives in the Bahamas on how to sail in October 1492.
Haiti / Antilia was discovered by Pinzon; Cuba was discovered by Columbus.
Only a few weeks after Columbus's return from his first voyage, Martyr wrote letters referring to Columbus's discovered lands as the "western antipodes" ("antipodibus occiduis", letter of 14 May 1493), the "new hemisphere of the earth" ("novo terrarum hemisphaerio", 13 September 1493). Antilla and Satanazes were known after 1412/1414 and at a map in 1424.
In a letter dated 1 November 1493, MARTYR refers to Columbus as the "discoverer of the new globe" ("Colonus ille novi orbis repertor").
Peter Martyr, writing in January, 1494, mentions just having received a letter from Columbus, but it is not known to exist. Las Casas uses Columbus's papers.

In 1494:
by email: ramizdeniz65@gmail.com.
Some historians note in accordance with the treaty of 1479 concluded in Alcasovas that, Portuguese sea travelers had discovered lands located below the 28th parallel and in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean before 1479, but hadn't registered it officially.
A man John Jay organized an expedition on his own account in order to discover the Brazil Island in 1480. He thought that, it was situated in the west of Ireland. After six-week travel, the expedition returned back without achieving any results.
Merchants of Bristol had been sending 2-4 vessels each year in order to discover the Brazil Island since 1490.
A participant of Pedro Cabral's expedition - Duarte Pereira - had been in lands located on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Pedro Cabral had needed a person knowing those coasts very well. The explorer and cartographer Duarte Pacheco Pereira (1469-1533) had participated in expeditions in western coasts of Africa after II part of 1480s. In 1488 he was rescued together with several seamen by the expedition of Bartolommeo Dias. He had participated in several secret expeditions. Duarte Pereira noted in his work 'Esmeraldo de Sita Orbis' ('Emerald about the position of the Earth') written in 1505-1508 that, he had visited lands located on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Only three volumes and part of the fourth volume of the work consisting of five volumes (books) were found in Portugal libraries.
The author gave information about existence of lands located on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean in the mentioned book and noted that he had visited those lands six years before Pedro Cabral's expedition. Duarte Pereira was the discoverer of South America in 1494.
The discovery of South America by Pereira was described in the large article of I volume of Pereira da Silva's work 'The history of the Portuguese colonization of Brazil'.
Maybe 1478/1491 - J. Rocha Pombo noted that the Portuguese sea traveler had reached America before Cabral and Columbus.
Duarte Pereira had approached Brazilian coasts before Pedro Cabral in 1494. I ['ramiz deniz'] will elucidate obscurities of the treaty of Alcasovas in 1479 by investigating this question. It is known that, according to some scientists, Portuguese were aware of existence of Brazil before 1480 and that's why could ask the Pope for opportune articles.
After it, I understood that Portuguese visited Brazilian coasts at the beginning of 1494.
1000 km trajectory of the Canary current is the most perspective way for passing the Atlantic Ocean from east to west in the northern hemisphere.

Ferdinand van Olmen, who wanted to realize his project, also tried to use Canary current. But one of them succeeded, when other failed. Ferdinand van Olmen sailed to the western part of the ocean by means of Canary and North Passat currents and left those coasts by means of the Gulfstream. He had to wander away from that route when vessels sailed towards the north.

A year later, on 20 October 1494, Peter Martyr again refers to the marvels of the New Globe ("Novo Orbe") and the "Western Hemisphere" ("ab occidente hemisphero").
Martyr claimed in 1493 Hispaniola and the nearby islands were 'ANTILLAE INSULAE', which he associated with the Isle of the Seven Cities.
Columbus returned from Espanola in the spring of 1493 to report that he had found the Indies.
Peter Martyr, observing at court the exhibit of strange people and products, thought that Columbus had reached, instead of the Indies, the island of Antilia. At the time, Antilia was thought to be a great island lying far out to sea to the west of Portugal. It was shown on an Italian chart of 1424.
In 1479, Portugal conceded possession of the Canary Islands to Castile, which thereby took its initial venture into colonial empire. Columbus staked out a vast claim for Spain in 1492 by three months in the West Indies.
According to Ruy de Pina, 'that conquest' was the 'islands of Cipango and Antilia' [Cuba and Haiti].
Columbus, returning from his first voyage to America, on March 9, 1493, was received by the King of Portugal, who 'showed that he felt disgusted and grieved because he believed that this discovery [of the lands found by Columbus] was made within the seas and bounds of his lordship of Guinea which was prohibited and likewise because the said Admiral was somewhat raised from his condition and in the account of his affairs always went beyond the bounds of the truth'. The king said 'that he understood that, in the capitulation between the sovereigns [of Castile] and himself, that conquest [which Columbus had made] belonged to him [to Portugal].'
Vignaud points out (Histoire Critique, I, 368) that there is no evidence that the Indies were mentioned in Columbus-Portugal's King interview, but, as Vander Linden remarks, Columbus placed the island of Cipango [Satanazes = Cuba = Japan] in the 'sea of the Indies'.
On March 9, 1493, King John II, declared that Columbus had operated in 'the seas and limits of his lordship of Guinea', had the discoverer brought before him (about March 6, 1493) and Columbus declared to him that he was returning from 'Cypangu and Antilia' islands which formed the approaches to India.
Shortly after, Peter Martyr, the Italian chaplain of Isabella, spoke of the 'western Antipodes' discovered by Christopher Columbus in contrast to the 'southern Antipodes', toward which the Portuguese navigators sailed.
But it was believed that the chief transoceanic lands lay in the southern hemisphere, balancing thus the Eurasian continent. Zurita, chronicler of Aragon under Charles V and Philip II, alludes to the fact that the ancients represented this southern world in the form of islands, large and small, separated by great distances.

Ruy de Pina indicates Cypangu and Antilia as being the islands from which Columbus was returning.
Columbus, however, like all his contemporaries, placed the island of Cypangu at the east of the Indies, in the 'sea of the Indies'. Therefore Columbus believed that he had reached the eastern extremity of the Indies.
Out in the Atlantic the maps of the period place the island Antilia or Island of the Seven Cities. In 1475 and in 1486 the King of Portugal had granted it, together with neighboring islands and lands, to F. Telles and to Dulmo respectively. He considered the 'Ocean Sea' as his domain, imagining, as did all his contemporaries, that it lay chiefly in the equatorial zone.

La Cosa's map is the first map to name Cuba and to show it as an island. Columbus believed or professed to believe, that his discovery was somehow connected to the Asian mainland. Actually, La Cosa's representation was more in keeping with European ideas. This Seven Cities island, described as the 'land opposite', appeared on maps as Antilia, Antilha, or Antilla = Haiti. The first map to depict the New World as a landmass totally distinct from Asia was that of Sebastian Munster ('New World,' Basil in 1540). This map was widely distributed and was among the first to portray American natives as Cannibals.

The G. M. Contarini's 1506 map of the world showing America as an extension of Asia;
Waldseemuller's 1507 map, the first map to name America;
and the map appearing in Peter Martyr's Decades (1511).

The earliest English [published in 1555] was R. Eden's translation of Peter Martyr (Pietro Martire d'Anghiera), 'Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'.

Peter Martyr was not alone in his identification of the 'islands of Antillia'. The Canerio map, attributed to 1502, names the large West India group 'Antilhas del Rey de Castella', though giving the name Isabella to the chief island [Cuba / Satanazes / Cipangu / Japan].
And another map of about the same date (anonymous) gives them the collective title of Antilie, though calling the Queen of the Antilles Cuba, as now.
A later map, probably about 1518, varies the first form slightly to 'Atilhas [= Antilhas] de Castela' and shows also 'Tera Bimini'. This is the second Bimini map above referred to. The name Antillia, often slightly modified, was not restricted to this use but occasionally was applied in other quarters.
Beside Behaim's globe and Ruysch's map already mentioned, a Catalan map of the fifteenth century (obviously earlier than the knowledge of the Portuguese rediscovery of Flores and Corvo) presents a duplicate delineation of most of the Azores, giving the supposed additional islands a quite correct slant northwestward and individual names selected impartially from divers sources. One of these is Attiaela, recalling the doubtful 'Atilae'.

Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera in 'The Decades of the New World or West India', transl. by Rycharde Eden, London, in 1597, 'First Decade', p. 6.

The news of Columbus's voyage was disseminated rapidly, first through private correspondence, and later through the publication of MARTYR's own narrative, addressed in the form of letters to Luis de Santangel and to Gabriel Sanchez. The most important accounts in private correspondence, although not the earliest, are found in the letters of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, an Italian resident at the court of Spain. On May 14, 1493, Martyr wrote to Count Giovanni Borromeo from Barcelona, where Columbus had appeared before the king and queen a month previous: 'A few days since, one Christopher Colon, a Genoese, returned from the antipodes in the west. From my kings he had obtained three ships to visit this province, with some difficulty, indeed, for what he said was esteemed fables.'
Apparently Ferdinand and Isabella were not altogether convinced that Columbus had reached the Indies of Marco Polo, and make no point of that in their communication. If this be true, they were not alone in such scepticism, for Peter Martyr entertained strong doubts whether Columbus had reached the Orient.
For on October 1, 1493, after having had abundant opportunity to talk with Columbus, he wrote the archbishop of Braga that Columbus believed that he had reached the Indies. For himself he would not absolutely deny this, but he believed that the size of the globe seemed to suggest otherwise.

The Pope in Rome in 1493 and 1494 also claimed that Columbus had again sailed to Antilia, already known to the Spanish and Portuguese after 1412/1414. The discovery was confirmed in 1424 on an Italian map of the Atlantic. In the 1480s, the French and Portuguese sailed to Brazil for red dye.

The Pope agreed with the Portuguese that Brazil and the continent existed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands and this already in 1494. It was not known whether there was a continent west of Satanazes and Antilia.
And in 1497 the Spanish kings commissioned Vespucci to do just that. Vespucci, still in secret, sailed to Honduras and the Gulf of Mexico in 1497.
Columbus was commissioned to sail to the Portuguese continent at the height of the equator. Columbus deliberately did not sail to Brazil or his data on the ship's course was falsified. Since the birds flew southwest, Columbus knew that Guiana and Brazil were there anyway.
Colon only confirmed the New World in the Spanish zone - Orinoco, Trinidad and Venezuela / New World, OTRO Mundo.

The Spanish Kings in September 1492 waited for information on Papa in Rome [11 August in Rome / 23 August maybe inf. in Barcelona; maybe by ship to Canary on 5 September 1492]. Columbus in September 1492 waited in Canaries.

1420:
The Danish cartographer Claudius Clavus seems to have visited Greenland in 1420, according to documents written by Nicolas Germanus and Henricus Martellus, who had access to original cartographic notes and a map by Clavus. In the late 20th century the Danish scholars Bjonbo and Petersen found two mathematical manuscripts containing the second chart of the Claudius Clavus map from his journey to Greenland (where he himself mapped the area).

1448 and 1492:
European contact with settlements in Greenland is shown to have lasted up until 1492 when a bishop appointed to Gardar was exempted from having to fulfill this duty since 'this bishopric had for a long time had no income' from tithes. This information suggests that the Norse had left Greenland well before this time [ca 1460-1492]. Prior to this in 1448, Pope Nicholas V instructed Icelandic bishops to send a bishop along with priests to Greenland, but there is no evidence of them actually having travelled there.

1418:
A church document describes a 1418 attack that has been attributed to Inuit people by modern scholars, however Historian Jack Forbes has said that this supposed attack actually refers to a Russian-Karelian attack on Norse settlers in northern Norway, which was known locally as "Greenland" and has been mistaken by modern scholars for the American Greenland. Archeological evidence has failed to find any violence by the Inuit people against Norse settlers.

ca 1570:
Sixteenth century Icelanders realized that the "New World" which European geographers were calling "America" was the land described in their Vinland Sagas. The Skalholt Map, drawn in 1570 or 1590 but surviving only through later copies, shows Promontorium Winlandiae ("promontory/cape/foreland of Vinland") as a narrow cape with its northern tip at the same latitude as southern Ireland. The scales of degrees in the map margins are inaccurate. This effective identification of northern Newfoundland with the northern tip of Vinland was taken up by later Scandinavian scholars such as bishop Hans Resen.

1420/1445:
Five sample dates help us to establish the main chronological framework of the Norse in Greenland, even without relying on the reservoir correction procedure or archaeological dating. The ox bone from Brattahlid (AAR-1273) and the 3 burial textiles from Herjolfsnes (AAR-1288, -1289, -1290) establish the presence of Norse colonies in Greenland from around AD 1000 to the first half of the 15th century (AD 1430, around 15 years), in other words slightly later than the last written historical evidence (a wedding in 1408). Arguments based on stylistic evidence from the "Burgundy Cap" for Norse presence after AD 1500 have been refused by the 14C date (AAR-2201, Table 2) on the cap that places it in the 14th century (see Arneborg 1996).

After 1410:
The negative economic and climactic factors in Greenland were made worse by conflict with both European pirates and the migrating Thule. However, in the last century of the Norse colonization of Greenland the Vikings' refusal to adapt to their changing conditions was the most significant reason for their failure. The decomposed bodies at Herjolfsnes wore traditionally European style clothing rather than dress acquired from the Thule, indicative of a Viking refusal to abandon their European identity.

In 1473 and 1476:
By refusing to adapt further, the Norse in Greenland doomed their settlements. Yet from this failed adventure came knowledge of lands west of Europe. Extensive papal documentation of Iceland and Greenland led to the spread of knowledge of the North Atlantic amongst Southern Europeans like the Zeno Brothers and the Portuguese, Joao Vaz Corte-Real.

1477:
This information was undoubtedly passed along to Columbus.
The seemingly isolated Viking presence in the North Atlantic when approached with global history in mind produces a larger picture of how their exploration impacted the rest of Europe and eventually led to the discovery of North and South America.

1472/1475:
Due to the declining involvement of Church officials and the absence of both tithe and tax revenue generated in Greenland, King Christian I of Denmark sent an envoy to assess the situation sometime between 1472 and 1475. The men sent reported that some Norsemen still remained in the Eastern colony. While sailing along the east coast, Christian I's men were ambushed by natives travelling on 'small ships lacking keels, in great number.'

1422:
We do know that at least two people made it out of Greenland alive: Sigrid Bjornsdottir and Thorstein Olafsson, the couple who married at Hvalsey's church. They eventually settled in Iceland, and in 1424, for reasons lost to history, they needed to provide letters and witnesses proving that they had been married in Greenland. Whether they were among a lucky few survivors or part of a larger immigrant community may remain unknown.

Royllo / Roillo, a island located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is identical with the island originally called Ymana in a 1424 nautical chart of Zuane Pizzigano. The island is usually depicted in many 15th-century maps as a small island located slightly to the west (20 leagues or so - JAMAICA) of the much larger island of Antillia / Haiti.
It is often found in the group insulae de novo repertae, or "newly discovered islands" along with other islands.
Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489. The island of Antillia / Haiti, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it. But Haiti has big bay on the western side; Canepa need to change west to east.
Antonio Galvao (1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the Antilia island.
Antonio Galvao, writing in 1563, records an account of Portuguese mariners travelling to Antillia - early English translated:
'In this yeere also, 1447, it happened that there came a Portugall ship through the streight of Gibraltar; and being taken with a great tempest, was forced to runne westwards more than willingly the men would, and at last they fell vpon an Island which had seuen cities, and the people spake the Portugall toong, and they demanded if the Moores did yet trouble Spaine, whence they had fled for the losse which they received by the death of the king of Spaine, Don Roderigo'.
This Island of the Seven Cities, for the Portuguese kings Afonso V and Joao II mention them in letters concerning one Fernao Teles and a Fleming, Fernao Dulmo.
Teles is granted "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" he chanced upon in the Atlantic as his fief in 1475,
while Dulmo was authorised to search for the island in a royal letter of the 24th July 1486.
In a similar vein, the Infanta D. Brites was given a grant in 1473 of "an island, that appeared beyond the island of Santiago."

In 1493/1494, Lisbon and Rome were thinking that Columbus was at Hispaniola / Antilia in 1492/1493.
1475 and ANTILIA:
The island is mentioned in a royal letter of King Afonso V of Portugal (dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernao Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" [Haiti and Cuba] he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean.
It is mentioned again in a royal letter (dated 24 July 1486), issued by King John II of Portugal at the request of Fernao Dulmo authorizing him to search for and "discover the island of Seven Cities" [Haiti].
Already by the 1490s, there are rumors that silver can be found in the island's sands.
The term Antillia is derived from the Portuguese "Ante-Ilha" ("Fore-Island", "Island of the Other", or "Opposite Island"). The island lay directly "opposite" from mainland - Mexico or Cuba. Its size and rectangular shape is a near-mirror image of Haiti.
Antilia = "Aprositus" ("the Inaccessible"), the name reported by Ptolemy for one of the Fortunate Isles. One more recent hypothesis is that Antillia may mean "in front of Thule" / Iceland.

Albino de Canepa's 1489 map: the rectangular islands of Antillia and Satanazes to the west of Iberia.
These island that is Hispaniola / Haiti = ANTILLA and CUBA = SATANAZES.
Antilla acc. to Columbus and Castilla in 1492/1493 and in JUNE 1494 by pro-Castillan POPE.
At maps compiled from different small maps the position of Cuba / Cipangu and Haiti / Hispaniola / Antilla was changed. The island of Satanazes (also called the Island of Devils, or the Hand of Satan) is a island once thought to be located in the Atlantic Ocean, and depicted on many 15th-century maps.
In 1424 the map of Zuane Pizzigano, the first depiction of the island of Satanazes / Cuba as a large blue rectangular isle north of Antillia - need to be west to Antilla / Haiti. Before Antilla were 6 islands:
SANZORZO = San Giorio or San Zorzo; Insulia d colonbi; Insula aeternica; Antilla cebreati; CRANA; Lon...; - need to be south-east and east to Haiti: Columbus in November 1493, the Second Trip, known very well position of Guadeloupe.
Small ROILLO this is [Canepa in 1489] Puerto Rico but at this map Roillo / ROLLO was at back of Antilla / HAITI, like JAMAICA. Antilla [a map of 1489] need to be turn around, with Rollo at northern side [not west] is Turks and Caicos in Bahamas Island [Pareto map in 1455 showed Antilla like Haiti / Hispaniola and in June 1492 Papa, Portugal and Spain agrred the island is now Spanish].
Small YMANA / TZIMANA was close to ANTILLA like top of Puerto Rico.
Small SAYA close to SATANAZA like Jamaica.
The SATANAZA island disappears from maps after 1436, and reappears only in 1462 when Benincasa switches it to Salvaga, meaning "savage", possibly a misreading, more probably a deliberate adjustment by Benincasa to avoid using the profanity of "devil".

The Spanish Kings in September 1492 waited for information on Papa in Rome [11 August in Rome / 23 August maybe inf. in Barcelona; maybe by ship to Canary on 5 September 1492]. Columbus in September 1492 waited in Canaries. Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
In October 1492 Columbus discovered BAHAMAS.
In October 1492, same 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, the Greenlandic See in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'. The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See. Sources: Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 nr 759 from 23th October 1492 and Norwegian text: Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Grrnland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres.
However, by the mid-1300s, Ivar Bardarson noted that the quantity of ice from the northeast was such that "no one sails this old route without putting their life in danger." The Norwegian Crown in Oslo and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros eventually abandoned the colony to its own devices, although some Popes were aware of the situation. By 1448, Pope Nicholas V lamented reports that Greenland ("a region situated at the uttermost end of the earth") had been without a resident Bishop for 30 years (although the last known one, Bishop Alfur, actually died earlier, in 1378). These concerns were echoed in a letter dated circa 1500 [1492 or 1493] by Pope Alexander VI, who believed that no communion had been performed in Greenland for a century, and that no ship had visited there in the past 80 years. However, even after the colony was forsaken by the Church and well into the 16th century, the empty title "Bishop of Gardar" continued to be held by a succession of at least 18 individuals, none of whom visited their nominal diocese and only one of whom (Bishop Mattias Knutsson) reportedly expressed any desire to do so.

Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, the grand cardinal of Spain, and first subject of the realm; he invited Columbus to a banquet, where he assigned him the most honorable place at table, and had him served with the ceremonials which in those punctilious times were observed towards sovereigns. Columbus from the letter to Santangel, describing his first voyage, dated February 15, 1493.
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, an Italian chronicler at the service of Spain, doubted Christopher Columbus's claims to have reached East Asia ("the Indies"), and consequently came up with alternative names to refer to them.
When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. The letter was written in Spanish and sent to Rome, where it was printed in Latin by Stephan Plannck. Finally, they arrived at Palos, Spain, on 15 March 1493; and the Pinta sailed into the same port just a few hours later.
But much earlier in January 1492 close to Grenada: "It is commonly believed that Martyr met Columbus, with whom Martyr said he was 'tied in close friendship,' at the royal encampment outside of Granada.
On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo. Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.
In the king's opinion, however, the discoveries were embraced in his dominion of Guinea. The contemporary chronicler, Ruy de Pina, who describes the interview, says that the said admiral went beyond the bounds of truth, and made out the affair as regards gold and silver and riches much greater than it was. By-standing courtiers suggested that the intruder could be provoked into a quarrel and then killed without any suspicion of connivance on the part of the king. But the king, a God-fearing prince, forbade it, and showed honor to the admiral.
Bull granted May 4, 1493:
'Ac quibuscumque personis ... districtius inhibemus, ne ad insulas el terras firmas inventas, et inveniendas detectas et deiegendas, versus occidentem et meridiem, fabricando et construendo lineam a Polo Arctico ad Polum antarcticum, sive terra firmce, insulce inventa et inven ... partem qucelineadistet a qualibet insula ... appellantur de los Azores et Capo Verde, centum leucis versusoccidentem et meridiem tit prcefertur pro mercibus habendis, vel quavis alia de causa accedere prcesumant...'. By the agreement signed at Tordesillas, the distance was increased by common consent between Spain and Portugal, not as Martyr says, to 300, but to 370 leagues.
'Inter caetera' by Pope Alexander VI (May 4, 1493):
'... the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south, as is aforesaid, from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde; apostolic constitutions and ordinances and other decrees whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. We trust in Him from whom empires and governments and all good things proceed, that, should you, ... to the happiness and glory of all Christendom. But inasmuch as it would be difficult to have these present letters sent to all places where desirable, we wish, and with similar accord and knowledge do decree ...'.
Only a few weeks after Columbus's return from his first voyage, Martyr wrote letters referring to Columbus's discovered lands as the "western antipodes" ("antipodibus occiduis", letter of 14 May 1493), the "new hemisphere of the earth" ("novo terrarum hemisphaerio", 13 September 1493). Antilla and Satanazes were known after 1412/1414 and at a map in 1424.
Also from Barcelona, on the 14th of May, 1493, Peter Martyr, wrote to his friend Count Tindilla:
'A few days after [an attempted assassination of King Ferdinand], there returned from the Western Antipodes a certain Christopher Columbus, a Ligurian, who with barely three ships penetrated to the province which was believed to be fabulous: he returned bearing substantial proofs in the shape of many precious things and particularly of gold.'
On 4 May 1493, Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), an Aragonese from Valencia by birth, decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile, although territory under Christian rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched [GREENLAND]. The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands, so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line [BRAZIL]. Another bull, Dudum siquidem, entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493, gave all mainlands and islands, "at one time or even still belonging to India" to Spain [Cuba / Cipangu / Satanazes / China], even if east of the line.
The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too little land - it prevented him from possessing India, his near-term goal. By 1493, Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus [Antilla / Hispaniola and Satanazes], but the explicit mention of India was a major issue. As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line [BRAZIL]. In the bargain, John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west, protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands [BRAZIL] that now constitute the eastern quarter of Brazil. As one scholar assessed the results, "both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed, and each thought that the other was deceived", concluding that it was a "diplomatic triumph for Portugal, confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India, but most of the South Atlantic".
On 24 September 1493, Columbus sailed from Cadiz with 17 ships, and supplies to establish permanent colonies in the Americas. He sailed with nearly 1,500 men. The fleet included two naos, Columbus' flagship Marigalante and Gallega. The rest were caravels: Fraila, San Juan, Colina, Gallarda, Gutierre, Bonial, Rodriga. According to his published memories, in 1503 de Gonneville, challenging the Portuguese policy of mare clausum, sailed from Honfleur in Normandy with his crew and the help of two Portuguese pilots, heading for the East Indies. When he reached the Cape of Good Hope his ship L'Espoir (The Hope) was diverted to an unknown land by a storm. In 1505 he returned claiming to have discovered the "great Austral land," which he also called the "Indes Meridionales". According to de Gonneville, he had stayed six months in this idyllic place. Since then, Binot Paulmier de Gonneville's purported feat as the first European to arrive in Southern Brazil, is celebrated annually both in his hometown of Honfleur, in Normandy, and curiously in the island of Sao Francisco do Sul in Brazil, where a memorial plate has been erected commemorating the French explorer's arrival in 1504, notwithstanding the affair is more of a tale than a proven fact.
Again, on the 1st of October, 1493, this time from Milan, Martyr wrote to the Archbishop of Braga:
'A certain Columbus has sailed to the Western Antipodes, even as he believes to the very shores of India. He has discovered many islands beyond the eastern ocean adjoining the Indies, which are believed to be those of which mention has been made among cosmographers. I do not wholly deny this, although the magnitude of the globe seems to suggest otherwise, for there are not wanting those who think it but a small journey from the end of Spain to the shores of India.'

The bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI:
Eximiae devotionis (3 May 1493),
Inter caetera (4 May 1493) and
Dudum siquidem (23 / 26 September 1493),
granted rights to Spain with respect to the newly discovered lands in the Americas similar to those Pope Nicholas V had previously conferred on Portugal with the bulls Romanus Pontifex and Dum Diversas.
In a letter dated 1 November 1493, MARTYR refers to Columbus as the "discoverer of the new globe" ("Colonus ille novi orbis repertor").
Finally, on January 31, 1494, Martyr wrote to the Archbishop of Granada:
'The King and Queen at Barcelona have created an Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Columbus returned from his most honorable charge, and they have admitted him to sit in their presence, which is, as you know, a supreme proof of benevolence and honor with our Sovereigns.'
Columbus himself had had a word to say respecting his voyage. Writing from shipboard, on February 15, 1493, to Luis de Santangel, had declared: 'When I reached Juana [Cuba] I followed its coast westwardly and found it so large that I thought it might be the mainland province of Cathay.' As a matter of fact, however, interest in this exploit on the part of Columbus attached itself less to the geographical discoveries than to the preternatural creatures that lurked on the margins of the earth.
Martyr, in his letter of May 15, 1493, first announced the return of Colon, with no more than a brief mention of his discoveries. It was not until September 13, 1493, that he wrote some account of them.
We have a brief testimony of the emotions of the learned in a letter, written at the time, by Peter Martyr to his friend Pomponius Laetus. "You tell me, my amiable Pomponius," he writes, "that you leaped for joy, and that your delight was mingled with tears, when you read my epistle, certifying to you the hitherto hidden world of the antipodes. You have felt and acted as became a man eminent for learning, for I can conceive no aliment more delicious than such tidings to a cultivated and ingenuous mind. I feel a wonderful exultation of spirits when I converse with intelligent men who have returned from these regions. It is like an accession of wealth to a miser. Our minds, soiled and debased by the common concerns of life and the vices of society, become elevated and ameliorated by contemplating such glorious events."
'De Orbe Novo. The Eight Decades' of Peter Martyr D'Anghera:
'He decided to return, also because of the tumultuous sea, for the coast of Juana [Cuba / Satanazes / sometimes like China or Japan] towards the north is very broken, and at that winter season, the north winds were dangerous to his ships. Laying his course eastwards, he held towards an island which he believed to be the island of Ophir [Antilia or south Bahamas]; examination of the maps, however, shows that it was the Antilles and neighbouring islands [Satanazes].
He named this island Hispaniola. Having decided to land, Columbus put in towards shore, when the largest of his ships struck a concealed rock ... the sailors were taken safely on board."
Martyr was the first to herald the discovery of the new world, and to publish the glory. To Count Giovanni Borromeo he wrote concerning the return of Columbus from his first voyage: '... rediit ab Antipodibus occidtiis Christophoriis quidam Colonus, vir ligur, qui a meis regibus ad hanc provinciam tria vix impetraverat navigia, quia fabulosa, que dicebat, arbitrabantur...'.
The 'Decades' consisted of ten reports, two of which Martyr had previously sent as letters describing the voyages of Columbus, to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494. In 1501 Martyr, as requested by the Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona, added eight chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzon. Martyr is one of the major informants on the voyages of Columbus. The letters describing the voyages of Columbus, had been already sent by Martyr to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494.
The existence of a new, fourth continent was so foreign to the engrained thinking of millennia that it would take years for Columbus and his contemporaries to realize the geographic implications of his discovery. When Peter Martyr, in a letter dated November 1, 1493, refers to 'Colonus ille Novi Orbis repertory' / 'that famous Columbus the discoverer of a New World', it is clear that by 'new world' he meant new portions of World. Columbus himself uses the term 'otro mundo' / another world. On 14 or 15 August 1498, he made the following entry in his Journal: 'I believe that this is a very great continent, which until today has been unknown.' The existence of an unknown and unimagined continent shattered all previous conceptions of world geography.
The first letters of Martyr to Pomponius Laetus / Lastus in 1494 to 1498/1499:
Allegretto Allegretti, in his annals of Sienna for 1493, mentions it as just made known there by the letters of their merchants who were in Spain, and by the mouths of various travelers.
The news was brought to Genoa by the return of her ambassadors Francisco Marchesi and Giovanni Antonio Grimaldi, and was recorded among the triumphant events of the year. The tidings were soon carried to England. In the court of Henry VII, where the discovery was pronounced "a thing more divine than human."
We have this on the authority of Sebastian Cabot himself, the future discoverer of the northern continent of America, who was in London at the time, and was inspired by the event.
We have a brief testimony of the emotions of the learned in a letter, written at the time, by Peter Martyr to his friend Pomponius Laetus. "You tell me, my amiable Pomponius," he writes, "that you leaped for joy, and that your delight was mingled with tears, when you read my epistle, certifying to you the hitherto hidden world of the antipodes. You have felt and acted as became a man eminent for learning, for I can conceive no aliment more delicious than such tidings to a cultivated and ingenuous mind. I feel a wonderful exultation of spirits when I converse with intelligent men who have returned from these regions. It is like an accession of wealth to a miser. Our minds, soiled and debased by the common concerns of life and the vices of society, become elevated and ameliorated by contemplating such glorious events."
The opinion of Columbus was universally adopted in Spring 1493, that Cuba was the end of the Asiatic continent, and that the adjacent islands were in the Indian seas. This agreed with the opinions of the ancients, heretofore cited, about the moderate distance from Spain to the extremity of India, sailing westwardly. The parrots were also thought to resemble those described by Pliny, as abounding in the remote parts of Asia.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setobal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and Leon), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia (Cuba / SATANAZES and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal [with Greenland and Brazil] and the lands to the west to Castile [with Antilia and Satanazes], modifying an earlier bull by Pope Alexander VI. The treaty was signed by Spain on 2 July 1494, and by Portugal on 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529.
In April, 1494, MARTYR discusses the question whether Colon's discoveries were a new continent [Antilia, Satanazes and unknown land to west] and displays his skepticism about Colon's opinion [before Tordesillas treaty] of the short distance from them to Asia. Martyr seemed to be somewhat uncertain about the matter.
The subject did not bring forth much speculation at the time, at least little was published about it.
The most effective elucidation of the subject was written by Rodrigo de Santaella in the preface to his translation of Marco Polo, published in Seville in 1503. He ridiculed the idea that because gold had been found in Espanola this proved that it was in the Indies, and averred that the name Indies was entirely inappropriate to that island.
A voyage [Bartholome Colon ?] to have lasted forty-five days, leaving Espanola on September 28. No year is given, but Mr. Wilson speculates that the voyage took place in 1494. Having reached Cumana, the expedition coasted along the north coast of South America and in his opinion reached Cabo Gracias a Dios. From this point the vessels sailed north around the west coast of Cuba and returned to the north coast of Espanola. Very little in the account to indicate that this expedition ever rounded the island of Cuba. The only possible proof of it lies in Martyr's map, which, however, could just as well show the results of the Ocampo expedition in 1508.
On 20 October 1494, Peter Martyr again refers to the marvels of the New Globe ("Novo Orbe") and the "Western Hemisphere" ("ab occidente hemisphero").
The Pope in Rome in 1493 and 1494 also claimed that Columbus had again sailed to Antilia, already known to the Spanish and Portuguese after 1412/1414. The discovery was confirmed in 1424 on an Italian map of the Atlantic. In the 1480s, the French and Portuguese sailed to Brazil for red dye.
The Pope agreed with the Portuguese that Brazil and the continent existed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands and this already in 1494. It was not known whether there was a continent west of Satanazes and Antilia. And in 1497 the Spanish kings commissioned Vespucci to do just that. Vespucci, still in secret, sailed to Honduras and the Gulf of Mexico in 1497. Columbus was commissioned to sail to the Portuguese continent at the height of the equator. Columbus deliberately did not sail to Brazil or his data on the ship's course was falsified. Since the birds flew southwest, Columbus knew that Guiana and Brazil were there anyway. Colon only confirmed the New World in the Spanish zone - Orinoco, Trinidad and Venezuela / New World, OTRO Mundo.
The entire 'First Decade' relates to Colon and his expeditions and to that of Pinzon. It was finished about 1500 or 1501 except for the epilogue. A transcript of it was given to an Italian who carried it to Italy where it was printed in 1504, greatly paraphrased as 'Libretto de tutta la navigatione de Re de Spagna'. Martyr's description of the customs and religions of the natives in the original text of the 'Libretto the division into letters' is not mentioned, but in 'De Orbe Novo', dated November 13, 1493, No 1;
and No. 2, April 29, 1494, the remainder not dated.
The first two books of the Decade in the edition of 1516 are dated November, 1493, and April 29, 1494; the others are undated but were written between 1494 and 1500, perhaps all in 1500.
In October, 1494, MARTYR began the series of letters to be known as the Ocean Decades, continuing his labours, with interruptions, until 1526. This is authentic information concerning the New World. No sooner had Columbus returned from his first voyage than Martyr hastened to announce his success to his friends, Count Tendilla and Archbishop Talavera. 'Meministis Colonum Ligurem institisse in Castris apud reges de perciirrendo per occiduos antipodes novo terrarum hoemisphosrio; meminisse opportet'.
Martyr was present in Barcelona and witnessed the reception accorded the successful discoverer by the Catholic sovereigns. The Kings confirmed titles for Colon: Admiral of the Ocean, and Viceroy of the Indies.
The ambassadors from his native Republic of Genoa, Marchisio and Grimaldi, witnessed the exaltation of their fellow countryman with eyes that hardly trusted their own vision. Allegretto Allegretti, in his annals of Sienna for 1493, mentions it as just made known there by the letters of their merchants who were in Spain and others travelers. The news was brought to Genoa by the return of her ambassadors Francisco Marchesi and Giovanni Antonio Grimaldi, and was recorded.
The tidings were soon carried to England of Henry VII, where the discovery was pronounced
'a thing more divine than human.'
We have this on the authority of Sebastian Cabot himself. We have a brief testimony of the emotions of the learned in a letter, written at the time, by Peter Martyr to his friend Pomponius Laetus. 'You tell me, my amiable Pomponius,' he writes, 'that you leaped for joy, and that your delight was mingled with tears, when you read my epistle, certifying to you the hitherto hidden world of the antipodes.
You have felt and acted as became a man eminent for learning ... by contemplating such glorious events.'
1495,
Voyage of Joao Fernandes, the Farmer, and Pedro de Barcelos to Greenland. During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of Labrador (lavrador, farmer).

Now we show Colon / Columbus and his voyages to Satanazes and Antilia:
Columbus' father was born in 1418; married Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of prosperous family of Porta della'Olivella by Bisagno River. Christopher was born in 1451, and the couple had 4 more children - Diego Giacomo was younger.
Christopher had red heir, in 1470 he may have moved to SAVONA because a wool trade. 1475 - he sailed to the Greek island of Chios, the Genoese colony.
In May 1476 he travelled on an expedition to Portugal. Columbus moved to Lagos, then to Lisbon and in 1477 to England and to Ireland in GALWAY. He also possibly visited Iceland. Speculated there Columbus first learned about the North American continent and in 1477 navigated from Iceland to the west closest to Greenland.

Columbus made his home in Portugal [the Azores Islands in 1439 were discovered by Portuguese]. He was in ELMINA. Christopher and Bertholomew in Lisbon worked together in the map and chart business making Columbus a skilled cartographer by the 1480s.
In 1479 Columbus married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, a woman in her twenties with an Italain father and mother from Portugal's nobility. Columbus' father-in-law had been involved in the colonisation of the Madeira and received the captaincy of Porto Santo near by Madeira.
In Porto Santo Columbus listened from his mother-in-law of HER late husband's voyages, inheriting his instruments and charts. Felipa gave birth a son Diego ca 1479. Columbus was on voyage to Africa in 1482/1484, but Felipa died; a widower Columbus with a son moved out home.
In August 1481 Joao II became King of Portugal. In 1482 Diogo Cao on a voyage to the south down to cross the equator.

Columbus was widely read and was master in Latin, Portuguese and Castillian. In Lisbon he heard stories of mariners of BRISTOL sighting land to the west from Ireland, ie Newfounland in 1480 and 1481. He corresponded with Paolo Toscanelli about his theories the size of the Earth, ca 1485. In 1480s a ships from Bergen landed in Greenland.
Columbus drew upon Toscanelli, the Islamic world and Greece. He made his own calculations which indicated that Japan / Cipangu was 2.400 nautical miles due west of the Canary Islands. And here Antilia was for him like JAPAN or Satanazes like CHINA. He know very well from a charts about this Portuguese discoveries from about 1422 until 1484. In 1484 Columbus asked King Joao for three caravels to Japan.
Three experts turned Columbus down.
Columbus had very broad knowledge of Antilia and sailing west from the Canary Islands but back from Haiti / Espanola / Antilia north-east to the Azores parallel and on to the Azores and from there to Lisbon.
Columbus sent his brother Bartholomew to England to King Henry VII in 1485. In mid-1485 Christopher went to King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Columbus called on the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Duke of Medina Celi. They requested permission from Queen Isabella.
Columbus met Beatriz de Harana, his mistress, and mother of Ferdinand in 1488. Isabella met first Columbus in May 1486.
Appointed a commission. At the Santander university were sceptical about Columbus' theory. 1487 - Columbus put on the royal payroll. In 1488 Columbus returned to Portugal, a second attempt to the King Joao. In December 1488 DIAS returned from NATAL in South Africa.
In 1489 Columbus back to Sevilla.
In 1490 he received word that the commission established by Isabella to investigate his proposed western voyage had finally reported and rejected Columbus' idea. They said in fact take THREE YEARS to sail west to Asia and back to Palos. In 1490/1491 - Columbus made attempt to sail on western Atlantic, and he was informing Isabella about this voyage in 1492 in Greneda's meeting in Summer 1491.
The commission' opinion in 1490 was neither accepted nor rejected.
The King and Queen informed Columbus in 1490 that his idea about Haiti / Antilia / Japan [in 1492/1493/1494 Columbus and orhers in Rome and Lisbon changed names: sometimes Cuba / Satanazes was China or Japan; maybe Haiti = Espanola was Antilia or Japan / Cipangu with a gold in mountains] might be considered once again after conquest of Granada.
This King's plan included change of Papa in Rome because of Papal's bulls.
At this time Columbus again thinking about FRANCE and his brother Bartholomew was hopeful about the support of the King of France.

It is a matter of wonder how Pizzigano put pieces of other maps together in the first half of 1424. Of course Pizzigano did not know how far these islands were from the Portuguese coast, and even if he did he could not have kept the small map to scale. This is a well-known fact of 15th century mapmaking.
These three islands, plus two smaller companions, are arranged from north to south.
Balimas / Balmas west to Canary Island. Antilia and one island, small to west. That is, the natives provided information about the continent beyond [to western] Antilia / Haiti. Satanaza / Satanazes and one small island to north. Pizzigano should have arranged them from east to west, that is Satanazes more to the west as Cuba, and according to Columbus it was Cipangu / Japan. Pizzigano simply put everything along a vertical line, when it should be a horizontal line. Then Antilia would be more to the east. It is accompanied by a small island - maybe Puerto Rico. Satanazes has a small island accompanying it - maybe Jamaica.
These are exactly the islands that Columbus saw again, after the information from the natives in the Bahamas on how to sail in October 1492.

"Antillia normally forms part of a four island archipelago on maps of the 15th century, with it and another, generally termed Satanazes being the largest, and rectangular in configuration. Both have smaller companions, in Antillia's case Royllo (though Zuane Pizzigano, the earliest of the cartographers, renders the name as Ymana).
In 1424 we have Saya, Satanazes, Antilia and Ymana.
Zuane Pizzigano in 1424 informed about settlements on Haiti: Asay, Ary (?), Vra, Jaysos, Marnlio, Ansuly and Cyodue (?) and Ruysch said: 'This island Antilia was once found by the Portuguese, but now when it is searched, cannot be found'.
A decade after the chart of Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano (1367), stated that navigation is impossible beyond a point interpreted as 'statues on the shores of Atullia' - ca 1377.
On Behaim's globe, which states that: 'In the year 1414, a Spanish ship approached very near this Island'.
Antonio Galvao, writing in 1563, records an account of Portuguese mariners travelling to Antillia - early English translated:
'In this yeere also, 1447, it happened that there came a Portugall ship through the streight of Gibraltar; and being taken with a great tempest, was forced to runne westwards more than willingly the men would, and at last they fell vpon an Island which had seuen cities, and the people spake the Portugall toong, and they demanded if the Moores did yet trouble Spaine, whence they had fled for the losse which they received by the death of the king of Spaine, Don Roderigo'.
This Island of the Seven Cities, for the Portuguese kings Afonso V and Joao II mention them in letters concerning one Fernao Teles and a Fleming, Fernao Dulmo.
Teles is granted "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" he chanced upon in the Atlantic as his fief in 1475,
while Dulmo was authorised to search for the island in a royal letter of the 24th July 1486.
In a similar vein, the Infanta D. Brites was given a grant in 1473 of "an island, that appeared beyond the island of Santiago."
The Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi describes an island named Ash-Shasland (Sahalia in Latin), which is large and formerly inhabited - 'The length of this island is equivalent to 15 days' sailing, its width ten'.
Antonio Galvao's account of the 1447 Portuguese visit to the island gives the following interesting detail -
'The boateswaine of the ship brought home a little of the sand, and sold it vnto a goldsmith of Lisbon, out of the which he had a good quantitie of gold'.
The so-called "Columbus Map," today in Paris, records the following -
'Here is the island called of the Seven Cities, a colony inhabited by Portuguese, according to some Spanish sailors, in the sands of which silver can be found'.
The name of Antillia's more northerly sister island is given before 1438 variously as Satanazes and Satanagio.
On Bianco's 1436 map - 'De la man satanagio'.
In 1448, Andrea Bianco, a Venetian cartographer, was in London, busily etching a new map which referenced all of the previous Portuguese discoveries and has a notable focus on Africa. Antillia, which is present on his 1436 map, has gone, replaced by the Azores. However, further to the south, just on the edge of the map we have today, there lies a similarly-lengthy land mass, which is indicated as the 'ixola otinticha', the "authentic" or "genuine island."
A short distance northwards, where we find the Cape Verde archipelago, are the 'dos ermanes' or "two brothers," islands with a significant pedigree in Arabic sea-lore.
Oldham did not think so, preferring an identification with the north-east coast of Brazil, though his ideas are hardly consensus. The detail of the parrots suggests Brazil or Senegal.
The Satanazes type to Saluagia and the like from the 1460s onwards can perhaps be explained by Diogo Gomes de Sintra's 1438 discovery of the desolate Salvage Islands.
Battista Beccaro in 1435 showed Tanmar, Satanagio, Antillia and Royllo.
Andrea Bianco in 1436: 'De la man satanagio' and Antillia.
Grazioso Benincasa in 1463 - Taumar, Saluaga, Antilia and Rosellia.
Albino Canepa in 1489 - Taumar, Saluagia, Antillia, Roillo.

Haiti / Antilia was re-discovered by Pinzon in 1492; Cuba was discovered by Columbus.
Later, Columbus' brother, Bartholomeo, will discover Venezuela, going south from Haiti, during the second expedition, 1493/1496. There was information about blacks who traded there. Then, in the third expedition in 1498, Columbus searched for traces of traders from Africa to Trinidad and Venezuela. This is how Columbus and his brother wrote it.

In the second half of 1493 and in the 1st half of 1494 Portugal and the Spanish Kings negotiated new agreement about Antilia, Brazil and Greenland; a line among two powers was moving to the west and Portugal Kingdom took all mainland in Brazil. Despite neither Pope having any direct involvement in these negotiations, the treaty would still sometimes be called the "Papal Line of Demarcation" after its sanctioning. New Papa confirmed the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas only in the year 1506. The treaty divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. This line of geographic separation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and Leon), named in the treaty as Cipangu / Cipango and Antilia (Cuba / Japan or China, and Hispaniola / Espanola).
The lands to the east belong to Portugal, and the west to Castile.
It belonged to Spain, including Antilia (the islands visited by Columbus) and all lands west of that indicator.

In November 1493 Columbus confirmed existence of the Lesser Antilies islands which was discovered in 1487 by Coelho. Even before this point though, the Portuguese had begun new navigation of their South America section. In 1495 it was the first secret trip of Vasco da Gama to Sofala, but he returned to Lisbon. In 1495 again Portugueses sailed from Azores to the Corte Real Land/Greenland. In 1514 new Papa declared a new Papal Bull.

The King-Hamy Planisphere has 58.5-77.2 cm. One of the first maps of the world to show the Americas, believed to be based on the Padrao Real and either made in Portugal or in Italy from Portuguese sources. Previously owned by Richard King and Dr. Theodore Jules Ernest Hamy, now held by the Huntington Library (HM45) in San Marino, California, USA. Date - 1502, 1503, or 1504, the author possibly Americo Vespucci.

Cosmographiae Introductio ("Introduction to Cosmography" ed. in 1507) is a book that was published in 1507 to accompany Martin Waldseemuller's printed globe and wall-map (Universalis Cosmographia). The book and map contain the first mention of the term 'America'.
Waldseemuller's book and maps, along with his 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geography, were very influential.

The map of the world in 1507, was published in an edition of 1000 copies, of which it seems only a single copy survives. It was new knowledge.
Vespucci changed his opinion of 1500 during six/seven years.
In 1500 he was writing: "After we sailed ca 400 leagues [over 2000 km] along the coast without interruption, we concluded that this is mainland, by which I mean that it forms the easternmost point of Asia and the first tip of Asia reached when sailing westbound".
It was a copy of the letter to Lorenzo di Pier Francesco de' Medici, from Seville, July 27, 1500.
Published in Seville, July 27 (erroneous, for July 18), 1500 by Amerigo Vespucci.
This letter has previously been known in two manuscript copies of the early 16th century, made by or for Piero Vagliente (Bibl. Riccardiana 2112 and 2112 bis) and was first published in 1745.
In 1507 Vespucci known very well: Asia is separated from South and North America.
Among 1500 and 1506 it was unknown Portuguase voyage around Chile, western Mexico to California and Oregon.
It is certain knowledge and proven.

The Caribbean and Florida were depicted on two earlier charts, the Cantino map, smuggled from Portugal to Italy in 1502 showing details known in 1500, and the Caverio map, drawn ca 1503/1506 and showing the Gulf of Mexico. On his 1506 world map, Giovanni Contarini called the land later called America by Waldseemuller the Antipodes. The Caverio Map (also known as Caveri Map or Canerio Map) is a map drawn by Nicolay de Caveri or Caverio, circa 1506. It was probably either made in Lisbon by the Genoese Caveri, or copied by him in Genoa from a Portuguese map very similar to the Cantino map. The Cantino map was in Genoa toward the end of 1502 and some authors have assumed that Caveri could have used it at least for portions of Greenland, Newfoundland, and Brazil coast.

The Padrao Real or "Royal Register" was the official and quasisecret Portuguese master map during the Age of Exploration, used as a template for the maps of all official Portuguese expeditions. It formed the complete record of Portuguese discoveries both public and secret. First compiled under Henry the Navigator.

1501/1502:
The original Padrao Real has been lost, although the Cantino planisphere copy still exists. It is thought to have been made by a Portuguese cartographer sometime between December 1501 and October 1502. Cantino presumably bribed the cartographer to produce it and then sent the map to the Duke of Ferrara, probably on 19 November 1502. It is now held by the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy.

1487,
Afonso de Paiva and Pero da Covilha traveled overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of Prester John / Ethiopia.

1488, Bartolomeu Dias, crowning 50 years of effort and methodical expeditions, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. They had found the "Flat Mountain" of Ptolemy's Geography.

1489/1492 - South Atlantic Voyages to map the winds.

1490, Columbus leaves for Spain after his father-in-law's death.

1492, First exploration of the Indian Ocean.

1494, The Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain divided the world into two parts, Spain claiming all non-Christian lands west of a north-south line 370 leagues west of the Azores, Portugal claiming all non-Christian lands east of that line.

Around 1508 or 1511-1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina, and went as far south as the present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42'S. Some historians have attributed this voyage to the captains and the experienced pilot of the India run ("the best Pilot of Portugal" and a "best friend" of the Fugger's Agent), with Diogo Ribeiro, Estevao Frois and the pilot Joao de Lisboa. The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf.
Estevao Frois arrived on the ESPANOLA / Spanish island in 1513.
1512, Joao de Lisboa and Estevao Frois reached the La Plata estuary.

In Tordesillas in 1494 explained on Portuguese explorations in BRAZIL, Antilia and Newfounland.
Frois said about a previous voyage by JOAO COELHO before 1494, and Coelho was a partner of Joao Vaz Corte-Real. In 1504 announced "Goncalo Coelho land" for BRAZIL discovered ca 1487.
Corte-Real and Coelho quarreled and Coelho in his own ship discovered lands, 'na parte do sul...' [from Newfounland to the south - against winds and stream ?]. Coelho died on the voyage to the south along US coast [1487 or before, the discovery of Lesser Antilies with Trinidad by Portuguese, Coelho]. But maybe Coelho and Corte-Real made a voyage earlier, 1472/1478, because Frois said in 1494 it was 20 years or more before Tordesillas Treaty.

Joae Coelho older was born in 1440/1449. His son Joao Coelho junior born in 1475, in Porto, Portugal. Junior Coelho lived in Porto and then in Angra do Heroismo in Azores in 1539. He died in Terceira. In 1512, Joao de Lisboa and Estevao Frois reached the La Plata estuary. "The best Pilot of Portugal" and a "best friend" of the Fugger's Agent, with Diogo Ribeiro, Estevao Frois and the pilot Joao de Lisboa. The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf. In 1494, Sept. 5, Portugal ratifies the Treaty of Tordesillas. In 1494, the Portuguese already knew the existence of a southern mainland. Spain and Portugal affirmed the papal decrees of the Inter Caetera in the treaty signed in the Spanish town of Tordesillas in June 1494 but moved the line to the west.

Older Joao Coelho co-operated with Joao vaz Corte-Real ca 1472/1474.
Joao Coelho, forester and keeper of the Corta-Rabos Forest in 1476. Afonso V send letter to Joao Coelho, servant of Fernao Mascarenhas, accused of an offense. the Portuguese King divided the island of Terceira into two captaincies: Angra which was given to Joao Vaz Corte Real; and Praia which was given to Alvaro Martins Homem.
Joao Coelho older was a partner of Joao Vaz Corte-Real, that the two men quarreled, and that the former, in his own vessel, discovered lands to the south from Terra de Corte-Real / Newfounland.
A 1502 map identifies Newfoundland as "land of the King of Portugal." Baccalhau [Cod Island] is Baccalieu Island. Kurlansky says that by 1508, 10 % of fish sold in Douro and Minho was Newfoundland salt cod. Meanwhile, attempts to place the Portuguese even a little bit outside of Newfoundland, like in north-eastern Nova Scotia. The story is that, finding Newfoundland too cold, the settlers found another location further to the west. Samuel Eliot Morison (in 1978) thought that the colony was established at Ingonish, Cape Breton. It is thought that the colony failed because of the hostility of local Natives. It's possible that there are isolated instances of Portuguese fishermen stopping at Plum Island or elsewhere along the New England coast, it seems very unlikely that there was any serious pre-Columbian. There is some evidence that first Basque, then Portuguese and finally English of Bristol, fishermen visited Newfoundland and Greenland before Columbus. As these fishermen were shut out of the lucrative Icelandic fisheries controlled by the Hanseatic League.
According to Gaspar Frutuoso a Portuguese priest, writing nearly 100 years after the fact, Joao Vaz Corte-Real a Portuguese sailor found a land he called Terra Nova do Bacalhau (New Land of the Codfish). that is Newfoundland in 1473.
Fragmentary evidence suggests the expedition in 1473 was a joint venture between the kings of Portugal and Denmark, and that Corte-Real accompanied the German sailors Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, with John Scolvus. The claim that he discovered Terra Nova do Bacalhau / New Land of the Codfish, originated from around 1570/1580.

Thomas Croft, a wealthy Bristol customs official, trying to find a new source of cod, went into partnership with John Jay, a Bristol merchant, believed that somewhere in the Atlantic was an island called Hy-Brasil. In 1480, Jay sent his first ship in search of this island. In 1481, Jay and Croft outfitted two more ships, the Trinity and the George. No record exists of the result. But they did find enough cod so that in 1490, when the Hanseatic League offered to negotiate to reopen the Iceland trade, Croft and Jay simply weren't interested anymore.
John Day's Letter was written by the English merchant to an unidentified Spanish 'Lord Grand Admiral' who is believed to have been Christopher Columbus, courtesy of the Spanish National Archives in Valladolid. John Day, an English merchant active in the Spanish trade, reporting on John Cabot's expedition of 1497. Day claimed that what Cabot discovered "is assumed and believed to be the mainland that the Bristol men found" in 1480 and 1481.
The Portuguese travelled to Newfoundland in 1452 (Diogo de Teive),
in 1471/1472 (Joao Corte-Real),
in 1473 (Joao Corte Real and Alvaro Martins Homem),
and in 1475 (Joao Corte Real with Pedro de Barcelos).

The Portuguese sailors discovered Brazil in 1345, and proof is the letter that Afonso, king of Portugal, sent to the Pope that year.

In 1476/1477, Portugal and Denmark travelled together to Greenland.
In 1487, Joao Coelho explored Trindad and Tobago and "antilhas do Barlavento"
and Pedro Vaz da Cunha explored the coast of Brazil. But in 1504 Brazil named "the land of Goncalo Coelho" maybe discovered ca 1487. The Cantino map in 1502 shows Florida with a coast to the north, all Cuba like the island, perfect mapped Greenland on west and east side, Newfounland and and back Labrador, Bahamas, all Lesser Antilias, and of course Antilia / Espanola and Jamaica, Puert Rico, Azores. John Irany wrote a book "Before 1492. The Portuguese Discovery of America."
Waldseemuller map shows Pacific Ocean from Chile to Mexico and all mountains from California to Vancouver originally published in April 1507.
The Cantino map, smuggled from Portugal to Italy in 1502 showing details known in 1500, and the Caverio map, drawn ca 1503-1506, showing the Gulf of Mexico. On his 1506 world map, Giovanni Contarini called the land later called America by Waldseemuller, the Antipodes. The map is signed with "Nicolay de Caveri Januensis". It was probably either made in Lisbon by the Genoese Caveri, or copied by him in Genoa from a Portuguese map very similar to the Cantino map. The Cantino map was in Genoa toward the end of 1502. The coast of 'vera cruz' (Brazil) says: 'The land called Vera Cruz was found by Pedro Alvares Cabral, a gentleman of the household of the King of Portugal. He discovered it as commander of a fleet of 14 ships that King sent to Calicut, and on the way to India, he came across this land here, which he took to be 'terra firma' [mainland] in which there are many people, described as going about, men and women, as naked as their mothers bore them; they are lighter-skinned.'

As ilhas de Barlavento = the Windward Islands or the Windward Archipelago are the southeastern islands of the Lesser Antilles. Some of the main ones are Grenada, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago.
As Ilhas de Sotavento / ilhas das Pequenas Antilhas = the Leeward Islands are a group of islands in the Lesser Antilles, made up of several islands shared between the Netherlands and Venezuela and located off the coast of the South American continental shelf.

Coelho's companions back from Newfounland to TERCEIRA in Azores maybe in 1474. No date appeare for this venture. But elder Corte-Real died on July 2. 1496. Frois referred of discovery: 'twenty years and more' of Portuguese ownership of BRAZIL. Acc to me around 1474, Joao Coelho sailed from Newfounland to south, maybe to US coast at present, and back to east in Azores.

Joao Ramalho from Broucela in Portugal, oldest settler in Brazil, died in 1580 like 100 man old, after 90 years, in Sao Vicente prior to the coming of Martim Affonso de SOUZA in 1531, and Ramalho was in Brazil since 1490/1491.

Columbus in the 1480s had a papers from his wife Perestrello at Madeira / Porto Santo, about western Ocean, acc. to Columbus' statement. Toscanelli wrote to Fernam Martins and Columbus took a copy of this letter. Las Casas and Ferdinand Columbus listed many sea captains, Portuguese nearly all, whose reports known Columbus before 1492.

On June 30, 1484, King Joao made a concession of Fernam Dominguez do ARCO, from Madeira, planning a voyage of discovery but the direction is not specified in the grant. Fernam do Arco was assured the proprietorship of the island he hoped to find, like Joham de Camara held Madeira.

King Joao approved in favour of Fernam Dulmo of Terceira, in July 1486. Dulmo was a Flemish of German blood, and Dulmo's purpose was sted as being the discovery of this island, the 'Island of the Seven Cities'. This is Antilia or Haiti. Martin Behaim given this version on his globe where Seven Cities = Antilia. Dulmo was thinking Antilia was not far away. "Terra firme" words were employed in the grant in 1486. Seven Cities were believed to be an island, and the further discoveries was considered.
Dulmo was looking for money for discovery. He was taking a partner Joao Affonso do ESTREITO from Madeira. The King drew up another grant for this newcomer. Dulmo and Estreito made arrangement. In March 1487, they would sail from Terceira in Azores, taking more passengers, like 'German knight'.
Maybe he was Martin Behaim, recently knighted of Fayal island in Azores.
The vessels were to be provisioned for SIX months. And the first 40 days of their search the direction would be set by Dulmo. The 40 days was distance to Antilia = Seven Cities. Then Estreito would take command until their return. We haven't evidence of the 1487 or 1488 trip to America.

Las Casa and Galvao wrote on the record of the discovery of a WESTERN ISLAND. Las Casas refers to Antonio Leme of Madeira. LEME sighted lands to the west [Bahamas ?]. Antonio participated in various Portuguese expeditions and battles against the Moors in 1471. Antonio is the founder of the Leme branch which settled on Madeira. Antonio Leme eventually settled on Madeira, marrying a great-granddaughter of Zarco, one of the squires who had claimed the island for Portugal. When Antao Leme was born on 10 January 1486, in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, his father, Antonio Leme, was 37, married to his mother, Catarina de Barros Goncalves who was 17. Antonio Leme in 1480 indicated to Columbus. Martim Leme (1501-1536) of Funchal, Madeira. Anthony Leme, of Madeira, declared that he once run a considerable way to the westwards of Madeira.

In 1457 King Affonso V made his brother Fernando a present of all the islands the latter might discover in the Atlantic, ie Antilia and Satanazes.

Around 1457/1461, Pedro de Valasco and Diogo de TIEVE, both Portuguese, sailed more than 150 leagues westward of FAYAL in Azores [times 5.5 km = around 780 km], and on their return discovered the island of FLORES in Azores. Columbus learned on their from Velasco, whom he met at the La Rabida monastery.

In 1462, Goncalo Fernades of TAVIRA desired to discover NEW lands beyond MADEIRA, ie Lesser Antilies now, and beyond Canaries. And he obtained royal permission to do so.

In 1473 Ruy Goncalves da CAMARA applied for and obtained leave to make a similar discovery.

A note to distance from Azores:
in Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the former Portuguese Empire, Legua of 20 to a degree (Maritime legua) = 5.5 km. In Brazil, the leguas is 6.6 km. Legua nautica (nautical league) between 1400 and 1600, the Spanish, is 5,903 metres.

1473 - Ruy da Camara left to make a discovery of America but not more data.

On June 7, 1494, the Papal Bull learned of a stretch of coast in the South Atlantic, situated 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Spanish Kings in a letter to Columbus on September 5, 1493, stated that Portuguese diplomats had let slip certain information about SUCH LANDS TO THE SOUTHWEST.
In 1496 Columbus explained to the Kings, there was still plenty of gold to be had. He also tried in 1496 to convince them that he had reached the MALAY peninsulas of south-east of Asia. As a final he told the monarchs that he was convinced that there was a whole NEW Continent lying just to the south of the islands, Antilia and Cuba, he had landed on. To his surprise the Kings were willing to overlook the bad reports that they had received in 1495. In 1494 the Tordesillas Treaty ordered to sent expeditions with scholars to "BRAZIL". They agreed to finance another voyage specifically to confirm the existence of the proposed NEW continent. Columbus have to wait a two years, because the Kings sent to NEW continent in 1497 Vespucci. Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 discovered Honduras and the MEXICO GULF, Florida and south-east North America. In 1498 Columbus now declared that he had found the longed for undiscovered continent - the Orinoco river was the evidence of mainland.
Columbus knew in 1494/1496 that the Portuguese stand at Tordesillas in 1494 was BASED UPON SOME KNOWLEDGE, as his third voyage demonstrates in 1498.

Las Casa quotes Colon' diary, records while at the Cape Verde Islands in 1498, that Columbus intended to go southward to FIND with the aid of the Holy Trinity, ISLANDS and MAINLAND and also to VERIFY the statement of King Joao of Portugal who insisted THAT MAINLAND would be found to the WEST.
Columbus speculated at Sao Tiago in the Cape Verdes, Portugal was putting its late king's information to the test. Next Portuguese King despatched Vasco da Gama to INDIA in 1497.

In 1498, before back of da GAMA, the Portuguese King sent Duarte Pacheco Pereira to make a voyage of investigation along the South America coast. Pacheco anticipated Pedro Cabral by two years. Pereira acted like voyager from 1488. In 1494 he was the martime expert made the Tordesillas Treaty in Summer 1494. He know all about Brazil. And in 1498 Pacheco Pereira took investigating expedition.
In 1505 Pacheco wrote the name 'Esmeraldo de situ orbis'. King Manuel read this paper.
Pacheco informed that in 1498 he discovered the western region [BRAZIL],
"passing beyond the greatness of the Ocean Sea, where there IS FOUND and traversed so LARGE A MAINLAND, with many islands adjacent to it, that IT EXTENDS SEVENTY DEGREES OF LATITUDE from the equqtor toward the NORTH POLE and ... is heavily populated, and from the same equator it EXTENDS TWENTY-EIGHT and half degrees toward the sout pole, and it STRETCHES TO SUCH A LENGHT that at neither EXTREMITY has its termination or cape been seen".
Pacheco is thinking in 1505 about discoveries of Vespucci, the Corte-Reals, Fernandes, Cabot and his Brazil's voyage in 1498.
Pacheco NOT confuse Brazil with Asia and his discovery described as a new CONTINENT.
In October 1497 King Manuel married Pss Isabel a daughter of the Spanish Kings. In 1498 the couple made a journey through Spain. And because of above marriage Pacheco's discovery was secresy.

In 1495,
Voyage of Joao Fernandes, the Farmer, and Pedro de Barcelos to Greenland. During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of Labrador (lavrador, farmer).

1494, First boats fitted with cannon doors and topsails.

In 1498, Duarte Pacheco Pereira explores the South Atlantic and the South American Coast North of the Amazon River.

In 1500, Gaspar Corte-Real made his first voyage to Newfoundland, formerly known as Terras Corte-Real.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien in present-day Colombia in 1510. In 1509, a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda at San Sebastian de Uraba had already been abandoned.

In 1502, Miguel Corte-Real set out for New England in search of his brother, Gaspar.
In 1502, the trans-Atlantic slave trade began in the New World when Nicolas de Ovando, the third governor of Hispaniola, imported Spanish-born Black slaves to the island. Ovando initially resisted the trade, even petitioning the Spanish government to ban it after some of the first slaves escaped into the mountains and attacked Spanish settlements. In 1502 Juan de Cordoba of Seville becomes the first merchant we can identify to send an African slave to the New World. In 1505, first record of sugar cane being grown in the New World, in Santo Domingo. In 1509, Columbus's son, Diego Colon, becomes governor of the new Spanish empire in the Carribean. He soon complains that Native American slaves do not work hard enough.

Around 1514, the Norwegian archbishop Erik Valkendorf (Danish by birth, and still loyal to Christian II) planned an expedition to Greenland, which he believed to be part of a continuous northern landmass leading to the New World with all its wealth, and which he fully expected still to have a Norse population, whose members could be pressed renew to the bosom of church and crown after an interval of well over a hundred years. Presumably, the archbishop had better archives at his disposal than most people, and yet he had not heard that the Greenlanders were gone.

1472, 1473 with 1506 and 1507:
Documents subsequent to the disappearance of two brothers, Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real, record their deeds and those of his father Joao Vaz. Charter of 17 September 1506 and especially the 4 May 1507, donation to the Royal Court Manoel, the son of Vasco Annes and grandson of John Vaz, which is the following phrase:
'your pae and uncles sent discover Newfoundland. Bartholomeu las Casas, a friend and companion of Columbus in the Genoese his travels the West in its 'Historia of Indias' pointing naive and sincerely the indications that Columbus had to go to the West, indications, however, confessed by the Columbus, cites, among others, the travel of Corte Real, using these terms:
"The Corte Real have been in several times searching that land" [1472, 1473, aft. 1499].

In 1472 an expedition was mounted by the Danish king, Christian I, in order to explore the riches of Iceland and Greenland.

Fragmentary evidence also suggests a previous expedition in 1473 by Joao Vaz Corte-Real, their father, with other Europeans, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau (New Land of the Codfish) in North America.

In 1472 an expedition was mounted by the Danish king, Christian I, in order to explore the riches of Iceland and Greenland. Some believe they reached Newfoundland.

Hans Pothorst in the murals in St. Mary in Elsinore.
Although notorious pirates, two German brethren in arms, Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, were sent out by a royal Danish order in 1473 on an expedition to find out which of several possible policies concerning trade in Iceland should be developed, and which settlements and harbours should be preferred.
At this point in time, England and the Hanseatic League had a de facto monopoly on the arctic trade in stockfish from Iceland.
However, Pining's orders further included investigating what formerly, in the 11th century, had been called the regiones finitimae (i.e. 'the coasts opposite those still-remembered but obsolete settlements in Greenland').

1476 and 1478:
In 1476 they made a trip, which likely also went to Greenland, where they were reported to have encountered hostile Inuit. Nothing specific suggests the expedition went further west.

This hypothesis was later hijacked by German historians, who found that Pining and probably also Pothorst came from Hildesheim. Hence, the discovery of America was German and streets in both Bremen and Hildesheim were named after the two buccaneers. Later, Portuguese historians prompted by the Salazar-regime expanded the story by linking it to the well-known expeditions to Newfoundland in the 16h century.

Maybe Pining and Pothorst did reach Newfoundland, maybe not. What is known is, that Pining later (in 1478) became governor (hofudsmadr) of Iceland. From this base, he proceeded to make his mark on politics in Iceland and Norway (where he was knighted). He was present at the funeral of Christian I, continued to be a politically controversial person.

1473 and 1476:
In 1925, Soren Larsen wrote a book claiming that a joint Danish-Portuguese expedition landed in Newfoundland or Labrador in 1473 and again in 1476. Larsen claimed that Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst served as captains, while Joao Vaz Corte-Real and the possibly mythical John Scolvus served as navigators, accompanied by Alvaro Martins.
Nothing beyond circumstantial evidence has been found to support Larsen's claims.

Identity of Colombus:
During the first years of that record the life of Christopher Columbus, this one has several trips on Portuguese vessels.
In 1479 Colombus married Filipa Moniz, Commander of the Order of Santiago, whose father, Bartholomew Perestrelo, of Portuguese descent Piacenza of Italy, was one of the settlers, and captain of the donee of Porto Santo island, in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal, where Columbus lived also. Union gave a son who was born in 1480, Diogo Colombus. It was a widower in 1485.
Christopher Colombus lived in Castile, where he was lover in widow, Beatriz de Enriquez who had a son in 1488, Fernando Colombus. Colombus offered their services to the kings of Castile to reach the India by West. In 1492 Columbus reached the "Indies" (Haiti = Antilla. Columbus had reached the Caribbean islands). The first document referring to Christopher Columbus in Spain, is a document of 5 May 1487 of a payment made to Christopher Columbus foreign.
He married a Portuguese noblewoman, something unlikely for a foreign trader. Becoming intimate friend of the king. Even the tables that he used in his 1st Trip to America (1492-1493) had just been made in Portugal and constitute the most advanced that the world had.
When Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, returned from his trip to the Cape of Good Hope, though he was four years ago in Spain, moved to Lisbon to attend the arrival, talk to the king, study league the league followed the route. This trip was kept secret by Portuguese chroniclers of the time, their knowledge was to due to the Columbus. Columbus wrote in Portuguese or Spanish (winth portuguese words), never in Italian or Latin.
In 21 years who lived in Castile / Spain, was never identified as Italian or Genoese, the same happened with the two brothers.

In 1486:
Christopher Columbus was sent to Castile as the informant of Portuguese Fernando Martins. Toscanelli in correspondence with Christopher Columbus, said: "I surprising, therefore, for these and many other things on issue could still say, you, you are providing a very great soul, and noble Portuguese nation, where all time has always been so ennoble the most heroic made so many illustrious men, has so much interest in that travel is perform." Joan Lorosano Juris consult Spanish referred to Colombus as "such a that claim be Lusitanian." Pleyto The Priority of the 1532, the children of Pinzon, two witnesses, Hernan Alonso Fine Amacher and said to Christopher Columbus as "the infante of Portugal." President of the Royal Society of Geography (in that time) Ricardo Beltran Rozpide said: "the discoverer of America is not from Genova and come from some place of Spanish land en la zone located west of the Peninsula between the cables Ortegal and San Vicente." In correspondence with D. John II, this refers to Colombus as my faithful friend (a little strange if Joao II had refused their intentions). In Castile, Christopher Columbus was always known as Portuguese (in Chapter 2 of the payment counter-mor January 1486, it drew "Portuguese" twice, but the name was left blank. The Countess of Lemos wrote in a letter that he was his nephew, letter rewritten by Duarte de Almeida (Perestrelo) to John III. Stay time of Christopher Columbus in Portugal, with time to talk and the details of the trip, with John II, on his return from America, drawing on, to see some of his family (spent several days in Portugal before communicating the "big news to the kings of Castile"). Various names given to the lands discovered by them, with Portuguese origin (to say that there was only one Cuba in the world before Columbus perform the journey, the town in Alentejo in Portugal). Titles of Christopher Columbus, after death, were given to the descendants of the Portuguese crown and not the Italians. Just before the Vikings, the Inuit people travelled from Siberia to Alaska in skin boats. Hunting whales and seals, living in sod huts and igloos, they were well adapted to the cold Arctic Ocean, and skirted its shores all the way to Greenland. Prior to Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Caribbean in 1492 (i.e., during any part of the pre-Columbian era). Studies between 2004 and 2009 suggest the possibility that the earliest human migrations to the Americas may have been made by boat from Beringia and travel down the Pacific coast. Yup'ik and Aleut peoples residing on both sides of the Bering Strait had frequent contact with each other, and Eurasian trade goods have been discovered in archaeological sites in Alaska. Maritime explorations by Norse peoples from Scandinavia during the late 10th century led to the Norse colonization of Greenland and a base camp L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.

1448:
Henry Yule Oldham suggested that the Bianco world map depicted part of the coast of Brazil before 1448. This was immediately opposed by members of the Royal Geographical Society but later repeated by American and European historians. This was later refuted by Abel Fontoura da Costa, who proved that it actually depicted Santiago, the largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago.

1477:
Some have conjectured that Columbus was able to persuade the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon to support his planned voyage only because they were aware of some recent earlier voyage across the Atlantic. Some suggest that Columbus himself visited Canada or Greenland before 1492, because according to Bartolome de las Casas he wrote he had sailed 100 leagues past an island he called Thule in 1477. Whether Columbus actually did this and what island he visited, if any, is uncertain [Labrador ?].

In 1476:
Columbus is thought to have visited Bristol in 1476. Bristol was also the port from which John Cabot sailed in 1497, crewed mostly by Bristol sailors. In a letter of late 1497 or early 1498, the English merchant John Day wrote to Columbus about Cabot's discoveries, saying that land found by Cabot was "discovered in the past by the men from Bristol who found 'Brasil' as your lordship knows".
The Spanish authorities deliberately stopped Columbus' third expedition in 1496-1497. Vespucci was sent in 1497. Columbus did not want to discover the New World. He deliberately claimed that it was Asia. He was interested in gold. The Portuguese claimed already in March 1493 in Lisbon that there was a large continent to the west, which they repeated in negotiations with Castile in 1493.

The Cuenca copy of the Columbus letter from the 1st voyage, also had a cover title 'Carta del Almirante a D. Gabriel Sanches'. As a result, Varnhagen originally conjectured this may very well have been the original Spanish copy that was translated by Leander de Cosco into Latin, and found its way to Rome.
This is in fact a later copy of the Barcelona or Ambrosian editions.
The original Cuenca manuscript used by Varnhagen has since disappeared.

On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo. Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.
In the king's opinion, however, the discoveries were embraced in his dominion of Guinea.
The contemporary chronicler, Ruy de Pina, who describes the interview, says that the said admiral went beyond the bounds of truth, and made out the affair as regards gold and silver and riches much greater than it was.
By-standing courtiers suggested that the intruder could be provoked into a quarrel and then killed without any suspicion of connivance on the part of the king. But the king, a God-fearing prince, forbade it, and showed honor to the admiral.

On Friday, in the early afternoon of March 15, 1493, Columbus cast anchor in the harbor of Palos. The joy and pride of the villagers may be imagined. The whole population turned out to receive Columbus with a procession and to give "thanks to our Lord for so great favor and victory."

The news of Columbus's voyage was disseminated rapidly, first through private correspondence, and later through the publication of his own narrative, addressed in the form of letters to Luis de Santangel and to Gabriel Sanchez.

The most important accounts in private correspondence, although not the earliest, are found in the letters of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, an Italian resident at the court of Spain, later the author of the first history of America.
On May 14, 1493, he wrote to Count Giovanni Borromeo from Barcelona, where Columbus had appeared before the king and queen a month previous:
"A few days since, one Christopher Colon, a Genoese, returned from the antipodes in the west. From my kings he had obtained three ships to visit this province, with some difficulty, indeed, for what he said was esteemed fables."

In October 1492, Colon discovered a small coral island in the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, which Columbus renamed San Salvador (Holy Saviour), and which is probably Watling Island ?
That he had reached the Indies, Columbus had no doubt, and in his first mention of the natives he calls them "Indians," thus attaching the name forever to the aborigines of the New World.

Peter MARTYR:
'Peter Martyr and His Works, BY HENRY R. WAGNER:
Martyr, in his letter of May 15, 1493, first announced the return of Colon, with no more than a brief mention of his discoveries. It was not until September 13, 1493, that he wrote some account of them.
Martyr's letters shows his conception of the new discoveries.
In November, 1493, he speaks of the 'New World' ie Antilia;
in October, 1494, of the discovery of gold in the 'New World'.
And later in the same month October 1494, of the 'Western Hemisphere'.
In December 1494 he writes of the gold nuggets brought back.
In April, 1494, he discusses the question whether Colon's discoveries were a new continent [Antilia, Satanazes and unknown land to west] and displays his skepticism about Colon's opinion [before Tordesillas treaty] of the short distance from them to Asia.
Martyr seemed to be somewhat uncertain about the matter. The subject did not bring forth much speculation at the time, at least little was published about it. The most effective elucidation of the subject was written by Rodrigo de Santaella in the preface to his translation of Marco Polo, published in Seville in 1503. He ridiculed the idea that because gold had been found in Espanola this proved that it was in the Indies, and averred that the name Indies was entirely inappropriate to that island.
The entire 'First Decade' relates to Colon and his expeditions and to that of Pinzon. It was finished about 1500 or 1501 except for the epilogue. A transcript of it was given to an Italian who carried it to Italy where it was printed in 1504, greatly paraphrased as 'Libretto de tutta la navigatione de Re de Spagna'.
Martyr's description of the customs and religions of the natives in the original text of the 'Libretto the division into letters' is not mentioned, but
in 'De Orbe Novo', dated November 13, 1493, No 1;
and No. 2, April 29, 1494,
the remainder not dated.
'Paesi nouamente retrouati. Et Nouo Mondo da Alberica vesputio Florentino intitulato', Vicenza, Italy, 1507: contains Portuguese discoveries, the first, those of Ca da Mosto.
The 'Libretto' contains facts in the very beginning about Colon which were afterward cut out. The first two books of the Decade in the edition of 1516 are dated November, 1493, and April 29, 1494; the others are undated but were written between 1494 and 1500, perhaps all in 1500.
The short address to the Admiral Luis de Aragon is dated Granada, on April 23, 1500.
Martyr, in his letter of May 15, 1493, first announced the return of Colon, with no more than a brief mention of his discoveries. It was not until September 13, 1493, that he wrote some account of them.
In 1497 Martyr was selected as a diplomatic agent to go to Bohemia. Martyr was appointed to lay the case before the pope on the way. Soon, however, a new opening for diplomatic action arose in Egypt where the Mohammedans in power threatened reprisals against the Christians in the Levant.
Now a map illustrating the text just quoted exists, and what is more it is attached to the Opera of Martyr, published in Seville in 1511. All copies of the book do not contain the map which is on an unnumbered and unsigned leaf with an epistle on the verso, addressed to Cardinal Ximenez. In this the following sentence occurs: "At the north marvellous coasts and lands have been discovered of which on the recto see the engraved representation."
This satement corroborates Martyr's words just quoted about the discoveries north of Espanola. Harrisse, who made a study of the map concluded that it was added to a second issue of the book put out not after 1512. The map is noticeable for showing a coastline north of the Bay of Honduras, just as far as opposite to the Strait of Gibraltar as indicated by Martyr in the above remarks about Juan de Solis' statement. In the investigation held in Spain in 1513 and 1515 concerning the discoveries of Colon, Diaz de Solis did not testify for some reason. Pedro de Ledesma declared that he was a pilot with Pinzon and Diaz de Solis on the expedition of 1508 and 1509 and that they discovered beyond Veragua toward the north of the Isla de Guanajas as far as 23', where Colon had never been.
Pinzon himself gave different testimony asserting that they discovered from the Isla de Guanajas to the province of Camarona, following the coast toward the east. Another witness, Nicolas Perez, although not a participant in the expedition declared that he took his information from a map which Pinzon and Diaz de Solis brought back. He said that Colon had discovered from Veragua to Cabo Gracias a Dios and that all beyond was discovered by Pinzon and Solis.
Martyr's own description of the voyage states that 'after Yanez had found Cuba to be an island, he sailed farther and discovered other lands, at which, however Colon had first touched. He then kept to the left and following the continental coast toward the east, crossed the Uraba and Cachibacoa, touching finally with his ship at the region which in our First Decade we have explained was called Paria and Boca de la Sierpa'.
Pinzon, after circumnavigating Cuba sailed west and discovered the Yucatan coast and then sailed south and finally east.
According to Bartolome de las Casas, Nicolas de Ovando sent Sebastian de Ocampo in 1508 to see whether Cuba was an island or mainland. He sailed along the north side of the island and finally entered the port now known as Havana. He rounded Cabo de San Anton, and anchored in Puerto Xagua. The voyage lasted eight months. It is probable that this is the voyage to which Martyr refers in the Epilogue to the First Decade.

A voyage [Bartholome Colon ?] to have lasted forty-five days, leaving Espanola on September 28. No year is given, but Mr. Wilson speculates that the voyage took place in 1494. Having reached Cumana, the expedition coasted along the north coast of South America and in his opinion reached Cabo Gracias a Dios. From this point the vessels sailed north around the west coast of Cuba and returned to the north coast of Espanola. Very little in the account to indicate that this expedition ever rounded the island of Cuba. The only possible proof of it lies in Martyr's map, which, however, could just as well show the results of the Ocampo expedition in 1508.

Peter Martyr in 1488 he lectured in Salamanca on the invitation of the university. The new learning was supported by highly placed patrons in the society. Martyr would become chaplain to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
After 1492, Martyr's chief task was the education of young nobles at the Spanish court. In 1501 he was sent to Egypt.
The Martyr map of Central America in 1511 shows Honduras, Guatemala, Yucatan and coast of MEXICO with Veracruz. The 1511 map gives the earliest record of the Bermudas and is the first printed map specifically devoted to the Americas.
The 'Decades' consisted of ten reports, two of which Martyr had previously sent as letters describing the voyages of Columbus, to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494.
In 1501 Martyr, as requested by the Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona, added eight chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Martin Alonzo Pinzon.
Martyr is one of the major informants on the voyages of Columbus. The letters describing the voyages of Columbus, had been already sent by Martyr to Cardinal Ascanius Sforza in 1493 and 1494.
The existence of a new, fourth continent was so foreign to the engrained thinking of millennia that it would take years for Columbus and his contemporaries to realize the geographic implications of his discovery. When Peter Martyr, in a letter dated November 1, 1493, refers to 'Colonus ille Novi Orbis repertory' / 'that famous Columbus the discoverer of a New World', it is clear that by 'new world' he meant new portions of World.
Columbus himself uses the term 'otro mundo' / another world. On 14 or 15 August 1498, he made the following entry in his Journal: 'I believe that this is a very great continent, which until today has been unknown.'
The existence of an unknown and unimagined continent shattered all previous conceptions of world geography.
Among these accounts an early version of the humanist Peter Martyr's account of America, pirated by a Venetian diplomat, Angelo Trevisan.
Allegretto Allegretti, in his annals of Sienna for 1493, mentions it as just made known there by the letters of their merchants who were in Spain, and by the mouths of various travelers.
The news was brought to Genoa by the return of her ambassadors Francisco Marchesi and Giovanni Antonio Grimaldi, and was recorded among the triumphant events of the year.
The tidings were soon carried to England. In the court of Henry VII, where the discovery was pronounced "a thing more divine than human."
We have this on the authority of Sebastian Cabot himself, the future discoverer of the northern continent of America, who was in London at the time, and was inspired by the event.
We have a brief testimony of the emotions of the learned in a letter, written at the time, by Peter Martyr to his friend Pomponius Laetus. "You tell me, my amiable Pomponius," he writes, "that you leaped for joy, and that your delight was mingled with tears, when you read my epistle,
certifying to you the hitherto hidden world of the antipodes. You have felt and acted as became a man eminent for learning, for I can conceive no aliment more delicious than such tidings to a cultivated and ingenuous mind.
I feel a wonderful exultation of spirits when I converse with intelligent men who have returned from these regions. It is like an accession of wealth to a miser. Our minds, soiled and debased by the common concerns of life and the vices of society, become elevated and ameliorated by contemplating such glorious events."
The opinion of Columbus was universally adopted in Spring 1493, that Cuba was the end of the Asiatic continent, and that the adjacent islands were in the Indian seas. This agreed with the opinions of the ancients, heretofore cited, about the moderate distance from Spain to the extremity of India, sailing westwardly. The parrots were also thought to resemble those described by Pliny, as abounding in the remote parts of Asia.
During the whole of his sojourn at Barcelona, the sovereigns took every occasion to bestow on Columbus personal marks of their high consideration. He was admitted at all times to the royal presence, and the queen delighted to converse with him on the subject of his enterprises. Columbus took in 1493 new coat of arms:
'Castile and Leon. Columbus gave a new world.
The pension which had been decreed by the sovereigns to him who in the first voyage should discover land, was adjudged to Columbus, for having first seen the light on the shore.
Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, the grand cardinal of Spain, and first subject of the realm; he invited Columbus to a banquet, where he assigned him the most honorable place at table, and had him served with the ceremonials which in those punctilious times were observed towards sovereigns.
Columbus from the letter to Santangel, describing his first voyage, dated February 15, 1493.

Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, an Italian chronicler at the service of Spain, doubted Christopher Columbus's claims to have reached East Asia ("the Indies"), and consequently came up with alternative names to refer to them.

When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. The letter was written in Spanish and sent to Rome, where it was printed in Latin by Stephan Plannck.
Finally, they arrived at Palos, Spain, on 15 March 1493; and the Pinta sailed into the same port just a few hours later.
But much earlier in January 1492 close to Grenada: "It is commonly believed that Martyr met Columbus, with whom Martyr said he was 'tied in close friendship,' at the royal encampment outside of Granada.
In his letter [wroten in February 1493], Columbus describes how he sailed along the northern coast of Juana (Cuba) for a spell, searching for cities and rulers, but found only small villages 'without any sort of government' ('no cosa de regimiento'). He notes that the natives usually fled when approached.
Christopher Columbus named Cuba 'Juana' during his first voyage to the island on October 27, 1492, in honor of Prince Juan of Spain. The island was originally inhabited by the Arawak natives. The name "Cuba" comes from that language and means "land" or "terrain". Columbus landed near what is now Bariay.
He claimed it for the Kingdom of Spain. He also explored the south coast of Cuba, which he thought was a peninsula of China.

'De Orbe Novo. The Eight Decades' of Peter Martyr D'Anghera:
'He decided to return, also because of the tumultuous sea, for the coast of Juana [Cuba / Satanazes / sometimes like China or Japan] towards the north is very broken, and at that winter season, the north winds were dangerous to his ships. Laying his course eastwards, he held towards an island which he believed to be the island of Ophir [Antilia or south Bahamas];
examination of the maps, however, shows that it was the Antilles and neighbouring islands [Satanazes].
He named this island Hispaniola. Having decided to land, Columbus put in towards shore, when the largest of his ships struck a concealed rock ... the sailors were taken safely on board."

Martyr was the first to herald the discovery of the new world, and to publish the glory. To Count Giovanni Borromeo he wrote concerning the return of Columbus from his first voyage:
'... rediit ab Antipodibus occidtiis Christophoriis quidam Colonus, vir ligur, qui a meis regibus ad hanc provinciam tria vix impetraverat navigia, quia fabulosa, que dicebat, arbitrabantur...'.
In October, 1494, MARTYR began the series of letters to be known as the Ocean Decades, continuing his labours, with interruptions, until 1526. This is authentic information concerning the New World.
No sooner had Columbus returned from his first voyage than Martyr hastened to announce his success to his friends, Count Tendilla and Archbishop Talavera.
'Meministis Colonum Ligurem institisse in Castris apud reges de perciirrendo per occiduos antipodes novo terrarum hoemisphosrio; meminisse opportet'.
Martyr was present in Barcelona and witnessed the reception accorded the successful discoverer by the Catholic sovereigns. The Kings confirmed titles for Colon: Admiral of the Ocean, and 'Viceroy of the Indies'.
The ambassadors from his native Republic of Genoa, Marchisio and Grimaldi, witnessed the exaltation of their fellow countryman with eyes that hardly trusted their own vision.
Allegretto Allegretti, in his annals of Sienna for 1493, mentions it as just made known there by the letters of their merchants who were in Spain and others travelers. The news was brought to Genoa by the return of her ambassadors Francisco Marchesi and Giovanni Antonio Grimaldi, and was recorded.
The tidings were soon carried to England of Henry VII, where the discovery was pronounced 'a thing more divine than human.' We have this on the authority of Sebastian Cabot himself. We have a brief testimony of the emotions of the learned in a letter, written at the time, by Peter Martyr to his friend Pomponius Laetus. 'You tell me, my amiable Pomponius,' he writes, 'that you leaped for joy, and that your delight was mingled with tears, when you read my epistle,
certifying to you the hitherto hidden world of the antipodes.
You have felt and acted as became a man eminent for learning ... by contemplating such glorious events.'
Notwithstanding this universal enthusiasm, however, no one was aware of the real importance of the discovery. The opinion of Columbus was universally adopted, that Cuba was the end of the Asiatic continent. This agreed with the opinions of the ancients, heretofore cited, about the moderate distance from Spain to the extremity of India. The parrots were also thought to resemble those described by Pliny.
In geography, the antipode of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it. The land reached by Columbus in 1492 was identified as that of the Antipodes by the diplomatist Peter Martyr who, in a letter he wrote from Barcelona dated 14 May 1493, said: 'A few days since, a certain Christopher Columbus, a Ligurian, returned from the Western Antipodes'.
Influenced by this, Fernao Vaz Dourado in his Atlas of 1571 inscribed over the map of Mexico and adjacent parts of America, 'Tera Antipodum regis Castelle inventa a Xforo Columbo Januensi' (Land of the Antipodes, discovered for the King of Castile by Christopher Columbus of Genoa).
'Poft paucos inde dies rediit ab antipodibus occiduis Chriftophorus quidam Colonus vir Ligur'
by P. Martire ad Io. Borromeo, pridie id. Maii mccccxciii, in Pietro Martire d' Anghiera, Opus epistolarum Petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis, Aedibus Michaelis de Eguia, 1530, lib. VI.

Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, the grand cardinal of Spain, invited Columbus to a banquet. Abruptly asked him whether he thought that, in case he had not discovered the Indies, there were not other men in Spain, who would have been capable of the enterprise? To this Columbus made no immediate reply, but, taking an egg, invited the company to make it stand on one end.
The favor shown Columbus by the sovereigns, insured him for a time the caresses of the nobility.
Columbus spent the entire month of November 1492 exploring the northeast coast of Cuba; then, on 5 December 1492, he sailed across the windward passage and safely made his way to the island of Hispaniola. The climate and trees of this new land reminded him so much of Spain that he decided to name it Espanola. However, as early as 1494, Peter Martyr, the first New World historian, began referring to the island as Hispaniola, its Latin name, by which it is still known today.
Columbus's letter was published in its original Spanish in Barcelona, in April of 1493.

Bull granted May 4, 1493:
'Ac quibuscumque personis ... districtius inhibemus, ne ad insulas el terras firmas inventas, et inveniendas detectas et deiegendas, versus occidentem et meridiem, fabricando et construendo lineam a Polo Arctico ad Polum antarcticum, sive terra firmce, insulce inventa et inven ... partem qucelineadistet a qualibet insula ... appellantur de los Azores et Capo Verde, centum leucis versusoccidentem et meridiem tit prcefertur pro mercibus habendis, vel quavis alia de causa accedere prcesumant...'.
By the agreement signed at Tordesillas, the distance was increased by common consent between Spain and Portugal, not as Martyr says, to 300, but to 370 leagues.
'Inter caetera' by Pope Alexander VI (May 4, 1493):
'... the said line to be distant one hundred leagues towards the west and south, as is aforesaid, from any of the islands commonly known as the Azores and Cape Verde; apostolic constitutions and ordinances and other decrees whatsoever to the contrary notwithstanding. We trust in Him from whom empires and governments and all good things proceed, that, should you, ... to the happiness and glory of all Christendom. But inasmuch as it would be difficult to have these present letters sent to all places where desirable, we wish, and with similar accord and knowledge do decree ...'.

In 1501 Martyr, at the urgent request of the Cardinal of Aragon, had added chapters on the voyage of Columbus and the exploits of Nino and Pinzon.
In this excerpt from an English translation of 'De Orbe Novo', originally published posthumously in Latin in 1530, the Italian historian Peter Martyr d'Anghiera tells the story of Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, under whose partial auspices two ships in search of slaves sailed up the Atlantic coast of North America in July and August of 1521.
Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon (ca 1480-1526). Acc. to Wikipedia: "In 1502, the Spanish Monarchs sent Nicolas de Ovando to serve as governor of Hispaniola / Antilia in the 'Indies'. Ayllon accompanied Ovando. He arrived at Santo Domingo, in April 1502. In 1504 Ayllon was appointed alcalde mayor of Concepcion to establish order. In 1509 Ovando and his lieutenants, including Ayllon, were recalled to Spain. Meanwhile, Ferdinand was concerned by his lack of control in the Indies and the growing influence of the new governor, Diego Colon. In 1511 Ferdinand established a royal appeals court with Ayllon. Ayllon reached Hispaniola in May 1512. He also acquired a sugar plantation and funded various slave-trading ventures. Cisneros in 1516 was determined to end the abuse of the Indians but judges were restored to office in 1520".

The news of the return of Columbus in March 1493 soon spread among the learned.
'In the month of August last,' as Hannibal Januarius, an Italian gentleman from Barcelona, wrote to his brother in 1493: 'This great King [Ferdinand], at the prayer of one named Collomba, caused four little vessels to be equipped to navigate ... upon the ocean in a straight line toward the west until finally the east was reached. The earth being round he should certainly arrive in the eastern regions.'

Also from Barcelona, on the 14th of May, 1493, Peter Martyr, wrote to his friend Count Tindilla:
'A few days after [an attempted assassination of King Ferdinand], there returned from the Western Antipodes a certain Christopher Columbus, a Ligurian, who with barely three ships penetrated to the province which was believed to be fabulous: he returned bearing substantial proofs in the shape of many precious things and particularly of gold.'

Again, on the 1st of October, 1493, this time from Milan, Martyr wrote to the Archbishop of Braga:
'A certain Columbus has sailed to the Western Antipodes, even as he believes to the very shores of India. He has discovered many islands beyond the eastern ocean adjoining the Indies, which are believed to be those of which mention has been made among cosmographers.
I do not wholly deny this, although the magnitude of the globe seems to suggest otherwise, for there are not wanting those who think it but a small journey from the end of Spain to the shores of India.'

Finally, on January 31, 1494, Martyr wrote to the Archbishop of Granada:
'The King and Queen at Barcelona have created an Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Columbus returned from his most honorable charge, and they have admitted him to sit in their presence, which is, as you know, a supreme proof of benevolence and honor with our Sovereigns.'

Columbus himself had had a word to say respecting his voyage. Writing from shipboard, on February 15, 1493, to Luis de Santangel, had declared:
'When I reached Juana [Cuba] I followed its coast westwardly and found it so large that I thought it might be the mainland province of Cathay.'
As a matter of fact, however, interest in this exploit on the part of Columbus attached itself less to the geographical discoveries than to the preternatural creatures that lurked on the margins of the earth.

Hannibal Januarius, our Italian acquaintance of epistolary bent, remarked to his brother, apropos of the Genoese navigator, that 'the earth being round the latter should certainly arrive in the eastern regions.'
Near the end of his letter, of the scientific aspects of the great voyage, Januarius wrote:
'He [Columbus] adds that he has lately been in a country where men are born with tails.'
Columbus' own shipboard letter to Santangel, the Admiral said:
'There remains for me on the western side [of Cuba] two provinces whereto I did not go - one of which they call Anan - where the people are born with tails.'
And in his Journal Columbus had already noted that "far away" there were, as he understood, "men with one eye, and others with dogs' noses who were cannibals."
But he was wary in statement, for in the Santangel letter he concluded the subject by remarking that "down to the present [he had] not found in those islands [the Antilles] any monstrous men as many expected."

Only a few weeks after Columbus's return from his first voyage, Martyr wrote letters referring to Columbus's discovered lands as the "western antipodes" ("antipodibus occiduis", letter of 14 May 1493), the "new hemisphere of the earth" ("novo terrarum hemisphaerio", 13 September 1493). Antilla and Satanazes were known after 1412/1414 and at a map in 1424.
In a letter dated 1 November 1493, MARTYR refers to Columbus as the "discoverer of the new globe" ("Colonus ille novi orbis repertor").

A year later, on 20 October 1494, Peter Martyr again refers to the marvels of the New Globe ("Novo Orbe") and the "Western Hemisphere" ("ab occidente hemisphero").

The Pope in Rome in 1493 and 1494 also claimed that Columbus had again sailed to Antilia, already known to the Spanish and Portuguese after 1412/1414. The discovery was confirmed in 1424 on an Italian map of the Atlantic. In the 1480s, the French and Portuguese sailed to Brazil for red dye.

The Pope agreed with the Portuguese that Brazil and the continent existed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands and this already in 1494. It was not known whether there was a continent west of Satanazes and Antilia.
And in 1497 the Spanish kings commissioned Vespucci to do just that. Vespucci, still in secret, sailed to Honduras and the Gulf of Mexico in 1497.
Columbus was commissioned to sail to the Portuguese continent at the height of the equator. Columbus deliberately did not sail to Brazil or his data on the ship's course was falsified. Since the birds flew southwest, Columbus knew that Guiana and Brazil were there anyway.
Colon only confirmed the New World in the Spanish zone - Orinoco, Trinidad and Venezuela / New World, OTRO Mundo.

The Spanish Kings in September 1492 waited for information on Papa in Rome [11 August in Rome / 23 August maybe inf. in Barcelona; maybe by ship to Canary on 5 September 1492]. Columbus in September 1492 waited in Canaries.
Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo.
Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.
In the king's opinion, however, the discoveries were embraced in his dominion of Guinea. The contemporary chronicler, Ruy de Pina, who describes the interview, says that the said admiral went beyond the bounds of truth, and made out the affair as regards gold and silver and riches much greater than it was. By-standing courtiers suggested that the intruder could be provoked into a quarrel and then killed without any suspicion of connivance on the part of the king. But the king, a God-fearing prince, forbade it, and showed honor to the admiral.
On Friday, in the early afternoon of March 15, 1493, Columbus cast anchor in the harbor of Palos. The joy and pride of the villagers may be imagined. The whole population turned out to receive Columbus with a procession and to give "thanks to our Lord for so great favor and victory."
The news of Columbus's voyage was disseminated rapidly, first through private correspondence, and later through the publication of his own narrative, addressed in the form of letters to Luis de Santangel and to Gabriel Sanchez. The most important accounts in private correspondence, although not the earliest, are found in the letters of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, an Italian resident at the court of Spain, later the author of the first history of America.
On May 14, 1493, he wrote to Count Giovanni Borromeo from Barcelona, where Columbus had appeared before the king and queen a month previous:
"A few days since, one Christopher Colon, a Genoese, returned from the antipodes in the west. From my kings he had obtained three ships to visit this province, with some difficulty, indeed, for what he said was esteemed fables."
In October 1492, Colon discovered a small coral island in the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, which Columbus renamed San Salvador (Holy Saviour), and which is probably Watling Island.?
That he had reached the Indies, Columbus had no doubt, and in his first mention of the natives he calls them "Indians,"? thus attaching the name forever to the aborigines of the New World.
When on October 21, 1492, he heard of Cuba for the first time, he believed it to be Cipango, and planned to go on "to the main-land and to the city of Guisay, and to give the letters of your highness to the Gran Can [Colon in October 1492 was thinking he can discover Cuba / Japan / Cipangu and this Bahamas island were closest to China / Mongol Empire. In 1493 in Portugal and Rome all known about Antilia / Haiti / Hispaniola and Satanazes / Cuba but Colon confirmed that is Cuba / Cipangu]."
This belief soon became a fixed idea, immovable in the face of the most telling evidence. The very qualities that had insured Columbus's success contributed to his failure to realize just what he had achieved. Gazing at the naked Indians paddling their canoes, he could write, "It is certain that this is the main-land, and that I am in front of Zayto and Guinsay, a hundred leagues - a little more or less - distant the one from the other" - Guinsay with its Oriental splendor and twelve thousand stone bridges,? and Zaitun with its hundred pepper ships a year.

Christopher Columbus, 'Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus,' in Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492-1493), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real, edited and translated by Clements R. Markham (London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), 15-193.
Pedro de Medina, in his Grandezas ..., says that at no great distance from the island of Madeira there was another island called Antilia [Hispaniola / Haiti], which is not now seen [but in Lisbon all were thinking that Hispaniola = Antilia / Antilla], but which is found figured on a very ancient sea-chart [1424];
and Viera affirms that some Portuguese and inhabitants of Madeira saw lands to the westward which they were never able to reach, although they tried [in the 1480s]. From this took its origin the representing on the charts, which were then drawn, of some new islands in those seas, especially Antilia and San Borondon [Brendan]. This is found on the globe which was drawn by Martin Behaim at Nuremberg in 1492, to the S.W. of Hierro, though the Cape Verde Isles are interposed between them [BRASIL].

Toscanelli' [1474] said, in his letter, that Cipango was an island 225 leagues from Antilla, and that it so abounded in gems and gold that the temples and palaces were covered with golden, plates. Marco Polo 'describes it (Book III, cap. ii), and also says that the quantity of gold is endless,' 'that the palace is roofed with gold, and that pearls are abundant'.
Cipango / Cipangu / Citijangu is derived from Zhi-pan, the Chinese form of Japan.
The chart, drawn for the Admiral, must have been that which 'aulo Toscanelli, the celebrated Florentine astronomer, sent to Lisbon in 1474. It included from the north of Ireland to the end of Guinea, with all the islands situated on that route; and towards the west it showed the beginning of the Indies, and the islands and places whither they were proceeding. Colon saw this chart and read the accounts of travellers, especially Marco Polo, which confirmed him in the idea of finding India by the west, though it had hitherto always been approached by the east.

In Columbus's 1499 letter to the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, reporting the results of his third voyage, he relates how the massive waters of South America's Orinoco delta rushing into the Gulf of Paria implied that a previously unknown continent must lie behind it.
Columbus proposes that the South American landmass is not a "fourth" continent, but rather the terrestrial paradise of Biblical tradition, a land allegedly known, but undiscovered, by Christendom.
In another letter to the nurse of Prince John, written 1500, Columbus refers to having reached a "new heavens and world" ("nuevo cielo e mundo") and that he had placed "another world" ("otro mundo") under the dominion of the Kings of Spain.
Columbus recognized in 1498 from the topography that it must be the continent's mainland, but while describing it as an otro mundo ('other world').

On October 12, 1492, he and his tired crew landed on a small island in the Bahamas. Columbus didn't realize another continent lay in front of him, and he believed he had reached Asia. At that time Europeans called Asia the Indies, so Columbus called the people who lived on the island Indians.

Peter Martyr, who had been writing and circulating private letters commenting on Columbus's discoveries since 1493, often shares credit with Vespucci for designating the Americas as a new world. Peter Martyr used the term Orbe Novo, meaning "New Globe", in the title of his history of the discovery of the Americas, which began appearing in 1511.
Columbus was unaware of the size of the Earth. He did not know entire continents stood between him and Asia until 1498. When Columbus landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea, he thought he was in Asia in 1492. He claimed the islands for Spain, Satanazes and Antilia.
It was later on that America was named after Amerigo Vespucci who realized America was not part Asia.
During his fourth expedition, Columbus forged a letter to the kings of Spain in Panama. He gave a very interesting description of the isthmus in the continent, through which he sailed to the other ocean. He described storms. On its basis, a map of the world with the isthmus in Panama was published.
Two names that America could have received before the arrival of the Europeans were Zuania (of Caribbean origin) and Abya-Yala (used by the Kuna people of Panama).
According to Mundus Novus, Vespucci realized that he was in a "New World" on 17 August 1501 as he arrived in Brazil and compared the nature and people of the place with what Portuguese sailors told him about Asia. A chance meeting between two different expeditions occurred at the watering stop at Bezeguiche in present-day Dakar, Senegal, as Vespucci was on his expedition to chart the coast of newly discovered Brazil and the ships of the Second Portuguese India armada, commanded by Pedro Alvares Cabral, were returning from India.
My understanding was that Europeans called it Novus Mundus (New World) before it was called America. Before that "The Indies".
While we commend Christopher Columbus for sailing the seas in search of new land on Europe's behalf, he was not the first to make that journey. In fact, widely untaught evidence exists that Africans sailed to the Americas and settled centuries before Columbus.

On 1 August 1498, Columbus and his men arrived at a landmass near the mouth of South America's Orinoco river, in the region of modern-day Venezuela. Columbus recognized from the topography that it must be the continent's mainland, but while describing it as an otro mundo ('other world'), retained the belief that it was Asia, and perhaps an Earthly Paradise.
On 2 August 1498, they landed at Icacos Point (which Columbus named Punta de Arenal) in modern Trinidad, narrowly avoiding a violent encounter with the natives. Early on 4 August 1498, a tsunami nearly capsized Columbus's ship.

By Kirkpatrick Sale on May 20, 2006:
Colon had no idea of the magnitude of what he had achieved in his lifetime or of the enduring legacy he would leave behind. He was, to be sure, aware that he had accomplished something extraordinary: 'I have placed under the sovereignty of the king and queen, our lords, an other world, whereby Spain, which was reckoned poor, is now most rich.'
An other world, 'un otro mundo.' Colon knew that on his third voyage, in 1498, he had found 'a mighty continent ... hitherto unknown' and not to be confused with India.
Columbus had made a mess of governing the Spanish colony on Hispaniola / Antilia, and had ended the third voyage back in Spain, in disgrace, accused of misrule and dereliction of duty for ruthlessly trying, and failing, to put down a rebellion of colonists and Taino Indians.
The initial discovery of western islands in 1492 was made known to Europe through a letter of his to the sovereigns telling of his exploits, printed in 1493. But after the last publication of this letter in 1500, very little was made of Colon's achievement, and none of his arriving at a new continent.
The Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci is usually credited for coming up with the term "New World" (Mundus Novus) for the Americas in his 1503 letter.
A 1504 globe, possibly created by Leonardo da Vinci, depicts the New World as only South America, excluding North America and Central America.
A conference of navigators known as Junta de Navegantes was assembled by the Spanish monarchs at Toro in 1505 and continued at Burgos in 1508 to digest all existing information about the Indies, come to an agreement on what had been discovered, and set out the future goals of Spanish exploration.

In 1480:
There may be records of expeditions from Bristol to find the "isle of Brazil" in 1480 and 1481. Trade between Bristol and Iceland is well documented from the mid-15th century.

Bef. 1484:
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes records several such legends in his Historia general de las Indias of 1526, which includes biographical information on Columbus. He discusses the then-current story of a Spanish caravel that was swept off its course while on its way to England, and wound up in a foreign land populated by naked tribesmen [Puerto Rico ?]. The crew gathered supplies and made its way back to Europe, but the trip took several months and the captain and most of the men died before reaching land. The caravel's ship pilot, a man called Alonso Sanchez, and a few others made it to Portugal, but all were very ill. Columbus was a good friend of the pilot, and took him to be treated in his own house, and the pilot described the land they had seen and marked it on a map before dying. People in Oviedo's time knew this story in several versions, though Oviedo himself regarded it as a myth.

1473 and 1476:
In 1925, Soren Larsen wrote a book claiming that a joint Danish-Portuguese expedition landed in Newfoundland or Labrador in 1473 and again in 1476. Larsen claimed that Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst served as captains, while Joao Vaz Corte-Real and the possibly mythical John Scolvus served as navigators, accompanied by Alvaro Martins. Nothing beyond circumstantial evidence has been found to support Larsen's claims.

Ca 1390:
The historical record shows that Basque fishermen were present in Newfoundland and Labrador from at least 1517 onward (therefore predating all recorded European settlements in the region except those of the Norse). The Basques' fishing expeditions led to significant trade and cultural exchanges with Native Americans. A fringe theory suggests that Basque sailors first arrived in North America prior to Columbus' voyages to the New World (some sources suggest the late 14th century as a tentative date) but kept the destination a secret in order to avoid competition over the fishing resources of the North American coasts. There is no historical or archaeological evidence to support this claim.

1436:
The Bianco World Map is a map created by Andrea Bianco, a 15th-century Venetian sailor and cartographer. This map was a large piece of a nautical atlas including ten pages made of vellum (each measuring 26-38 cm). These vellum pages were previously held in an 18th-century binding, but the current owner, Venetian library Biblioteca Marciana, separated the pages for individual exhibition. To confirm his authorship of the atlas, Bianco added to the first page a signature flag with the text "Andreas Biancho de Veneciis me fecit M cccc xxx vj". Roughly translated, this reads "Made by me Andreas Biancho in Venice, 1436."

1459:
Andrea Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro on the Fra Mauro world map of 1459.

ANTILLA - the Antilles:

In two voyages of 1455 and 1456, was explored part of the courses of the Senegal and the Gambia, discovered the Cape Verde Islands (1456), named and mapped more carefully than before a considerable section of the African littoral beyond Cape Verde, and gave much new information on the trade-routes of north-west Africa and on the native races; while Gomez, in his first important venture (after 1448 and before 1458), though not accomplishing the full Indian purpose of his voyage (he took a native interpreter with him on the event of reaching India), explored and observed in the Gambia valley and along the adjacent coasts with fully as much care and profit.

And Greenland was settled by Vikings in 982/985 until 1458, acc. to 2025' source.
"But evidence discovered by archaeologists throws that widely accepted tale on its head after several analyses of organic material, suggesting that the Vikings were sailing to North America centuries before Columbus. By analysing wood samples from five Norse settlements in western Greenland, occupied between 1000 and 1400 AD, researchers from the University of Iceland revealed that the Vikings had been importing timber from across the Atlantic, long before it was thought possible. Through microscopic analysis of the wood's cellular structure, the team identified several foreign tree species, including Hemlock and Jack Pine-trees that did not grow in Northern Europe during the second millennium".
Hemlock is native to regions like Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, while Jack Pine grows naturally in areas around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia [Cape Breton Island has two Mackenzie Rivers. At southern close to BUTTER Island; and northern river close to CABOT TRAIL - this is north tip of Cape Breton Island; here probably Bretons in 15th century and Basques in 14th century and in beginning of the 16th century Portugueses], and New England.
Jack pine Trailhead is situated close to northern tip of Cape Breton.
Characteristic Acadian forest tree species growing in Cape Breton include sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech, balsam fir and eastern hemlock.
Red spruce, red oak, white ash, white pine and ironwood are common trees in other Acadian forests but are not common in northern Cape Breton.
Old-growth forests within Kejimkujik National Park are a part of the Acadian Forest zone which include primarily hemlocks, yellow birch, sugar maple and beech trees with ages recorded up to 350 years old.
This indicates that the wood must have been transported directly from North America, providing physical proof that the Vikings had made contact with the continent and were actively engaged in transatlantic trade. This evidence supports long-held Norse legends and sagas about voyages to a mysterious land called 'Vinland,' believed to be located along the Gulf of St Lawrence.
The Jack Pine Trail in Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia features a stand of jack pines, a tree species not typically found in this area. While there's no direct connection between the Jack Pine Trail and Vikings in Cape Breton, the trail itself and its unique flora are interesting features of the park. The Vikings were, however, the first Europeans to potentially explore North America, with evidence suggesting their arrival in Newfoundland in the early 11th century CE.
Jack pine grows naturally around the Mackenzie River, Nova Scotia, and New England, while hemlock can be found near Quebec, New Brunswick.
AD 1000: Viking ships land in Mi'kmaq / MIRAMICHI homelands.
Viking ships visit the homelands of the Mi'kmaq people in areas now known as Maine, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The Norsemen trade a little with the Inuit and perhaps with the Mi'kmaq; the Inuit probably obtain yarn / fiber from the Vikings in Baffin Island.
The findings in 2021, published in the journal 'Antiquity', state in April 2023:
'These discoveries highlight that Norse Greenlanders possessed the skills, knowledge, and seaworthy vessels necessary to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America, continuing this practice throughout the entirety of Norse settlement in Greenland.'
"It suggests that transatlantic voyages were not isolated incidents but part of a sustained effort to gather resources over several centuries. Historical records have shown that the Norse settlers in Greenland, who lived there from 985 to around 1450 AD, heavily depended on imported materials like wood and iron. ... To understand the scale of this reliance on imported wood, archaeologists collected and analysed samples from wood assemblages at four elite Viking farms and a bishop's manor, sites known to have been active during the peak of Norse settlement. By studying the wood under microscopes, they identified both the species and likely origins of the timber. Their findings showed that 0.27% of the samples came from non-native species sourced either from Northern Europe or North America. European imports included oak, beech, and Scots pine, which may have arrived as old ship timbers or as parts of imported goods. Surprisingly, the analysis also revealed that up to a quarter of the wood samples were either imported or consisted of driftwood. This driftwood, alongside local resources, was primarily used for fuel and domestic tasks but wasn't sufficient for larger projects, reinforcing the Vikings' need to import higher-quality timber. ...".
In February 2024:
'To study timber orgins and distribution on Greenland, Lisabet Gudmundsdottir from the University of Iceland examined the wood assemblages from five Norse sites in western Greenland, of which four were medium-sized farms and one a high-status episcopal manor. All sites were occupied between AD 1000 and 1400 and dated by radiocarbon dating and associated artefact types. Her research is published in the journal Antiquity'.
Because hemlock and Jack pine were not present in Northern Europe during the early second millennium AD, the pieces identified from the medieval contexts in Greenland must have come from North America. The presence of North American timber shows that Norse Greenlanders had the means, knowledge and appropriate vessels to cross the Davis Strait to the east coast of North America at least up until the 14th century.
In addition to the possibility of import, driftwood was one of the most important raw materials in Norse Greenland, making up over 50% of the combined assemblage.
Wood also came from Europe, likely including the oak, beech and Scots pine from this assemblage. Some may have come as ready-made artefacts, such as barrel staves, while reused ship timber could have been brought to use in buildings on Greenland.

As a result of Portugueses expeditions the infante seems to have sent out in 1458 a mission to convert the Gambia negroes.

Gomez' second voyage, resulting in another re-discovery of the Cape Verde Islands, was probably in 1462, after the death of Prince Henry; it is likely that among the infantes' last occupations were the necessary measures for the equipment and despatch of this venture, as well as of Pedro de Sintra's important expedition of 1461.

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes writing in the 16th century considered the Antilles in the Caribbean to have been the legendary Isles of Hesperides. Hesperides refers to the Caribbean, where he is convinced that Cuba had been the home of Atlantis. History has it that the first Portuguese to set foot in the West Indies were the sailors on board Christopher Columbus' three ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina, which landed on the small island of San Salvador (or Guanahani) in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.

In 1341 the Canary Islands, already known to Genoese seafarers, were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 for Castile.

Although the exact details are uncertain, cartographic evidence suggests the Azores were re-discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry's direction, and settled in 1432/1433, suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 1,200 km from the Portuguese coast.
A chart drawn by the Catalan cartographer, Gabriel de Vallseca of Mallorca, has been indicated the Azores first discovered by Diogo de Silves in 1427. In 1431, Goncalo Velho was dispatched with orders to determine the location of "islands" first identified by de Silves. Velho apparently got as far as the Formigas, in the eastern archipelago, before having to return to Sagres.
By this time [ca 1430/ca 1470] the Portuguese navigators had also reached the Sargasso Sea, naming it after the Sargassum seaweed growing there (sargaco / sargasso in Portuguese).
Later in 1492 Christopher Columbus wrote about seaweed that he feared would trap his ship and potentially hide shallow waters that could run them aground.
The sea have been known to the late fourth century author Avienius describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed and windless, citing a now-lost account by the fifth century BCE Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator. Columbus thought Himilco had reached the Sargasso Sea.
Gabriel de Vallseca, also referred to as Gabriel de Valseca and Gabriel de Valsequa (Barcelona, before 1408 - Palma, after 1467) was a Jewish of the Majorcan cartographic school. His most notable map is the portolan of 1439, containing the Azores islands. By 1433, Vallseca had left Barcelona and was living in Palma, Majorca.

Ca 10 AD/100 AD -
the recent discoveries in 2010-2011 of hypogea / structures carved into embankments, that may have been used for burials, on the islands of Corvo, Santa Maria and Terceira, shows a human presence on the islands before the Portuguese.
Sediment samples in Azores from between 700 and 850 AD, is found in the feces of livestock, such as sheep and cattle. The researchers also found evidence of fires ca 800 AD; discovered non-native ryegrass in the Azores.
920/970 or 1100 AD -
at Grota do Medo site, in 2015, regarding large stones that have been used to construct structures or monuments similar to ancient megalithic constructions in Europe. In the same year, a radiocarbon dating was made at Grota do Medo, that also had a petroglyph. The authors dated 1100 AD, and the conventional radiocarbon age was 920/980 AD.
A mice on the Azores were discovered to have first arrived from Northern Europe, by Norwegian Vikings.
Ca 750/1100 -
Andalusian Arab, al-Idrisi speaks of an Atlantic island of wild goats, and another of "cormorants", a scavenger bird (the "sea crows").
730 AD -
A mouse DNA and lake sediment suggest that the Azores was discovered as much as 700 years before Portuguese.
The Azores were discovered in the course of a mapping expedition in 1341 to the Canary Islands, sponsored by King Afonso IV of Portugal, and commanded by the Florentine Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi and the Genoese Nicoloso da Recco. Madeira and the Azores might nonetheless have been seen from a distance on the expedition's return.
The numerous Majorcan expeditions that were launched into the Atlantic Ocean in the aftermath, destined for slaving runs on the newly mapped Canary islands.
The first map to depict the Azores was the Medici Atlas (1351).
Replicated in the Pizzigani brothers' map of 1367;
the Catalan Atlas (1375),
the Pinelli-Walckenaer Atlas (1384),
the Corbitis Atlas (1385/1410),
the charts of Guillem Soler (1380/1385),
Mecia de Viladestes (1413).
the Libro del Conoscimiento (1380).

Since the Medici maps of 1351 contained seven islands off the Portuguese coast, which were arranged in groups of three; here also the Brazil Island (De Brazil).
The Catalan Atlas (1375) also identifies three islands with the names of Corvo, Flores, and Sao Jorge, and it was thought that maybe the Genovese had discovered the Azores.
The 1424 map of Antilia and Satanazes made the same error like the maps of the 14th century about Azores.
In these maps, the Azores are usually depicted vertically aligned, on a north-south axis, nine islands in three clusters.
The islands of Santa Maria and Sao Miguel were the first to be re-discovered by navigator Diogo de Silves around 1427.
The similar discovery of the islands made Joshua Vander Berg of Bruges. These islands were discovered by Joshua Vander Berg of Bruges who was indeed a Fleming, and not so much a Portuguese sailor. Joshua acted also in 1445.
In 1427 - GONCALO VELHO re-discovered Azores.
Goncalo Velho Cabral sailed to established colonies at Santa Maria, Azores, in 1433 and then at Sao Miguel in 1436.
It is clear that after 1420, regular expeditions captained by Goncalo Velho Cabral, Diogo de Silves, and other mariners began exploring to the west and south of continental Portugal.
On 15 August 1432, men from a small sailing vessel with a dozen crew landed on the island that would bear the name Santa Maria in Azores.

There are three existing portolan charts signed by Gabriel Vallseca. the map of 1439, at the Museu Maritim de Barcelona - partial mappa mundi; the map of 1447, at the Bibliotheque nationale de France - Mediterranean only; the map of 1449 at the Archivio di Stato di Firenze - the Mediterranean only.
There are also two anonymous maps attributed to Vallseca:
an undated map (ca 1440) at Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze - partial mappa mundi; next undated map (ca 1447) at Bibliotheque nationale de France - fragments of the eastern Mediterranean.
Vallseca took many from Francesco Beccario, between the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
Vallseca's map of 1439, showed the Atlantic Ocean stretches from Scandinavia down to the Rio de Oro and including the Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeira and Canaries, islands of Thule [probably Iceland], Brazil [an unknown island of the Americas maybe Newfounland or New Scotland] and Mam [Newfounland or New Scotland].
Mayda either Brazir or Mam / Asmaida, is an island in the North Atlantic. The MAM island first appeared under the name of Brazir, on the Pizigani brothers' 1367 map. It was southwest of the island of Brasil, on the same latitude of southern England.
Ortelius (in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) placed an island Mayda with the name "Vlaenderen" ("Flanders"). Mayda may have existed. The island is the namesake of Mayda Insula, an island in the Kraken Mare. On maps:
Pizigani brothers map (1367) as Brazir;
Catalan map (1375) as Mam;
Pinelli map (1384) as Jonzele or Onzele;
Pizzigano Map (1424) either as Ventura or Ymana;
Bianco world map (1448) as Bentusla.

Brasil, also known as Hy-Brasil and several other variants. Nautical charts identified an island called "Bracile" west of Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean as far back as 1325, in a portolan chart by Angelino Dulcert [maybe as old Vinland or Newfounland rather]. Maybe Newfounland. It also appeared on the Catalan Atlas, in 1375.
On the Rex Tholomeus portolan chart dated to circa 1360.
Insula de Brasil in the Venetian map of Andrea Bianco (1436), attached to one of the larger islands of a group of islands in the Atlantic. Maybe Terceira in the Azores, where a volcanic mount is still named Monte Brasil.

A Catalan chart of about 1480 labels two islands 'Illa de brasil', one to the south west of Ireland (maybe New Scotland ?) and one south of 'Illa verde' or Greenland.

In 1439 -
the depiction of the islands of the Azores (officially discovered in 1431 by the captain Goncalo Velho Cabral), for the first time as strung out from southeast to northwest. The current note reads as follows:
'Aquestes isles foram trobades p diego de ... pelot del rey de portugal an lay MCCCCXX?II (These islands were found by Diego de ... pilot of the King of Portugal in the year 14??).
The date has been alternatively interpreted MCCCCXXVII (1427) or MCCCCXXXII (1432).
This is about Diogo de Silves and the date 1427.

Ca 1470/1490 -
According to Bartolome de las Casas, two dead bodies that looked like those of Amerindians were found on Flores. He said he found that fact in Christopher Columbus's notes, and that it was one reason why Columbus presumed that India was on the other side of the ocean.

At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands, the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast. Sailors feared what lay beyond Cape Bojador at the time, as Europeans did not know what lay beyond on the African coast, and did not know whether it was possible to return once it was passed. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach the source of the lucrative tran-Saharan caravan gold trade and perhaps to join forces with the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere to the east.
In 1434, one of Prince Henry's captains, Gil Eanes, passed this obstacle. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. 1443, Nuno Tristao penetrated the Arguim Gulf. Prince Pedro granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. 1444, Dinis Dias reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde).
In 1445, Alvaro Fernandes sailed beyond Cabo Verde and reached Cabo dos Mastros (Cape Naze).
In 1446, Alvaro Fernandes reached the northern Part of Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau).

In 1452, Diogo de Teive discovers the Islands of Flores and Corvo the western part of AZORES.
Alvaro Martins Homem was the founder of the village of Angra, which was made a town in 1478 and a city in 1534. Alvaro Martins Homem (ca 1490-1535) was the 3rd Donatary-Captain of Praia da Vitoria. Alvaro was born in Praia da Vitoria, the son of Antao Martins Homem and Isabel de Ornelas da Camara, the great-great-granddaughter of Sancho de Herrera de Saavedra.
Alvaro Homem was married to Beatriz de Noronha, the daughter of Joao de Noronha and Ines de Abreu. Alvaro Martins Homem was the Captain of Praia by order of John III of Portugal, he held the position from 1520 to 1535, being replaced by his brother, Antao Martins da Camara.
Both brothers were the grandsons of Alvaro Martins, the 1st Captain of Praia. Alvaro Martins / Alvaro Martins Homem, was a explorer of the western Atlantic and later the African coast. He was accompanied Joao Vaz Corte-Real on the expedition to Terra Nova do Bacalhau / New Land of the Codfish in 1473.
Alvaro Martins was granted the captaincy of Praia, in the Azores, on 17 February 1474 for his services to Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu. After death of Jacome de Bruges, the King divided the island between Angra and Praia, granting Praia to Alvaro Martins, while Joao Vaz Corte-Real obtained the Captaincy of Angra.
Alvaro Homem accompanied Bartolomeu Dias to the Cape of Good Hope from 1487 to 1488.
Joao Vaz Corte-Real (ca 1420-1496) was a Portuguese explorer of a land called Terra Nova do Bacalhau. Joao Vaz was the father of Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real, who accompanied him on his voyage. The expedition in 1473 was a joint venture between the kings of Portugal and Denmark, and that Corte-Real accompanied the German sailors Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, and John Scolvus. They discovered Terra Nova do Bacalhau / Newfoundland. Corte-Real was granted part of Terceira because of this discovery. Corte-Real was originally granted the island of Sao Jorge in the archipelago of the Azores in 1472, which he held until 1474. In 1474 he was granted the captaincy of Angra on Terceira by the Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, and approved by the King, following the disappearance of Jacome de Bruges. Bruges was the original Captain but the King had divided the island between Angra and Praia, granting Praia to Alvaro Martins Homem, while Corte-Real obtained Angra.
Bacalao / Bacallao, or Terra do Bacalhau was the name of bacalhau, meaning "cod" or "stockfish" and it was discovered by Didrik Pining, John Scolvus, Hans Pothorst, Alvaro Martins Homem, and Joao Vaz Corte-Real in 1473.
Jacome de Bruges, 1st Captain of Terceira, born Jacob van Brugge, ca 1418 in Bruges, Flanders, was the brother of Louis de Gruuthuse, 1st Earl of Winchester. It was a contract between [March 1450] de Bruges who received the first license from Prince Henry to lead a contingent of settlers to the island of Terceira. By the end of the 15th century, de Bruges returned to Terceira; he was one of two captains who were sent to the island: Jacome de Bruges installed his administration in the region of Praia, while Alvaro Martins Homem settled in Angra.
Around 1472 Jacome de Bruges disappeared at sea, during a voyage.

John Scolvus or John of Kolno have been a navigator of the late 15th century. He reached the shores of the Americas prior to Columbus, arriving in 1476 as steersman of Didrik Pining.
In 1472-1476 a fleet of several Danish ships sponsored by Christian I of Denmark set sail from Norway westwards to Greenland [1472].
There was such a fleet in 1473 or 1476, commanded by John of Kolno. The fleet was commanded by two Baltic sailors Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, and included the Portuguese Joao Vaz Corte-Real on one of the journeys in 1473. It has been claimed that from the Western coast of Greenland in 1473 they may have reached the North American mainland, Labrador.

Pothorst and Pining saw a "rocky island called Hvitsark, halfway between Iceland and Greenland" in 1494.
Jan of Kolno from Poland, was a navigator who led a Danish fleet to the coast of Labrador in 1473 and 1476, at the command of Christian I of Denmark.
Didrik Pining (ca 1430-1491) was a German privateer, and governor of Iceland and Vardohus. From 1468 to 1478, he was in the service of Denmark (by 1470 as an "admiral") first under Christian I of Denmark (ruled 1448-1481), and later for his son, John of Denmark (ruled 1481-1513).
Pining and Hans Pothorst had been regarded by the Hanseatic League as "pirates who did much damage to the Hanse towns."
Pining was appointed leader of an expedition to the north towards Greenland in 1472. He, together with Hans Pothorst (also from Hildesheim), and the Portuguese explorers Joao Vaz Corte-Real and Alvaro Martins, were commanders of the expedition in 1473 together with John Scolvus.
The mission started off from Bergen, went on through to Iceland and Greenland, and discovered Terra do Bacalhau / Land of Codfish = Newfoundland or Labrador.
Pining and Corte-Real were respectively appointed governors of Iceland (1478) and the Azores (1474), a reward for having discovered the Land of Codfish.

Antao Martins Homem (1450s - 1531) was a Portuguese 2nd Captain of Praia. He succeeded his father Alvaro Martins Homem, in the captaincy of the Terceira Island.
Antao was the son of Alvaro Martins Homem, and Ines Martins Cardoso. He married Isabel de Ornelas da Camara, the daughter of Pedro Alvares da Camara, the son of Joao Goncalves Zarco and Catarina de Orneslas Saavedra.
Joao Goncalves Zarco (ca 1390 - 1471) was a Portuguese explorer of the Madeira Islands, and was appointed first captain of Funchal by Henry the Navigator. He led the caravels that recognized the island of Porto Santo in 1418 to 1419 and the island of Madeira 1419 to 1420.
Together with Tristao Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo / Perestrello [then the family of Columbus], he initiated the colonization of the islands in 1425. Zarco was a prominent Jewish family from Santarem and Lisbon.
Antao Martins Homem (1450s - 1531) was a Portuguese 2nd Captain of Praia. He succeeded his father Alvaro Martins. Alvaro Martins / Alvaro Martins Homem, was a explorer of the western Atlantic and later the African coast. He accompanied Joao Vaz Corte-Real to Terra Nova do Bacalhau / New Land of the Codfish in 1473.
Alvaro Martins was granted the captaincy of Praia, in the Azores, on 17 February 1474 for his services to Infante Ferdinand.
Praia da Vitoria is a municipality in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. Praia was the seat of the Captaincy of Terceira between 1456 and 1474. The island's first Captain, Jacome de Bruges along with his first lieutenant, Diogo de Teive, established their residency at this site.
By 1474, the island was divided into two captaincies (Praia and Angra): the Captaincy of Praia reverted to Alvaro Martins Homem.

Diogo de Teive (known 1451-1472) was a maritime captain into the western Atlantic in the area of Newfoundland, and in 1452 he discovered the western islands of the archipelago of the Azores and he was appointed Donatary for the islands of Flores and Corvo.
On 1 January 1451, he disembarked on the island of Terceira in the Azores, and he realized two voyages of exploration to the west of the archipelago. In 1452, at the end of his second voyage, he discovered the islands of Flores and Corvo. On 5 December 1452, for his discovery, he was given a concession in the sugar cane industry on the island of Madeira. By 1472, he had settled in Ribeira Brava, and along with his son (Joao de Teive) maintained the donatary rights to the islands until 1474, when D. Fernao Teles de Meneses (married to D. Maria de Vilhena) bought those rights over the islands.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setobal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and Leon), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia (Cuba / SATANAZES and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal [with Greenland and Brazil] and the lands to the west to Castile [with Antilia and Satanazes], modifying an earlier bull by Pope Alexander VI. The treaty was signed by Spain on 2 July 1494, and by Portugal on 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529.

On 18 May 1480, Weston laded cloths of various types on a Breton ship, the Mawdelyn of Quimperle, bound for Madeira. Weston's largest recorded export shipment. This consignment accounted for the bulk of the ship's lading, since the shipmaster and John Pynke, a well-established Bristol merchant, laded a mere eleven cloths between them. The venture is noteworthy in that it is the first known voyage from Bristol directly to one of the Atlantic islands.

In the first half of the fifteenth century, Bristol had been instrumental in opening up the Iceland trade; and in 1457/1458 merchants from the port had undertaken England's first expedition into the eastern Mediterranean, in an apparent attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade to this region. While this expedition fell foul of Genoese-backed pirates, Bristol merchants and their factors were sailing there again by the late fourteen-seventies, albeit on Spanish vessels [1457/1458]. Apart from these commercial expeditions, the port was also involved in exploratory ventures out into the Atlantic, probably inspired by the recent successes of the Portuguese, who, between ca 1420 and the mid fourteen-eighties had colonized various Atlantic islands and pushed down the African coast as far as the Cape.

Albino de Canepa's 1489 map.
The rectangular islands of Antillia and Satanazes to the west of Iberia. These island that is Hispaniola / Haiti = ANTILLA and CUBA = SATANAZES. Antilla acc. to Columbus and Castilla in 1492/1493 and in JUNE 1494 by pro-Castillan POPE. At maps compiled from different small maps the position of Cuba / Cipangu and Haiti / Hispaniola / Antilla was changed. The island of Satanazes (also called the Island of Devils, or the Hand of Satan) is a island once thought to be located in the Atlantic Ocean, and depicted on many 15th-century maps.
In 1424 the map of Zuane Pizzigano, the first depiction of the island of Satanazes / Cuba as a large blue rectangular isle north of Antillia - need to be west to Antilla / Haiti. Before Antilla were 6 islands:
SANZORZO = San Giorio or San Zorzo;
Insulia d colonbi;
Insula aeternica;
Antilla cebreati;
CRANA;
Lon...;
- need to be south-east and east to Haiti: Columbus in November 1493, the Second Trip, known very well position of Guadeloupe.

Small ROILLO this is [Canepa in 1489] Puerto Rico but at this map Roillo / ROLLO was at back of Antilla / HAITI, like JAMAICA. Antilla [a map of 1489] need to be turn around, with Rollo at northern side [not west] is Turks and Caicos in Bahamas Island [Pareto map in 1455 showed Antilla like Haiti / Hispaniola and in June 1492 Papa, Portugal and Spain agrred the island is now Spanish].

Small YMANA / TZIMANA was close to ANTILLA like top of Puerto Rico.

Small SAYA close to SATANAZA like Jamaica.

The SATANAZA island disappears from maps after 1436, and reappears only in 1462 when Benincasa switches it to Salvaga, meaning "savage", possibly a misreading, more probably a deliberate adjustment by Benincasa to avoid using the profanity of "devil".

In 1424 portolan chart of Venetian cartographer Zuane Pizzigano, as part of a group of four islands, lying far in the Atlantic Ocean some 250 leagues west of Portugal, and 200 leagues west of the Azores archipelago (which also usually depicted in contemporary charts).

Pizzigano drew Antillia as a large, red, rectangular island, indented with bays and dotted with seven settlements, with the inscription
ista ixola dixemo antilia ("this island is called antillia").
Some sixty leagues north [need to be west] of it is the comparable large blue Satanazes island (ista ixolla dixemo satanazes, called Satanagio / Satanaxio / Salvagio in later maps), capped by a small umbrella-shaped Saya (called "Tanmar" or "Danmar" in later maps = JAMAICA).

Some twenty leagues west [need to be NORTH] of Antilia is the small blue companion island of Ymana (the 'Royllo' of later maps = ROLLO = Turkus and Caios). These four islands will be collectively drawn together in many later 15th-century maps, with the same relative size, position and shape Pizzigano gave them in 1424. They are commonly referred to collectively as the "Antillia group" or (to use Beccario's label) the insulae de novo rep(er)te ("islands newly reported"). ANTILLA = in front of MAIN LAND, continent.

Cartographic appearances of Antillia (in chronological order):

1424 map of Zuane Pizzigano of Venice as ista ixolla dixemo antilia;
1435 map of Battista Beccario of Genoa,
1436 map of Andrea Bianco of Venice,
1455 map of Bartolomeo Pareto of Genoa - omits Satanazes,
1463 map of Grazioso Benincasa of Ancona,
1463 map of Pedro Roselli of Majorca,
1466 map of Pedro Roselli.

The 1493 Laon globe's "Salirosa" is an apparent mis-transcription of "Salvaga".

This "Laon Globe" is too small to enter into competition with the fine globe produced at Nuremberg in 1492.

Antilia and Satanazes / SATANAZA (among other islands like Ymana) were discovered bef. 1424. Columbus know very well at MADEIRA in the 1480s about Antilla / Haiti. What if Visigothic clerical elite did establish a society on a real, isolated island. Antilla was rediscovered by Columbus in December 1492 and this was confirmed in June 1494 = Hispaniola.

It is a known fact that maps of the Atlantic were compiled from smaller pieces. And the scale of the connected parts was not known. It was also not known where the north of the map was. So maps from the 1520s onwards showed Cuba/Cipangu/Japan and a second island before Satanazes/Cipangu. It was Antilla, i.e. Haiti / Hispaniola, this is what the Pope and two quarreling countries decided: Castile and Portugal. Satanazes and Antilla should be arranged horizontally on the map, not diagonally vertical. To the south-east of Haiti/Antilla stretched a row of islands, about six, vertically from north to south: from Trinidad, through Guadeloupe and Martinique. Trinidad and the edge of Venezuela were known to Negro traders, as the Colon/Columbus brothers write. Therefore, Bartholomeo Colon sailed from Haiti/Antilla south to Venezuela to check it after 1494. Already in November 1493, Colon checked the route from Europe to Guadeloupe to the day, where the steppe of a Portuguese ship lay on the beach, as it was written in the diaries. In June 1494, it was clearly recognized that Cuba, or Satanazes, was not a peninsula of Asia, but Cipangu. Here, the version between Castile and the Pope was agreed upon, which is obviously an erroneous thesis about distances.

In 1468 map of Pedro Roselli.

The 1460s anonymous Weimar map (attrib. to Conte di Ottomano Freducci of Ancona) - labelled as "septe civit" = Hispaniola [Seven citis = Antilla].

The 1470 map of Grazioso Benincasa.

Ca 1475 map of Cristoforo Soligo of Venice - omits Satanazes; Antillia labelled as "y de sete zitade".

The 1474 "map" of Paolo Toscanelli - map missing, but Antilia referenced in letter.

The 1476 map of Andrea Benincasa of Ancona (son of Grazioso) - omits Satanazes.
1480 map of Albino de Canepa of Venice.
1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa,
ca 1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa (different from above),
1482 map of Jacme Bertran of Majorca.
1487 map of anonymous Majorcan cartographer.
1489 map of Albino de Canepa.
All above data acc. to Wikipedia, under copyright.

1492 - Nuremberg globe of Martin Behaim - omits Satanazes, first with inscription relating legend.

1493 - anonymous Laon globe.

Ca 1500 [see ca 1490 Columbus map] Paris map ("Columbus map") of anonymous Portuguese / Genoese (?) cartographer.

1507/1508 map of Johannes Ruysch relocates Satanazes to "Isle of Demons" (?), relates legend.

In 1499, the long lost Christian island of Antilia [NOT - Columbus discovered in 1492/1493 Haiti = Antilla / Antila] was rediscovered, by accident, by Peter de Seville. Sailing for Isabel and Ferdinand, the Castilian explorer Peter was trying to recreate Columbus' voyage and ascertain whether a route to Asia was found or a new landmass was being uncovered. Instead, de Seville's expedition was blown north.

Earlier at The Pizzigano map, also known as the Pizzigano chart is an Italian portolan chart dated 1424. It contains islands in the Central Atlantic Ocean in the west of Spain and Portugal including Portuguese discoveries and islands such as Antillia. The cartographer may have been the Venetian Zuane Pizigano, possibly a descendant of a 14th century family of mapmakes one of whom authored another well known map also called the Pizziagano map in Parma in 1367.

1424 - Source University of Minnesota Libraries, Author Pizzigiano, Zuane.
1424 map of Zuane Pizzigano. First clear depiction of Antillia (large red rectangle), Ymana (future Royllo, small blue island to the west), Satanazes (large blue rectangle to the north) and Saya (future Damnar, umbrella-shaped red isle far north).

Vespucci finally outfitted his own voyage in quest of the passage to the Indian subcontinent that had eluded Columbus because Columbus said on Cuba is Cipangu - island. In June 1494 PAPA confirmed that Antilla / Haiti and Cuba / Cipangu are islands!
Vespucci sailed in 1499, seven years after Columbus.

OJEDA discovered Lake Maracaibo on 24 August 1499. The lake was originally named after Saint Bartholomew. Ojeda also reached Cabo de la Vela, on the Guajira Peninsula, which he named Coquivacoa. A few days later the expedition left Cabo de la Vela for Hispaniola with some pearls obtained in Paria, a little gold and several slaves. Ojeda was the first to have visited Colombia. The expedition also gave Juan de la Cosa the chance to draw the first known map of the area now known as Venezuela.
However, when the Ojeda expedition arrived in Hispaniola on 5 September 1499 the followers of Christopher Columbus were angry because they considered that Ojeda was infringing upon Columbus's exploring privileges. This resulted in fights between both groups. Ojeda took many captives back to Spain whom he sold as slaves. Ojeda took fifteen thousand maravedis in profit to be divided among the fifty-five crew members surviving from the original three hundred.
Returning on the heels of Pedro Alonso Nino's smaller but far more lucrative voyage magnified this disappointment.
Ojeda back home in June 1500 but the historian Demetrio Ramos has suggested the earlier date of November 1499.

Ojeda decided to make another journey and he received a new commission from the Catholic Monarchs on 8 June 1501. He was appointed Governor of Coquivacoa behind the back of Christopher Columbus because it was NEW WORLD. This appointment gave him the right to found a colony in this area, although he was advised not to visit Paria.
On this occasion he formed a partnership with the Andalusian merchants Juan de Vergara and Garcia de Campos, who were able to charter four caravels: the Santa Maria de la Antigua, the Santa Maria de la Grenada, the Magdalena, and the Santa Ana.
Ojeda set sail from Spain in January 1502 and he followed the same route as his first voyage. On this occasion, he kept his distance from the Gulf of Paria and made landfall on Margarita Island.

It is a known fact that maps of the Atlantic were compiled from smaller pieces. And the scale of the connected parts was not known. It was also not known where the north of the map was. So maps from the 1520s onwards showed Cuba/Cipangu/Japan and a second island before Satanazes/Cipangu. It was Antilla, i.e. Haiti / Hispaniola, this is what the Pope and two quarreling countries decided: Castile and Portugal. Satanazes and Antilla should be arranged horizontally on the map, not diagonally vertical. To the south-east of Haiti/Antilla stretched a row of islands, about six, vertically from north to south: from Trinidad, through Guadeloupe and Martinique. Trinidad and the edge of Venezuela were known to Negro traders, as the Colon/Columbus brothers write. Therefore, Bartholomeo Colon sailed from Haiti/Antilla south to Venezuela to check it after 1494. Already in November 1493, Colon checked the route from Europe to Guadeloupe to the day, where the steppe of a Portuguese ship lay on the beach, as it was written in the diaries. In June 1494, it was clearly recognized that Cuba, or Satanazes, was not a peninsula of Asia, but Cipangu. Here, the version between Castile and the Pope was agreed upon, which is obviously an erroneous thesis about distances.

Dr. Alwyn Ruddock (d. 2005), a former Reader at Birkbeck College and the leading authority on the voyages of discovery launched from Bristol to North America from c. 1470-1508. Two things made the article unusual and went on to capture the public's imagination. First, Ruddock's assertions were astounding. She claimed to have found evidence that Bristol men had reached North America prior to John Cabot's famous 1497 expedition, which initiated Europe's exploration and settlement of the northern continent. Ruddock also argued for a previously unknown religious colony allegedly established in Newfoundland in 1498; and that the Bristol explorers had charted much of the eastern seaboard of North America by 1500.

Bartolomeo Pareto was a medieval priest and cartographer from Genoa who is best known for his sole surviving work, a 1455 nautical chart of the known world. The 1455 chart is highly ornate and is notable for its depiction of Antillia, the island said to exist in the Atlantic Ocean. Thought to have been lost in the mid-1800s, the Italian geographer Pietro Amat di San Filippo reported having located it in a storage room in the library of the Roman College in 1877. ROLLO is on the west of ANTILLA.

Gomez' second voyage, resulting in another re-discovery of the Cape Verde Islands, was probably in 1462, after the death of Prince Henry; it is likely that among the infantes' last occupations were the necessary measures for the equipment and despatch of this venture, as well as of Pedro de Sintra's important expedition of 1461.

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes writing in the 16th century considered the Antilles in the Caribbean to have been the legendary Isles of Hesperides. Hesperides refers to the Caribbean, where he is convinced that Cuba had been the home of Atlantis. History has it that the first Portuguese to set foot in the West Indies were the sailors on board Christopher Columbus' three ships-the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina-which landed on the small island of San Salvador (or Guanahani) in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.

In 1341 the Canary Islands, already known to Genoese seafarers, were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 for Castile.

Although the exact details are uncertain, cartographic evidence suggests the Azores were probably discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry's direction, and settled in 1432, suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 745 miles (1,200 km) from the Portuguese coast. At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands, the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast. Sailors feared what lay beyond Cape Bojador at the time, as Europeans did not know what lay beyond on the African coast, and did not know whether it was possible to return once it was passed. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach the source of the lucrative tran-Saharan caravan gold trade and perhaps to join forces with the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere to the east.

In 1434, one of Prince Henry's captains, Gil Eanes, passed this obstacle. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. 1443, Nuno Tristao penetrated the Arguim Gulf. Prince Pedro granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. 1444, Dinis Dias reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde).

As for Balimas / Balmas, let's look straight west of the southern Canaries at the 15th century maps. We have The Bahamas.
This is how Columbus sailed in October 1492. The arrangement of these islands above may have been slightly different:
Balimas / Balmas = Puerto Rico;
Antilia = Haiti;
the small island behind Antilia is Jamaica;
Satanazes is Cuba / Cipangu;
the small island near Satanazes is the Cayman Islands. Basically, Pizzigano's point was to show the Greater Antilles.
The Lesser Antilles would be shown on later maps from the mid-15th century as a vertical row of small islands.
This was exactly what Columbus wanted to see in November 1493. He issued a ration of drinks two days before he saw the first island of the Lesser Antilles. These islands have retained the Portuguese name Antilles. Because Columbus recorded that on the beach of one of these Lesser Antilles, he found the keel of a Portuguese ship. That's how he wrote it in 1493.
Nautical chart of 1424:
Data collected (among others) of the authors and Manuel Luciano Manuel Rosa. In 1424 appears in a letter filed in a London museum, tailored for such a Zuane Pizzigano, Italian cartographer in the service of Portugal, it seems born and raised in Venice. It is exactly reproduced in Atlantic, with islands with names of Portuguese roots, called Saya, Satanazes, Ymena and that Antilia.

This is clearly Cuba and Haiti with Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
The Prof. Armando Cortesao after four years of research, revealed their studies in a book written in English, The Nautical Chart of 1424, published by the University of Coimbra in 1954.
Unknown islands to the center.
The extreme left is the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of its author, cartographer Zuane Pizzigano. Then, vertically, are the four islands - the North is a small island in the shape of a quarter call Saya and below a great with the name Satanazes; further south, another large island known Antilia [HAITI]; and west of these, another island short call Ymana, In the middle of the map are many small islands, which belong to archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde. And the right side of the navigational charts are very well delineated, the beaches and coasts of Europe and Africa, from Ireland to the archipelago of Cape Verde.

The authenticity of the nautical charts of 1424 is not doubtful by the exposed topographical features, typical of the time. In the 1424 nautica chart are clearly recorded the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of the author, Zuane Pizzigano, an Italian cartographer of Venice. Although the map was made by an Italian in the names of four islands - Antilia, Satanazes, Soya and Ymana - are written in Portuguese, to testify so the round trip from Portuguese navigators to land of America, before 1424.
We should note that Antilia or Antilha, has always been only a Portuguese word. The corresponding word in Italian is Antiglia, but the Italian cartographer, Zuane Pizzigano, used the word Portuguese, certainly, to certify that the island was Portuguese. A Antilia word is composed of "ante" which means 'in front of', more "Island". So Antilia is an island that is in front of anything, in this case of the Americas.

Based on the Legend of the Island of Seven Cities / ANTILLA / Haiti or Legend of the West, that served as a refuge for remote Seven Bishops of the Iberian Peninsula, some said that the bays on the island indicated in the Charter designed Antilles Nautica of 1424, representing the exact number of bishops who fled.
Be noted that the bays, as well drawn in the two major islands in Nautical Charter of 1424, are, all those many bays enormous, which is put inside the earth and that there are in Newfoundland and in New Scotia!
Acc. to me: Haiti and Cuba.

Isle of Satanazes the angle is 57 degrees, almost the same angle inclination of Newfoundland that is 60 degrees. Isle of Antilia the angle obtained with the same technique is 22 degrees [19-20 degrees North is HAITI], but in Nova Scotia is much greater: 62 degrees. If there is a difference numerical between the angles should be noted that there is, however, one common denominator: all islands are inclined to Europe.
Comparing the angles of inclination of the axis of the islands of the Greater Antilles - Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico - Sea of Caraibas, we see that they are all lying in its major axis length parallel to the equator and have a slope is facing to Central America rather than Europe.

In the world map of Ranulfo Nyggeden established in 1360, is also the design of South America, as said island.

1380:
South America also appears in other cartographic important letters, such as Zeno Nicolao (year 1380), Bechario (1435) and Andrea Bianco (1436 and 1448). The latter offers an explanation that clarifies the case perfectly. He says that the "island" is far from Cape Verde in the Atlantic ocean, in about 1500 miles, or the current approximate distance to the Cape Verde region more eastern South America.

1380/1385:
In 1495 a new disease hit Europe. It was deadly, devastating and attacked those who were promiscuous, well-heeled and well-travelled. Syphilis was part of "the Columbian exchange". Arriving in Spain, Barcelona in 1493, in the 1490s with Columbus and his crew, this destructive new plague spread quickly across Europe. Bones found in a medieval graveyard in Hull show signs of the ravages of syphilis. Probably from BRISTOL. But if syphilis was present in Europe before Columbus went to America, why was the 1495 outbreak so deadly? Because more people were sources.
But syphilis was in England - inf. 2017 - earlier. Maybe from North America with English ship or with Genuensies ship from Antilla / Haiti or Brasil. Pockmark lesion on head of venereal syphilis with saber shin; evidebce in the Hull friary ca 1385. But the Spanish soldiers of the NAPLES war acc. to Gruenpeck, witness, were the first. But in 1492 in Genoa and the Basque country - before back of Columbus, maybe from BRASIL or Antilia. The Sheffield team checked 300 samples of Hull. The Oxford team dated carbon bones samples - the man died ca 1300/1305/1385 - 1355/1405/1420. Trees were cutting among 1340 - 1369 [sample only 1355], for Hull' coffins and skeleton with syphilis was buried at Augustian friary.
But body was died ca 1355/1405 [sample only 1385].
New skeletal evidence suggests Columbus and his crew not only introduced the Old World to the New World, but brought back syphilis as well, researchers in Dec 2011. At the time, treatments were few and ineffective. Physicians tried remedies such as mercury ointments, some of which caused patients great pain and even killed them. Skeletons provide first DNA evidence that diverse strains of syphilis circulated in Europe before 1492. In the late 1400s, a terrifying disease erupted in Europe, leaving victims with bursting boils and rotting flesh. The syphilis epidemic raged across the continent from Barvelona in 1493 and Naples in 1495, killing up to 5 million people, inf. in 2020.
Ca 1450 - a young adult female buried in the cemetery of the Dominican Friary of Blackfriars in Gloucester, UK has been dated to the mid-15th century by traditional archaeological methods. Yes, this is from BRISTOL. This skeleton holds widespread evidence of treponematosis ranging from caries sicca and nasopalatine destruction on the skull to numerous lesions on the long bones, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, and sternum. This combination makes it a good candidate for a diagnosis of syphilis. Mid-1400s - potentially the first DNA evidence that syphilis existed in Europe prior to Columbus's contact with the Americas, the team reports in Current Biology.
The most popular theory is that syphilis was carried by sailors returning from the first transatlantic expedition led by Christopher Columbus. From Haiti viewed as the most likely source. However, there is also some evidence of treponemal disease in Europe prior to 1493 (when Columbus' crew returned), although this evidence is not as strong and is disputed by many.

This very popular hypothesis states that the navigators in Columbus fleet would have brought the affliction on their return form the New World in March 1493. This theory is supported by documents belonging to Fernandez de Oviedo and Ruy Diaz de Isla, two physicians with Spanish origins who were present at the moment when Christopher Columbus returned from America. Ruy Diaz de Isla, the physician acknowledges syphilis as an 'unknown disease, so far not seen and never described', that had onset in Barcelona in 1493 and originated in Espanola Island (Isla Espanola) / Hispaniola / Haiti = Antilia. Ruy Diaz de Isla is also the one that states in a manuscript that Pinzon de Palos, the pilot of Columbus, and also other members of the crew already suffered from syphilis on their return from the New World. However, in 16 bone fragments the syphilis diagnosis could be certified and modern dating methods showed pre-Columbian origin. Harper explained in an article published in 2011 that all these skeletons were located in coast areas from Europe. In August 1494, King Charles VIII of France led his army of 50,000 soldiers into northern Italy. Gascon, and Spanish, and were accompanied by 800 camp followers including prostitutes. At the end of 1494, one year after the return of Columbus from his first expedition to America, Charles VIII entered Italy with an army of 25.000 men. Initially his army entered Rome, in February 1495 the army of Charles VIIIth entered Naples. In the battle of Fornovo in July 1495, the Italian physicians described for the first time a disease they have seen on French soldiers' bodies, manifested as a generalized eruption consisting of pustules.

Giorgio Sommariva of Verona is recorded to have used mercury to treat syphilis in 1496.

A second Columbus voyage in 1493 with a much larger fleet was organized for Columbus by Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca. Medinaceli had been a patron of both Columbus and Ojeda.
Columbus and Ojeda reached the Caribbean in November 1493. One of their first stops was the island of Guadalupe where a landing party went missing. Fearing for their safety (the islanders were suspected of being cannibals), Columbus sent Ojeda ashore with an armed contingent to search for the lost group. They reached Hispaniola at the end of November 1493 and discovered the fort, Navidad, constructed during the first voyage was in ruins and all the Spaniards left behind were dead.
They began to explore the island and build a permanent settlement named Isabela.
In January 1494, Columbus sent a small armed party led by Ojeda to search for gold in a mountainous region of the island known as Cibao. Ojeda returned two weeks later bringing a few substantial gold nuggets and reporting there was much gold to be found in the area.
In March 1494 Columbus led a group of nearly 500 men to explore the CIBAO region in Antilia. The hunt for gold was unsuccessful but natives from the surrounding area brought in gold for trade. Columbus established a fort, Santo Tomas.
In April 1494, Columbus sent Ojeda with a force of about 350 soldiers to relieve Margarite at Santo Tomas. Columbus wanted Margarite to take the bulk of the soldiers and search the island for gold, seize food from the natives, and capture Caonabo.
Alonso de Ojeda also took part in the battle of Vega Real / Jaquimo, in which, under his command, the Spanish were victorious. An account of the battle written by Las Casas states that the native army comprised ten thousand warriors, while there were only some four hundred Spanish soldiers.
Ojeda returned to Spain in 1496.
The Battle of Vega Real, took place on 27 March 1495 on the island of Hispaniola between an indigenous alliance and Spanish forces, commanded by Christopher Columbus.

Alonso de OJEDA made two voyages to Venezuela in 1499 and 1502 without permission of Columbus after order from the Spanish Kings.
In 1509 - 1510 the third Ojeda voyage from Santo Domingo on south-west to Darien and San Sebastian in COLOMBIA.

In 1496/1499 on returning to Spain, Ojeda was commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs, without the permission of Columbus, to sail for America again, which he did on 18 May 1499 with three caravels. He travelled with the pilot and cartographer Juan de la Cosa and the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci. This was the first of a series of what have become known as the "minor journeys" or "Andalusian journeys" that were made to the New World.
On leaving Spain the OJEDA flotilla sailed along the west coast of Africa to Cape Verde before taking the same route that Columbus had used in 1498 on his third voyage. But Ojeda made landfall in BOCA DEL ESEQUIBO. In 1498 Columbus maybe given to all false information that he was sailing along Guiana but without landfall. It was border of Portuguese zone after 1494. After making landfall in Summer 1499 Vespucci decided to separate from the flotilla and he sailed south towards Brazil. The main flotilla arrived at the mouths of the rivers Essequibo and Orinoco in the Gulf of Paria. It also visited the peninsulas of Paria and Araya, the islands of Trinidad and Margarita and traveled along the continental coast, always in search of a passage towards India. All known that is NEW WORLD but NOT Asia.
The flotilla then sailed along the Paraguana Peninsula and sighted the island of Curacao, which was named Giants Island as the indigenous people that were seen were thought to be giants. During the same journey, he constructed a ship and visited the islands of Aruba and the Las Aves archipelago.
During the voyage along the Paraguana Peninsula, the flotilla entered into a Gulf of Venezuela where there were villages of the Wayuu people with palafito houses built over the water. These villages are said to have reminded Amerigo Vespucci of the city of Venice.

Royllo / Roillo, a island located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is identical with the island originally called Ymana in a 1424 nautical chart of Zuane Pizzigano. The island is usually depicted in many 15th-century maps as a small island located slightly to the west (20 leagues or so - JAMAICA) of the much larger island of Antillia / Haiti.
It is often found in the group insulae de novo repertae, or "newly discovered islands" along with other islands.
Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489. The island of Antillia / Haiti, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it. But Haiti has big bay on the western side; Canepa need to change west to east.
Antonio Galvao (1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the Antilia island.
Antonio Galvao, writing in 1563, records an account of Portuguese mariners travelling to Antillia - early English translated:
'In this yeere also, 1447, it happened that there came a Portugall ship through the streight of Gibraltar; and being taken with a great tempest, was forced to runne westwards more than willingly the men would, and at last they fell vpon an Island which had seuen cities, and the people spake the Portugall toong, and they demanded if the Moores did yet trouble Spaine, whence they had fled for the losse which they received by the death of the king of Spaine, Don Roderigo'.
This Island of the Seven Cities, for the Portuguese kings Afonso V and Joao II mention them in letters concerning one Fernao Teles and a Fleming, Fernao Dulmo.
Teles is granted "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" he chanced upon in the Atlantic as his fief in 1475,
while Dulmo was authorised to search for the island in a royal letter of the 24th July 1486.
In a similar vein, the Infanta D. Brites was given a grant in 1473 of "an island, that appeared beyond the island of Santiago."

In 1493/1494, Lisbon and Rome were thinking that Columbus was at Hispaniola / Antilia in 1492/1493.
1475 and ANTILIA:
The island is mentioned in a royal letter of King Afonso V of Portugal (dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernao Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" [Haiti and Cuba] he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean.
It is mentioned again in a royal letter (dated 24 July 1486), issued by King John II of Portugal at the request of Fernao Dulmo authorizing him to search for and "discover the island of Seven Cities" [Haiti].
Already by the 1490s, there are rumors that silver can be found in the island's sands.
The term Antillia is derived from the Portuguese "Ante-Ilha" ("Fore-Island", "Island of the Other", or "Opposite Island"). The island lay directly "opposite" from mainland - Mexico or Cuba. Its size and rectangular shape is a near-mirror image of Haiti.
Antilia = "Aprositus" ("the Inaccessible"), the name reported by Ptolemy for one of the Fortunate Isles. One more recent hypothesis is that Antillia may mean "in front of Thule" / Iceland.

Now we show Colon / Columbus and his voyages to Satanazes and Antilia:
Columbus' father was born in 1418; married Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of prosperous family of Porta della'Olivella by Bisagno River. Christopher was born in 1451, and the couple had 4 more children - Diego Giacomo was younger. Christopher had red heir, in 1470 he may have moved to SAVONA because a wool trade. 1475 - he sailed to the Greek island of Chios, the Genoese colony.
In May 1476 he travelled on an expedition to Portugal. Columbus moved to Lagos, then to Lisbon and in 1477 to England and to Ireland in GALWAY. He also possibly visited Iceland. Speculated there Columbus first learned about the North American continent and in 1477 navigated from Iceland to the west closest to Greenland.

Columbus made his home in Portugal [the Azores Islands in 1439 were discovered by Portuguese]. He was in ELMINA. Christopher and Bertholomew in Lisbon worked together in the map and chart business making Columbus a skilled cartographer by the 1480s.
In 1479 Columbus married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, a woman in her twenties with an Italain father and mother from Portugal's nobility. Columbus' father-in-law had been involved in the colonisation of the Madeira and received the captaincy of Porto Santo near by Madeira.
In Porto Santo Columbus listened from his mother-in-law of HER late husband's voyages, inheriting his instruments and charts. Felipa gave birth a son Diego ca 1479. Columbus was on voyage to Africa in 1482/1484, but Felipa died; a widower Columbus with a son moved out home.
In August 1481 Joao II became King of Portugal. In 1482 Diogo Cao on a voyage to the south down to cross the equator.

Columbus was widely read and was master in Latin, Portuguese and Castillian. In Lisbon he heard stories of mariners of BRISTOL sighting land to the west from Ireland, ie Newfounland in 1480 and 1481. He corresponded with Paolo Toscanelli about his theories the size of the Earth, ca 1485.
Columbus drew upon Toscanelli, the Islamic world and Greece. He made his own calculations which indicated that Japan / Cipangu was 2.400 nautical miles due west of the Canary Islands. And here Antilia was for him like JAPAN or Satanazes like CHINA. He know very well from a charts about this Portuguese discoveries from about 1422 until 1484. In 1484 Columbus asked King Joao for three caravels to Japan.
Three experts turned Columbus down.
Columbus had very broad knowledge of Antilia and sailing west from the Canary Islands but back from Haiti / Espanola / Antilia north-east to the Azores parallel and on to the Azores and from there to Lisbon.
Columbus sent his brother Bartholomew to England to King Henry VII in 1485. In mid-1485 Christopher went to King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Columbus called on the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Duke of Medina Celi. They requested permission from Queen Isabella.
Columbus met Beatriz de Harana, his mistress, and mother of Ferdinand in 1488. Isabella met first Columbus in May 1486.
Appointed a commission. At the Santander university were sceptical about Columbus' theory. 1487 - Columbus put on the royal payroll. In 1488 Columbus returned to Portugal, a second attempt to the King Joao. In December 1488 DIAS returned from NATAL in South Africa.
In 1489 Columbus back to Sevilla.
In 1490 he received word that the commission established by Isabella to investigate his proposed western voyage had finally reported and rejected Columbus' idea. They said in fact take THREE YEARS to sail west to Asia and back to Palos. In 1490/1491 - Columbus made attempt to sail on western Atlantic, and he was informing Isabella about this voyage in 1492 in Greneda's meeting in Summer 1491.
The commission' opinion in 1490 was neither accepted nor rejected.
The King and Queen informed Columbus in 1490 that his idea about Haiti / Antilia / Japan [in 1492/1493/1494 Columbus and orhers in Rome and Lisbon changed names: sometimes Cuba / Satanazes was China or Japan; maybe Haiti = Espanola was Antilia or Japan / Cipangu with a gold in mountains] might be considered once again after conquest of Granada.
This King's plan included change of Papa in Rome because of Papal's bulls.
At this time Columbus again thinking about FRANCE and his brother Bartholomew was hopeful about the support of the King of France.
In Spain in Summer 1491 Columbus was granted an audience with Queen in Santa Fe. Ferdinand, his son, informed that Columbus' idea was rejected yet again on this occasion. The King not accepted for his TITLES and revenues.
Columbus wanted to head to France. But in January 1492 Granada was taken.
In April 1492 an agreement was finally reached. Queen also agreed to appoint Columbus VICEROY to all the lands: Satanazes and Antilia with two/three small islands. Columbus left Granada on 12 May 1492; Palos on 22 May 1492. Palos to provide TWO caravelas. Columbus chartered himself the carrack Santa Maria with its owner Juan de la Cosa as second-in-command.

Martin Alonso Pinzon and his brother Vicente Yanez Pinzon commanded Pinta and Nina. Martin was interesting in western rout to JAPAN before met Columbus. On 3 August 1492 Columbus departed Palos for the Canary Islands.
They had order wait in Canaries in Gomera for permission because in Rome was the newly elected Pope. Pinta would not arrive in Las Palmas until the 24 August 1492. 25 August 1492 - all ships arrived at Las Palmas. 6 September / 9 September - they wait for favourable winds and inf. from Spain abot Pope.
Ships carried provisions for OVER A YEAR. On 19 September 1492 they were over a thousand nautical miles west of the Canaries.
20 September the wibds turned against them.
1/7 October made good progress.
On 6 October they had sailed further WEST and Columbus had expected [!!] to find 'Japan'.
Martin Alonso Pinzon suggested changing course. The Admiral continued WEST to find 'CHINA' [!].
Sunset on 7 October 1492 noticing a FLOCK OF BIRDS HEADING WEST-SOUT-WEST.
The cours changed to follow the birds. The Pinzons advised Columbus to turn back, around 10 October. 10 October the Santa Maria crew were in open mutiny. The Admiral was promising they would sail on for 3 or 4 days more. The cours was changing back WEST late on the 11 October 1492. 11/12 October, de Triana sighted land at 2 am on 12 October 1492, Guanahani.
After daybreak he came ashore 33 days after leaving the Canaries. At first San Salvador above named, then Fernandina and Isabela of Bahamas.
Columbus was writing about "Indians". Columbus dicovered Bahamas = "Indies" acc to his diaries NOT REACHED YET 'JAPAN'.

In October 1492 Columbus discovered BAHAMAS.

In October 1492, same 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, the Greenlandic See in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'.
The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See.
Sources: Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 nr 759 from 23th October 1492 and Norwegian text: Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Grrnland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres.

However, by the mid-1300s, Ivar Bardarson noted that the quantity of ice from the northeast was such that "no one sails this old route without putting their life in danger." The Norwegian Crown in Oslo and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros eventually abandoned the colony to its own devices, although some Popes were aware of the situation.
By 1448, Pope Nicholas V lamented reports that Greenland ("a region situated at the uttermost end of the earth") had been without a resident Bishop for 30 years (although the last known one, Bishop Alfur, actually died earlier, in 1378).
These concerns were echoed in a letter dated circa 1500 [1492 or 1493] by Pope Alexander VI, who believed that no communion had been performed in Greenland for a century, and that no ship had visited there in the past 80 years. However, even after the colony was forsaken by the Church and well into the 16th century, the empty title "Bishop of Gardar" continued to be held by a succession of at least 18 individuals, none of whom visited their nominal diocese and only one of whom (Bishop Mattias Knutsson) reportedly expressed any desire to do so.

On 14 October 1492, Columbus set sail again in search of JAPAN, on the southwest, with CHINA beyond it [Japan / Cuba and Mayas YUCATAN with big cities like 'CHINA'].
The Taino were able to supply and guide Columbus to the island Rum Cay and Long Island by the 16 October 1492.
Spaniards looking for gold in October 1492 - but no any Asia' gold on Bahamas.
On 23 October 1492 Columbus thinking he was only ONE DAY or TWO away from 'JAPAN'. They set sail for CUBA / Satanazes. The natives had indicated might be Japan. On 28 October 1492 dicovered Cuba 'the most beautiful...'.

He did NOT find any sign of the GOLD and pearls of Marco Polo description of Japan. Columbus concluded that HE MUST BE ON THE CHINESE MAINLAND. He know about two large islands here.

The local Taino said to him that the city QUINSAY / HANGZHOU was some 25 miles to the south - but here was southern beach of Cuba, not China - Taino maybe thinking about MAYAS towns at Yukatan.
Louis de Torres was sent to 'Grand Khan' like an embassy, and with the Spanish Kings letter.
On 5 November 1492 the delegation back without 'China' signs.
No GOLD but Tainos rolling cigars.
No any traces of the Chinese Emperor / Great KHAN.
Columbus wrote now that 'Indians' will be good Christians.
They took interpretors, six persons. On 10 November 1492 Columbus sailed east heading for the island BANEQUE / Great Inagua of Bahams where the Indians spoke of beaches covered in gold.

One year later -
on 3 November 1493, Columbus arrived in the Windward Islands; the first island they encountered was named Dominica by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named Mariagalante, now a part of Guadeloupe [they saw a part of Portuguese ship on beach acc to Columbus] and called Marie-Galante.
Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were Montserrat, Antigua, Saint Martin, the Virgin Islands, as well as many others ['Antilles' on the maps of the 15th century].
On 17 November, Columbus first sighted the eastern coast of the island of Puerto Rico, known to its native Taino people as Boriken.
His fleet sailed along the island's southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of Anasco, early on 19 November 1493. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island San Juan Bautista after John the Baptist, and remained anchored there for two days from 20 to 21 November 1493, filling the water casks of the ships in his fleet.
On 22 November 1493, Columbus returned to Hispaniola to visit La Navidad.

Half of year after -
in April/August 1494 - CUBA / Cipangu / China / Satanazes.
September 1494 - May 1495:
over the next 9 months Columbus continued to wage war on the native Taino on Hispaniola until they surrendered and agreed to pay tribute.

MARCH 1495:
In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid.
About 500 of the strongest slaves were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about two hundred of those dying en route in March 1495.

In June 1495, the Spanish crown sent ships and supplies to Hispaniola [June-October 1495].

In October 1495, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi, who had won the contract to provision the fleet of Columbus's second voyage and to supply the colony on Hispaniola, received almost 40,000 maravedis worth of enslaved Indians.
He renewed his effort to get supplies to Columbus, and was working to organize a fleet in Cadiz when he suddenly died in December 1495.

On 10 March 1496, having been away about 30 months [since September 1493], the fleet departed La Isabela [November 1493/November 1494 around 600 or 1000 Spanish died because sick].
On 8 June 1496 the crew sighted land somewhere between Lisbon and Cape St. Vincent, and disembarked in Cadiz on 11 June 1496.

Because information on NEGROS in Trinidad/Venezuela, Columbus sent his brother from Hispaniola to Venezuela in 1495.

On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlucar, Spain. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola [June/July 1498] and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic [to BRAZIL and Trinidad because inf. on NEGROS traded sometimes here].
It is probable that this expedition was intended at least partly to confirm rumors of a large continent south of the Caribbean Sea, that is, South America.

On 31 July 1498 they sighted Trinidad.
On 5 August 1498, Columbus sent several small boats ashore on the southern side of the Paria Peninsula in what is now Venezuela, near the mouth of the Orinoco river. Columbus realized must be a continent.
The fleet then sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita, reaching the latter on 14 August 1498, and sighted Tobago and Grenada from afar, according to some scholars.
On 19 August 1498, Columbus returned to Hispaniola.
There he found settlers in rebellion against his rule, and his unfulfilled promises of riches. Columbus had some of the Europeans tried for their disobedience; at least one rebel leader was hanged.

After one year:
In October 1499, Columbus sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern.
Ca December 1499:
By this time, accusations of tyranny and incompetence on the part of Columbus had also reached the Court.
Ca Summer 1500:
The sovereigns sent Francisco de Bobadilla, a relative of Marquesa Beatriz de Bobadilla, a patron of Columbus and a close friend of Queen Isabella.
Ca Sepetember 1500:
Bobadilla reported to Spain that Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery.
He claimed that Columbus regularly used torture and mutilation.

In early October 1500, Columbus and Diego presented themselves to Bobadilla, and were put in chains aboard La Gorda, the caravel on which Bobadilla had arrived at Santo Domingo.

One year and half later -
Summer 1502 -
The sovereigns expressed indignation at the actions of Bobadilla, who was then recalled and ordered to make restitutions of the property he had confiscated from Columbus.
On 9 May 1502, Columbus left Cadiz with his flagship Santa Maria and three other vessels. The ships were crewed by 140 men, including his brother Bartholomew as second in command and his son Fernando.
June/July 1502:
On 15 June, the fleet arrived at Martinique, where it lingered for several days - The Women Island in the 15th century. A hurricane was forming, so Columbus continued westward, hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola. He arrived at Santo Domingo on 29 June 1502, but was denied port, and the new governor Francisco de Bobadilla refused to listen to his warning that a hurricane was approaching. Instead, while Columbus's ships sheltered at the mouth of the Rio Jaina, the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane.
Columbus's ships survived with only minor damage, while 20 of the 30 ships in the governor's fleet were lost along with 500 lives (including that of Francisco de Bobadilla).

The World Map of King-Hamy of ca 1503:
Greenland = Terra Laboratoris = Terra de Labrador; the area of Labrador and Newfounland = Terra de Corte Real = Terra Corterealis. Greenland was re-discovered by Fernandes. In 1500 Fernandes was on Greenland, and named it Terra de Labrador. Later Labrador southern to Greenland. All maps showed bef. 1550 Greenland like Labrador. No any evidence about Fernandes in Greenland.

We back again to the 1st Columbus voyage to Antilia and Satanazes:
on 15 Novemebr 1492 the fleet to turn back to CUBA because of bad wind. December the 5th, 1492, Columbus reached EASTERN extremity of the island and was planning another attempt at BANEQUE left CHINA / Satanazes / Cuba.
But now favourable winds help to cross over the island to the EAST, which the Taino called Haiti / named now Espanola / Hispaniola / Antilia at maps after 1424.

On 16 December 1492, Columbus met local chief, and 'Indians' wore gold jewellery. The chief informed him that the GOLD lay further to east. They sailed to the east on the northern coast of Antilia in search of GOLD.
22 DECEMBER 1492 - Acul Bay, and here he was receiving gifts from the natives which included SMALL PIECES of GOLD.
And now Columbus know thet GOLD was from a region of central Hispaniola, CIBAO. Columbus thinking: Cibao = Cipangu / Japan. Columbus speculated.
24 December 1492, Columbus sailed east. 24/25 December close to Cape Haitien the Santa Maria ran aground.
Morning the 26 December 1492 Indians presented the Admiral a gifts of GOLD, and informed to find a mine with a great abundance of Gold. But cannibal Caribs lived here, and Columbus showed muskets from the Santa Maria.
La Navidad to be built on the site, and 39 men led by Diego de Harana, the cousin of Columbus' mistress Beatriz, stayed behind at the new settlement.

Pinta had sailed away from the main fleet some weeks earlier.
Indians informed about Pinta further to the east, on 2 January 1493.
Columbus set sail on 4 January 1493. 6 January 1493 he found the Pinta sailing in his direction. Martin Alonso defended his conduct. Pinzon reported he had reached BANEQUE in Bahamas but NO gold at the island and after Pinzon sailed south to Hispaniola / Antilia / Haiti, and reached the peninsula of MONTE CRISTI three weeks earier - around 16 December 1492.
6 January 1493 -
Pinzon and Colon conclude back to Spain even if had NOT located JAPAN, CHINA or major source of gold.
Around 15 January 1493 they turned back EAST and headed home.
In mid-February 1493 during home voyage, Columbus composed a letter to the Kings, with a plan of the second voyage. He claimed now CUBA = CHINA. And told tales of Hispaniola and its GOLD.
Two caravelas lost sight of each other in storm until 14 February 1493. On 17 February 1493 Columbus arrived at the island of Santa Maria in the AZORES. He had great information about Portuguese rout to Antilia, from Canaries to Haiti and back to Azores and Lisbon.
Columbus at Azores announced that he had discovered 'the INDIES'.
By late February 1493 set sail for Palos, but back to LISBON on 4 MARCH 1493, after short arrested half of crew at Azores.
In Lisbon Columbus met Bartolomeu DIAS and after he met King.
King of Portugal [in March 1493] claimed the newly discovered lands: Satanazes and Antilia, for the Crown of Portugal under the Treaty of Alcacovas of 1479, which recognised Spanish dominion of the Canary Islands. Columbus was dismissed on the 11 March 1493 and on 15 March the Nina arrived back to Palos; with the Pinta, the same day.
At Sevilla Columbus took confirmation notes his titles and preparstions of SECOND voyage and govering of gold.
The Spanish Kings sent news of Columbus' discoveries to Pope Alexander VI, around 02 April 1493 from Barcelona to Rome.

But in April 1493 in Barcelona and Rome nobody know what is Columbus discovery?
Maybe Royllo / Roillo, a island located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is identical with the island originally called Ymana in a 1424 nautical chart of Zuane Pizzigano. The island is usually depicted in many 15th-century maps as a small island located slightly to the west (20 leagues or so - JAMAICA) of the much larger island of Antillia / Haiti. It is often found in the group insulae de novo repertae, or "newly discovered islands" along with other islands.
Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489 informed on the island of Antillia / Haiti, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it. But Haiti has big bay on the western side; Canepa need to change west to east.
Antonio Galvao (1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the Antilia island.
New skeletal evidence in Gloucester near by BRISTOL suggests the discovery ca 1447/1450. Columbus and his crew not only introduced the Old World to the New World in 1492/1493, but brought back syphilis as well. The researchers in Decemebr 2011 said about syphilis around 1450.
At the time, treatments were few and ineffective. Physicians tried remedies such as mercury ointments, some of which caused patients great pain and even killed them. Skeletons provide first DNA evidence that diverse strains of syphilis circulated in Europe before 1492. In the late 1400s, a terrifying disease erupted in Europe, leaving victims with bursting boils and rotting flesh. The syphilis epidemic raged across the continent from Barvelona in 1493 and Naples in 1495, killing up to 5 million people, inf. in 2020.
Ca 1450 - a young adult female buried in the cemetery of the Dominican Friary of Blackfriars in Gloucester, UK has been dated to the mid-15th century by traditional archaeological methods. Yes, this came from BRISTOL. This skeleton holds widespread evidence of treponematosis ranging from caries sicca and nasopalatine destruction on the skull to numerous lesions on the long bones, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, and sternum. This combination makes it a good candidate for a diagnosis of syphilis. Mid-1400s - potentially the first DNA evidence that syphilis existed in Europe prior to Columbus's contact with the Americas, the team reports in Current Biology.
The most popular theory is that syphilis was carried by sailors returning from the first transatlantic expedition led by Christopher Columbus. From Haiti viewed as the most likely source. However, there is also some evidence of treponemal disease in Europe prior to 1493 (when Columbus' crew returned), although this evidence is not as strong and is disputed by many. This very popular hypothesis states that the navigators in Columbus fleet would have brought the affliction on their return form the New World in March 1493.

In 1493/1494, Lisbon and Rome were thinking that Columbus was at Hispaniola / Antilia in 1492/1493. But in Barcelona the Kings wanted Columbus' story because it suited them.

The Portuguese document clearly states in 1475 on ANTILIA:
the Antilia island is mentioned in a royal letter of King Afonso V of Portugal (dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernao Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" [Haiti and Cuba] he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean.

In a letter dated 1448 from Rome, Pope Nicholas V instructed the bishops of Skalholt and Holar (the two Icelandic episcopal sees) to provide the inhabitants of Greenland with priests and a bishop, the latter of which they had not had in the 30 years since a purported attack by "heathens" who destroyed most of the churches and took the population prisoner.

In August/September 1492 the Spanish Kings waited for information on Papa in Rome [11 August in Rome / 23 August maybe inf. in Barcelona; maybe by ship to Canary on 5 September 1492].

Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo.
Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.

On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo. Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.
In the king's opinion, however, the discoveries were embraced in his dominion of Guinea.
The contemporary chronicler, Ruy de Pina, who describes the interview, says that the said admiral went beyond the bounds of truth, and made out the affair as regards gold and silver and riches much greater than it was.
By-standing courtiers suggested that the intruder could be provoked into a quarrel and then killed without any suspicion of connivance on the part of the king. But the king, a God-fearing prince, forbade it, and showed honor to the admiral.

On Friday, in the early afternoon of March 15, 1493, Columbus cast anchor in the harbor of Palos. The joy and pride of the villagers may be imagined. The whole population turned out to receive Columbus with a procession and to give "thanks to our Lord for so great favor and victory."

The news of Columbus's voyage was disseminated rapidly, first through private correspondence, and later through the publication of his own narrative, addressed in the form of letters to Luis de Santangel and to Gabriel Sanchez.

The most important accounts in private correspondence, although not the earliest, are found in the letters of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, an Italian resident at the court of Spain, later the author of the first history of America.
On May 14, 1493, he wrote to Count Giovanni Borromeo from Barcelona, where Columbus had appeared before the king and queen a month previous:
"A few days since, one Christopher Colon, a Genoese, returned from the antipodes in the west. From my kings he had obtained three ships to visit this province, with some difficulty, indeed, for what he said was esteemed fables."

In October 1492, Colon discovered a small coral island in the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, which Columbus renamed San Salvador (Holy Saviour), and which is probably Watling Island ?
That he had reached the Indies, Columbus had no doubt, and in his first mention of the natives he calls them "Indians," thus attaching the name forever to the aborigines of the New World.
When on October 21, 1492, he heard of Cuba for the first time, he believed it to be Cipango, and planned to go on "to the main-land and to the city of Guisay, and to give the letters of your highness to the Gran Can [Colon in October 1492 was thinking he can discover Cuba / Japan / Cipangu and this Bahamas island were closest to China / Mongol Empire.
In 1493 in Portugal and Rome all known about Antilia / Haiti / Hispaniola and Satanazes / Cuba but Colon confirmed that is Cuba / Cipangu]."
This belief soon became a fixed idea, immovable in the face of the most telling evidence. The very qualities that had insured Columbus's success contributed to his failure to realize just what he had achieved. Gazing at the naked Indians paddling their canoes, he could write,
About Cuba was writing by Columbus in 1492 -
"It is certain that this is the main-land, and that I am in front of Zayto and Guinsay, a hundred leagues - a little more or less - distant the one from the other" - Guinsay with its Oriental splendor and twelve thousand stone bridges, and Zaitun with its hundred pepper ships a year.

Christopher Columbus, 'Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus,' in Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492-1493), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real, edited and translated by Clements R. Markham (London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), 15-193.

Pedro de Medina, in his Grandezas ..., says that at no great distance from the island of Madeira there was another island called Antilia [Hispaniola / Haiti], which is not now seen [but in Lisbon all were thinking that Hispaniola = Antilia / Antilla], but which is found figured on a very ancient sea-chart [1424];
and Viera affirms that some Portuguese and inhabitants of Madeira saw lands to the westward which they were never able to reach, although they tried [in the 1480s].
From this took its origin the representing on the charts, which were then drawn, of some new islands in those seas, especially Antilia and San Borondon [Brendan].
This is found on the globe which was drawn by Martin Behaim at Nuremberg in 1492, to the S.W. of Hierro, though the Cape Verde Isles are interposed between them [BRASIL].

Toscanelli' [1474] said, in his letter, that Cipango was an island 225 leagues from Antilla, and that it so abounded in gems and gold that the temples and palaces were covered with golden, plates.
Marco Polo 'describes it (Book III, cap. ii), and also says that the quantity of gold is endless,' 'that the palace is roofed with gold, and that pearls are abundant'.
Cipango / Cipangu / Citijangu is derived from Zhi-pan, the Chinese form of Japan.
The chart, drawn for the Admiral, must have been that which 'aulo Toscanelli, the celebrated Florentine astronomer, sent to Lisbon in 1474. It included from the north of Ireland to the end of Guinea, with all the islands situated on that route; and towards the west it showed the beginning of the Indies, and the islands and places whither they were proceeding.
Colon saw this chart and read the accounts of travellers, especially Marco Polo, which confirmed him in the idea of finding India by the west, though it had hitherto always been approached by the east.

Alexander's papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World following the finds of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
A letter written by Christopher Columbus on February 15, 1493, is the first known document announcing the results of his first voyage that set out in 1492. Inf. was sent from LISBON [14 March 1493], by a courier who was ready close to Spanish border, to Barcelona [29 March 1493] and then to Rome [17 April 1493], around 31 days.

On his third attempt, in another bull also called Inter caetera, written in the summer and backdated to May 4, 1493, the Pope once again confirmed the Spanish claim on the Indies more explicitly with a longitude line of demarcation granting all lands 100 leagues west of Cape Verde (not merely those discovered by "her envoys") as the exclusive dominion of the Crown of Castile (with no explicit safeguards for prior Portuguese treaties or grants).
(There is some confusion whether Eximiae devotionis preceded or followed the second Inter caetera; it is commonly supposed that the first Inter caetera ("May 3") was drafted in April and received in Spain on May 17,
the second Inter caetera ("May 4") drafted in June, and received in Spain by July 19 (a copy was forwarded to Columbus in early August 1493);
while Eximiae diviones ("May 3") is normally assumed written sometime in July.
In official time, Eximiae precedes the second Inter caetera, but in actual time may have actually followed it.)

The earliest Spanish record of the news, reporting that Columbus "had arrived in Lisbon and found all that he went to seek", is contained in a letter by Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, Duke of Medinaceli, in Madrid, dated March 19, 1493.

The Portuguese king suspected (rightly, as it turns out) that the islands discovered by Columbus lay below the latitude line of the Canary Islands (approx. 27'50), the boundary set by the 1479 Treaty of Alcovas as the area of Portuguese exclusivity (confirmed by the papal bull Aeterni regis of 1481).

Urgent reports on the Portuguese preparations were dispatched to the Spanish court by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia.
Ferdinand II dispatched his own emissary, Lope de Herrera, to Lisbon to request the Portuguese to immediately suspend any expeditions to the west Indies until the determination of the location of those islands was settled (and if polite words failed, to threaten).
Even before Herrera arrived John II had sent his own emissary, Ruy de Sande, to the Spanish court, reminding the Spanish monarchs that their sailors were not allowed to sail below Canaries latitude, and suggesting all expeditions to the west be suspended.
Columbus, of course, was in the middle of preparing for his second journey.

The letter was written in the middle of a storm around the Azores on February 14, 1493.
There is some uncertainty over whether Christopher Columbus sent the letters directly from Lisbon, after docking there on March 4, 1493, or held on to them until he reached Spain, dispatching the letters only after his arrival at Palos de la Frontera on March 15, 1493.
It is highly probable, albeit uncertain, that Columbus sent the letter from Lisbon to the Spanish court, probably by courier.

Columbus's journal says that upon docking in Lisbon, Bartholomew Dias (on behalf of King John II of Portugal) demanded that Columbus deliver his report to him, which Columbus strenuously refused, saying his report was for the monarchs of Spain alone.
A small postscript dated March 14, written in Lisbon, noting that the return journey took only 28 days (in contrast with the 33 days outward), but that unusual winter storms had kept him delayed for an additional 23 days.
Columbus only obtained confirmation of his title on March 30, 1493, when the Catholic Monarchs, acknowledging the receipt of his letter, address Columbus for the first time as "our Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Vice-Roy and Governor of the islands which have been discovered in the Indies" ("nuestro Almirante del mar Oceano e Visorrey y Gobernador de las Islas que se han descubierto en las Indias").

Columbus sailed into Lisbon on March 4th, driven before another storm. From there he sent letters to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who were then holding Court in Barcelona.
Enclosed in the packet was a letter to the "escriuano deracio" (modern Spanish: 'escribano de Racion'), the secretary of the royal treasury.
A Spanish version of the letter (presumably addressed to Luis de Santangel), was printed in Barcelona by early April 1493, and a Latin translation (addressed to Gabriel Sanchez) was published in Rome around a month later (ca May 1493).
Columbus was not aware that he had stumbled upon a new continent.
He described the islands, particularly Hispaniola and Cuba, exaggerating their size and wealth, and suggested that mainland China probably lay nearby.
A Spanish version of the letter (based on the letter he sent to Luis de Santangel) was printed in Barcelona probably in late March or early April 1493.
A Latin translation of the letter (addressed to Gabriel Sanchez) was printed in Rome about a month later.
Christopher Columbus does not describe the journey itself, saying only that he traveled thirty-three days and arrived at the islands of "the Indies" (las Indias), "all of which I took possession for our Highnesses, with proclaiming heralds and flying royal standards, and no one objecting".
He describes the islands as being inhabited by "Indians" (Indios).
In the printed letters, Columbus relates how he bestowed new names on six of the islands. Four are in the modern Bahamas:
(1) San Salvador (for which he also gives the local name, Guanaham in the Spanish edition and Guanahanin in the Latin letter; modern English texts normally render it as Guanahani),
(2) Santa Maria de Concepcion,
(3) Ferrandina (Fernandinam in the Latin version, in modern texts Fernandina),
and (4) la isla Bella (given as Hysabellam in the Latin version, and La Isabela in modern texts).
He also names (5) La Isla Juana (Joanam in Latin in 1492, modern Cuba / Satanazes bef. 1492 / CIPANGO in 1494)
and (6) the island of La Spanola (Hispana in the Latin letter, modern Hispaniola).

In the letter, Columbus says that he believes Juana is actually part of the continental mainland (terra firme) of Cathay (Catayo, archaic for China), even though he also admits some of the Indians he encountered informed him that Juana was an island - in 1494 like Cipangu.
Later in the letter, Columbus locates the islands at the latitude of 26'N, more north of their actual location ("es distinta de la linea equinocial veinte e seis grados").
(Note: in the Copiador version, Columbus makes no mention of the latitudes nor the native name Guanahanin).
Columbus exaggerates the size of these lands, claiming Juana is greater in size than Great Britain ("maior que Inglaterra y Escocia juntas") and Hispaniola larger than the Iberian peninsula ("en cierco tiene mas que la Espana toda").
Columbus connects the monsters story to another local legend about a tribe of female warriors, who are said to inhabit the island of "Matinino" east of Hispaniola ("first island of the Indies, closest to Spain", possibly referring to Guadeloupe or Martinique).

Indians of Hispaniola also told him about a very large island nearby which "abounds in countless gold" ("en esta ay oro sin cuenta").
(He doesn't give this gold island a name in the printed letters, but in the Copiador version, this island is identified and named as "Jamaica"). It was Mayas Yucatan.
It also refers to an island called "Borinque" (Puerto Rico), unmentioned in the printed editions, that the natives report to lie between Hispaniola and Caribo.
The Copiador letter notes Juana is called "Cuba" by the natives ("aquellos llaman de Cuba"). He also gives more details about the gold island, saying it is "larger than Juana", and lying on the other side of it, "which they call Jamaica", where "all the people have no hair and there is gold without measure" ("que llaman Jamaica; adonde toda la gente della son si cabellos, en esta ay oro sin medida").

The instruction of the end of May 1493, Isabella ordered Columbus to sail to 'INDIES'.
Among the 1,200 men was the mapmaker Juan de la Cosa.
And Juan Ponce de Leon who later discovered Florida.
From CADIZ on 25 September 1493. Canaries on 2 October 1493.
On 7 October 1493 the fleet sailed west.
Columbus plotted a southwest course in an attempt to FIND the isle of MATININO [Martinique] on route to Hispaniola. The 15th-centuries maps showed a chain of island = Lower Antilies; and now was discovered Dominica on 3 November 1493 [birds were two days before], then Mariagalante; Guadeloupe on 4 November 1493 with the Portuguese kill at beach. Montserrat on 10 November, Antigua and Santa Crus on 13 November 1493 close to Puerto Rico; then Saint Ursula and Puerto Rico / San Juan Bautista and on 22 November 1493 to Hispaniola / Antilia.

Martinique formerly called 'Matinino' which means 'Island of Women' mistranslated 'Madinina' (Island of Flowers) is an island of the Caribbean archipelago. Martinica, women island, iguanas island or flowers island. That is Martinique, Matinino, Madinina, Iounacaera. When Columbus landed in 1502, and was greeted by the Carib Indians, they called it 'Matinino' or 'Madinina.

Columbus headed for Hispaniola following the instructions of the Taino guides, on 22 November 1493.

Columbus never hid the fact that his knowledge was based on information from Madeira and Porto Santo, and therefore exclusively on maps from his wife's family archive of 1480s. In addition, he collected all Portuguese information in Lisbon in 1470s, Lagos, Madeira and Porto Santo. And this was exclusively data on islands in the western Atlantic, primarily on Haiti / Antilia, discovered in the 14th century, but the Portuguese got there around 1422 and it was recorded on a map from 1424 produced in Lisbon.

The Portuguese never said throughout the 15th century that they had discovered Japan or China.

Quite the opposite, the cartography and books that Columbus had, also in Seville when he was selling them ca 1490, always spoke of islands in the western Atlantic. No one in Europe ever repeated that he had been to Japan. In 1492 and 1493 Columbus himself did not know what he had discovered, because he was confused in his statements, both in his letters to the Spanish monarchs, and in his diary.

The Pope and the Spanish monarchs had one goal, to use Columbus's stories about Japan, India and China, to take over the previously known islands: Cuba and Haiti, together with Puerto Rico, Martinique and Jamaica.
The whole matter was settled in August and September 1492.
They were only waiting for the pseudo-evidence brought by Columbus.
The old names for the Lesser Antilles were retained: and for Haiti, or Antilia, the name Espanola was given to emphasize the novelty of the discovery.
No one at the Portuguese court and in the Azores in February and March 1493 had any doubts that these were Satanazes and Antilia, and these were Portuguese discoveries from the 1st half of the 15th century.
Of course, the settlement campaign led by the Columbus brothers failed. They took not 2,000 settlers but only 1,200 plus 300 sailors. Within 12 months, half died, about 600 people, from infected water in Isabela, Haiti.
Since there is little gold in the mountains of Haiti, and the brother of Colon searched for pearls on the coast of Venezuela, and this was already during his second expedition.
Since no one at the Spanish court believed in the constantly changing information from Colon about what he had discovered: so Colon began to seek contact with Genoa. He tried to smuggle pearls.

In 1497 Vespucci explored the entire Gulf of Mexico, and the French and Portuguese had already been in Brazil earlier, and Cabot, Italian man from Bristol started to Newfounland, known in Bristol in 1480 and 1481. Around 1472 / 1480 Portuguese families of Azores discovered Labrador, Greenland, Newfounland. Redwood Brasil and red dye were imported from BRAZIL, and this was already before 1492/1500.

The matter was complicated by information from Cuba in November 1492 about cities in the south, and this was an echo of the Mayan cities in Yucatan [but natives thinking that a town is at Jamaica].

Interesting - Colon never wanted to recognize the narrow passage from Cuba to Yucatan - his second trip. So he play only that he looking for China. He had only data on Portuguese routes to Satanazes and Antilia and to Lesser Antilles, but he had also knowledge on trip to Amazonas / Brazil but in 1494 this land was officially for Portugal. Additionally, the Indians reported black traders from Africa occasionally arriving on the shores of Venezuela.

In addition, this keel of a Portuguese ship in the Lesser Antilles in November 1493.
And Pinzon's map in October 1492 and the same maps of Colon on the 1st expedition are the product of Portuguese knowledge and not about India.
In those times, it was more important to know the winds in the Atlantic, that is, the wind from the east at the height of the Canary Islands to the Bahamas.
And the wind from the west at the parallel of the Azores. Both pieces of information are Portuguese knowledge and from here Colon started to return from Haiti, to the parallel of the Azores and from here he knew how to sail to the Portuguese Azores and to Lisbon in March 1493.
The route Colon took on the second expedition, from Canary to the Lesser Antilles, which was completely known at the time. He knew this in the number of days needed for the south-westerly course in 1493.
Similarly to the days, Colon knew the length of the route from the Canary Islands to the west on the first expedition, but a few days of contrary wind extended the journey in 1492.

So let us remember that Portuguese knowledge is not information about India, China and Japan.
It is knowledge about the Atlantic islands on Madeira, but also about Brazil [1494 for Portugal like Greenland, see 1499 Portuguese trip] to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands - the third expedition in 1498.

We back to the 2nd voyage of colon:
La Navidad on 27 November 1493 was damaged because of women and gold. Colon left Navidad on 7 December 1493. 4 January 1494 he covered 30 miles in 25 days. They founded in bad place colony La Isabela.
6 January 1493 Alonso de Ojeda to lead an inland expedition to the CIBAO mountains. They back with gifts of GOLD.
The men at La Isabela falling sick in January 1494!
2 February 1494, Colon decided to send 12 ships to Spain under Antonio de Torres to request further supplies. Leaving behind 2 bigger ships and three caravelas.

On 12 March 1494, Columbus led an expedition up the mountains and established an inland fort at SANTO TOMAS. He remain here March and until middle of April 1494.

On 24 April 1494 Columbus took the 3 caravelas and went to Cuba / Satanazes. Hoping to prove his theory correct that it was a peninsula connected to the Chinese mainland. 30 April 1494 Columbus reached the eastern Cuba. They sailed by southern side of Cuba, to Puerto Grande / Guantanamo.
Turned northeast at Cape Cruz.
Then south for Jamaica, where he was told there would be large quantities of GOLD. 5 May 1494 - Jamaica, and 60 canoes attacked him, and escaped after the Spanish cannons. 6 May 1494 - again battle and killed several with crossbows.
They didn't find GOLD and back to Cuba. They discovered the Queen's Garden with pink flamingos. Continued west.
The natives informed him that the COAST HAD NO END.
27 May 1494 the fleet anchored near Batabano, and here 20 years later San Cristobal de la Habana / Havana was established.
11/12 June 1494 Colon was less than 50 miles from the western END of Cuba. And here Colon said that is the MALAY Peninsula on 12 June 1494!
He turned back east on 13 June 1494 to JAMAICA to resupply.

His brother Bartholomew, earlier left FRANCE for SPAIN in 1494 and he took command of THREE caravelas sent WEASTWARDS to the Caribbean to resupply Colon. But Colon had still failed to FIND JAPAN, China or any part of Asia which was his ultimate goal, a source of GOLD.

In October 1492 Columbus discovered BAHAMAS.
In October 1492, same 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, the Greenlandic See in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'. The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See. Sources: Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 nr 759 from 23th October 1492 and Norwegian text: Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Grrnland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres.
However, by the mid-1300s, Ivar Bardarson noted that the quantity of ice from the northeast was such that "no one sails this old route without putting their life in danger." The Norwegian Crown in Oslo and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros eventually abandoned the colony to its own devices, although some Popes were aware of the situation. By 1448, Pope Nicholas V lamented reports that Greenland ("a region situated at the uttermost end of the earth") had been without a resident Bishop for 30 years (although the last known one, Bishop Alfur, actually died earlier, in 1378). These concerns were echoed in a letter dated circa 1500 [1492 or 1493] by Pope Alexander VI, who believed that no communion had been performed in Greenland for a century, and that no ship had visited there in the past 80 years. However, even after the colony was forsaken by the Church and well into the 16th century, the empty title "Bishop of Gardar" continued to be held by a succession of at least 18 individuals, none of whom visited their nominal diocese and only one of whom (Bishop Mattias Knutsson) reportedly expressed any desire to do so.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that arose following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed under the Crown of Castile. On his way back to Spain, he first stopped in AZORES and at Lisbon, where he requested another meeting with King John II to prove to him that there were more islands to the southwest of the Canary Islands [Antilles]. After learning of the Castilian-sponsored voyage, the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, stating that by the Treaty of Alcaovas signed in 1479 and by the 1481 papal bull Aeterni regis that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal, all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged, in fact, to Portugal. The Portuguese king also stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet (an armada led by Francisco de Almeida) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands [April-May 1493].
The Spanish rulers replied that Spain owned the islands discovered by Columbus and warned King Joao not permit anyone from Portugal to go there. Finally, the rulers invited Portugal to send ambassadors to begin diplomatic negotiations aimed at settling the rights of each nation in the Atlantic.

On 4 May 1493, Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), an Aragonese from Valencia by birth, decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile, although territory under Christian rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched [GREENLAND]. The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands, so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line [BRAZIL].

Another bull, Dudum siquidem, entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493, gave all mainlands and islands, "at one time or even still belonging to India" to Spain [Cuba / Cipangu / Satanazes / China], even if east of the line.

The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too little land - it prevented him from possessing India, his near-term goal.
By 1493, Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus [Antilla / Hispaniola and Satanazes], but the explicit mention of India was a major issue.
As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line [BRAZIL].
In the bargain, John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west, protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands [BRAZIL] that now constitute the eastern quarter of Brazil.
As one scholar assessed the results, "both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed, and each thought that the other was deceived", concluding that it was a "diplomatic triumph for Portugal, confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India, but most of the South Atlantic".

On 24 September 1493, Columbus sailed from Cadiz with 17 ships, and supplies to establish permanent colonies in the Americas. He sailed with nearly 1,500 men. The fleet included two naos, Columbus' flagship Marigalante and Gallega. The rest were caravels: Fraila, San Juan, Colina, Gallarda, Gutierre, Bonial, Rodriga.
According to his published memories, in 1503 de Gonneville, challenging the Portuguese policy of mare clausum, sailed from Honfleur in Normandy with his crew and the help of two Portuguese pilots, heading for the East Indies. When he reached the Cape of Good Hope his ship L'Espoir (The Hope) was diverted to an unknown land by a storm. In 1505 he returned claiming to have discovered the "great Austral land," which he also called the "Indes Meridionales". According to de Gonneville, he had stayed six months in this idyllic place.
Since then, Binot Paulmier de Gonneville's purported feat as the first European to arrive in Southern Brazil, is celebrated annually both in his hometown of Honfleur, in Normandy, and curiously in the island of Sao Francisco do Sul in Brazil, where a memorial plate has been erected commemorating the French explorer's arrival in 1504, notwithstanding the affair is more of a tale than a proven fact.

In 1502, two years after the discovery of Brazil, the Portuguese king created a monopoly company to trade in brazilwood.
In 1503 - the French appeared along the coast, trading metal goods for Brazilwood. Frenchmen were often left along the coast to learn the languages and organize the next year's load.
Brazilian Indians were taken to France where they, and reports of them, inspired European ideas of the state of nature and the noble savage.
Portuguese and French traders fought each other and Portuguese warships were sent to drive off the French without clear success, notably in 1516.

But we back to the second trip of Colon and June 1494.
The soldier Mosen Pedro Margarit, and 400 men under his command roamed the island exortings gold from the natives.
But after conflict with a brother of Columbus, DIEGO, above Mosen Margarit took a ship in Isabela and sailed back to Spain. He took FRAY BUIL, the Catalan fiar.
Now after July 1494 and all of 1495 were spent fighting the TAINO in Antilia.
In June 1495 a hurricane destroyed THREE of Columbus' ships, with only the NINA remaining!
Colon ordered the construction of a new vessel nicknamed INDIA. Keen to defend against Margarit and Buil's reports to the Spanish Kings, Colon set sail in March 1496 once the India was fully equipped.
Before doing so, he gave his brother Bartholomew, whom he appointed Adelantado or Leader, instructions to abandon LA ISABELA. And founded Santo Domingo on the southern coast of Hispaniola.
Over 200 Spaniards and 30 Indians were aboard the NINA and INDIA as Columbus returned home. On 8 June 1496 the two caravelas sighted Portugal coast and arrived at CADIZ on 11 June 1496. In the summer of 1496 Colon met the King and Queen in BURGOS. He presented the case for a third voyage.
The Kings agreed to Columbus' proposal to send TWO SHIPS to re-provision Espanola / Antilia and SIX ships to explore the ocean south of the islands [Cuba and Antilia] because King Joao of Portugal announced there was a large continent. In 1494 Brazil was announced the Portuguese region by Papa.
It was not until April 1497 that they issued instructions for a new Columbus voyage. The war in Italy and against France took time.

But Vespucci in 1497 set off on his first voyage. On May 10, 1497, explorer Amerigo Vespucci embarked on his first voyage. But it was secret because Columbus' right to Atlantic Ocean.
From Vespucci's private letters it is believed that he navigated his first voyage from Spain to South America during 1497 to 1498. Vespucci recorded spotting a vast continent, which turned out to be South America.
In 1497, Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) set sail from Cadiz, Spain on his first voyage, which is considered the most controversial of his expeditions: departure: May 10, 1497. Destination: Canaries and from here to Puerto Rico in 1497; south-east coast of Haiti; southern coast of Jamaica; Honduras and Yucatan [maybe "China" acc to Columbus at 1st and the 2nd voyages - the Mayas towns at coast]; Gulf of Mexico along coast to Florida and then north along North America, to Hatteras Island and now east to Bermuda and back to Europe. He had Spanish ships; it was 43 days longer than his second voyage, which took place in 1499.
Vespucci's private letters indicate that he may have sailed along the coast of the United States and entered the Gulf of Mexico. He also visited Venezuela and Haiti, and may have spotted a large continent that was later identified as South America. Some historians doubt that the voyage even took place, and others have questioned the authenticity of Vespucci's writings. For example, Felipe Fernandez-Armesto suggests that the first voyage may have been a version of the second voyage.
The 1503 letter mentioned that he had made two voyages for Spain to the west before the voyages for Portugal, and Columbus know about. If the accounts of this letter are true, then Vespucci reached the mainland of the Americas a few months before John Cabot and more than a year before Columbus.
But in this letter no details of the FIRST voyage.

In September 1504 Vespucci wrote to Pier Soderini, Governor of Florence, an account of four voyages he made to the Americas. The first voyage was in 1497-1498. The letter was reprinted in Italian in 1505 or 1506 with the title 'The four voyages'.
And with editions in Latin, German and French.
The 1st voyage to claim a landfall in Honduras and to have coasted always to the north-west for 870 leagues. Nothing would be know in Spain of a Spanish voyage by Vespucci in 1497-1498 which had first discovered Central America.
In five letters to Lorenzo de Medici of Florence, between 18 July 1500 and May 1503, Amerigo Vespucci described two voyages made to the Americas in 1499-1500 and in 1501-1502.
The second voyage of Vespucci in 1499-1500 to Guiana [now French Guiana] and then south-east to Amazon River and back north-west to Orinoco river and to Venezuela and Maracaibo Bay and north to Haiti in 1499; northern coast of Haiti and back home in 1500.
Venezuela and Haiti were also visited by Vespucci and his crew before returning to Spain.
In 1499 he joined the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda on behalf of Spain to further explore the new territory brought to European attention by Columbus. It was actually Vespucci who correctly assumed that the land was a new continent; Vespucci explored from 6' South latitude in Brazil to Cape de la Vela, and just west of the Gulf of Maracaibo in Venezuela, and back to Spain.

In 1501-1502: the third voyage of Vespucci to BRAZIL and south along Brasilian coast. Coasted from 5' South latitude around the nose of Brazil to 50' latitude in PATAGONIA. In 1501, Vespucci sailed to the new world again, this time for Portugal. On his third and most successful voyage, he discovered present-day Rio de Janeiro and Rio de la Plata. Believing he had discovered a new continent, he called South America the New World. In 1507, America was named after him.

In 1502-1503: the 4th voyage of amerigo Vespucci to Brazil and south along Brasilian coast.

We back to Colon and his 3rd voyage:
In January 1498 the Nina and India were sent ahead to Espanola, while Columbus chartered SIX further ships: Colon's flagship and 5 caravelas. Third voyage began on 30 May 1498 and after anchoring in the Canaries, on 19 June 1498, Admiral ordered three caravelas to sail to Espanola via Dominica and Puerto Rico.
And three others ships Colon took to the Cape Verde to Portuguese colony on 4 July 1498 with set sail for the Indies / INDIA on a southwest course.
He need to validate the theory of a large continent south of the Carribbean Islands. In the late July 1498 he passed an island with three mountains to the west, named TRINIDAD. Then Colon caught sight of the American mainland on 1 August 1498 named a land ISLA Sancta.
After anchoring on the south=western cape of Trinidad, the men came ashore, but here were Caribs. On 5 August 1498 the fleet headed west and anchored on the mainland. On 6 August 1498 the fleet anchored on the south of the PARIA peninsula. Columbus encountered natives wearing jewellery made of GUANIN, an alloy of GOLD, silver and cooper. But this peoples were different culture and language, and Colon captured a few to become interpreters. They sailed along the coast and the women wearing pearl necklaces.
On 10 August 1498 Colon sailed west under the assumption that Paria was an island. Back again east. Sailing through the northern channel between Trinidad and Venezuela / Boca del Dragon.
The Admiral sailed west along the coast and finally realised that he must have discovered the CONTINENT - but not Indies. Convinced that he was south of CHINA, Colon desperately wanted to continue exploring, but instead was compelled to resupply his brother in Antilia / Espanola.
On 20 August 1498 Colon arrived at BEATA Island a 100 miles from Santo Domingo. Where he met his brother on 21 august 1498. On 22 August they made their way back to the port Santo Domingo.
31 August 1498 during Colon's absence, Francisco ROLDAN, whom Columbus had appointed chief justice on the island, had LED A REBELLION against Bartholomew. After the arrival of the Nina and India carrying news of royal confirmation of the Adelantado's authority, the men aboard joined Bartholomew in pacifying ROLDAN.
His rebellion had been bolstered by men from the THREE caravels Columbus sent from Canaries who missed Santo Domingo and ended up near Roldan's headquarters at XARAGUA.

On 18 October 1498 Colon sent TWO ships back to Spain with news about his discoveries in Venezuela of mainland continent. And he requested reinforcements to deal with the rebellion.
In the meantime [the 1st half of 1499] the Admiral to negotiate with Roldan and was forced to grant concessions to him in SEPTEMBER 1499, offering the rebels free passage home with their slaves.

In the beginning of 1499 the Spanish kings completely agreed with Portugal that Columbus never discovered India, China and Japan. Therefore they considered that the Admiral's authority concerns the islands he discovered in the years 1492-1496. And that the Spanish sovereigns could freely give permission for new discoveries except Satanazes and Antilia with Lesser Antilles and without Jamaica and Puerto Rico [the Colon's zone]. This was the result of the treaty with Portugal in 1494 on the division of spheres of influence.

Colon in October 1498 sent two ships to Castile with information confirming that a continent between Asia and Europe exists, as the Portuguese had reported in the years 1493-1494.
And NO any GOLD here at Greater Antilles. Colon's promises of gold and sea route to Asia were false.

In July 1500 Francisco de Bobadilla sailed for Santo Domingo as royal commissionar with authority over the Admiral. Upon his arrival in August 1500, Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain to answer for the monarchs' resources had been squandered. Colon in chains returned to Spain and he arrived at Cadiz at the end of October 1500.

In 1499 Colon received news that Alonso de HOJEDA had obtained permission to lead VOYAGE of his own, reaching GULF OF PARIA. And Hojeda continued his discoveries on the mainland, which he named now VENEZUELA. The Florentine Amerigo Vespussi joined this expedition.
Hojeda was not along in undertaking such voyages independent of Columbus.

Vicente Yanez Pinzon carried out his own expedition in 1499, discovering the Amazon river and large parts of the BRAZILIAN coast before doubling back to PARIA and Hispaniola.

The Pizzigano chart of 1424 [September 1424] shows unknown trip to Haiti by Alvaro Almada probably [October 1422/May 1423 ??].
Alvaro Vaz de Almada (ca 1390 - 1449), a son of Joao Vaz de Almada, a merchant family which made its fortune in overseas trade. Alvaro accompanied his father to England in early 1415. Alvaro fought of Ceuta in 1415. In June 1423, Alvaro was appointed by D Joao I as Admiral of the Fleet.
In 1422/1423 Alvaro Almada doscovered maybe Haiti / Antilia, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. The letter of appointment gave him unusually extensive powers, encroaching on areas normally reserved to the Admiral of Portugal.
In the late 1420s, Alvaro accompanied Duke Pedro on his tour of Europe. During the 1430s, he was rewarded by the new king, D Duarte, with a share of the taxes imposed on the Jews of the kingdom. After Morocco declared its independence from the Caliphate in 1423 Portugal seized several of its rich ports in an opportunistic grab.

In 1436 Andea Bianco showed map with Antilla with great bay on north and chain of islands: 8 bigger. We have rare Italian copy of a portolan chart of Europe or the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa, drawn by Andrea Bianco in 1436. The chart is the fourth chart in Bianci's atlas of ten leaves, with nine charts or maps, dated 1436 and preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice. The chart illustrates the Iberian Peninsula and the West African coastline from Cape Spartel to Cape Bojador and includes the Atlantic Islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries as well as 'Antillia' and another fragment of land 'Y (sol) to de la satanaxio man' [Cuba with tobacco in nose ?]. The map includes compass roses and loxodromes. The map also shows Atlantic islands, including the Antilia / Antillia island. The legend of Antillia (or Antilia), also known as the Isle of Seven Cities, originated in an old Iberian legend about seven bishops from the eighth century who fled Muslim conquerors by fleeing westward to the island. Andrea Bianco included the island in his map of 1436, but it was omitted in his later map of 1448 [he known about far distance of Haiti on western side ?].
Carta di Andrea Bianco Veneto of 1436, confirmed Portuguese discovery. Publication in 1436 (copy in 1782).
Title - Bianco World Maps of 1432-1436. The Venetian antiquary Vincenzio Antonio Formaleoni (1752-1797) argued in 1783 that medieval Venetian sailors had reached the new world well before Columbus. The crux of his argument was the delineation of a large, rectangular island called Antilia far out in the western ocean, as shown on a 1436 chart by the Venetian mariner, Andrea Bianco. Andrea Bianco, untitled chart of the Straits of Gibraltar and the western ocean, as reproduced by Vincenzio Antonio Formaleoni (1783). Inverted so north is at top, to make the geography recognizable. 'La Antilia' is the large, rectangular island at the very left (western) of the map. Bianco's 1436 original is Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, R.I.

Zen identified Estotiland as Newfoundland or Labrador, demonstrating that these Venetians had reached the new world a full century before Columbus. There were some factual elements to Zen's narrative, Frisland, or Frixlandia, appeared on charts from the late fifteenth century (Campbell in 1987). Zen began with a narrative of his father's travels into Persia (see Formaleoni in 1783). Zen's map was reproduced, in a copper engraved derivative, in Girolamo Ruscelli's edition of Ptolemy's Geography (Venice, 1561) and its geography adopted by Gerhard Mercator, Abraham Ortelius, and other geographers (Karrow 1993).

Thus in 1406 to 1436, Andreas Biancho possibly became aware of the text and possibly the maps which can be drawn there from. Andrea Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro on the Fra Mauro world map of 1459.
And another Portolan map in 1448, consisting of two parts, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.
Andrea Bianco was followed in 1459 by Fra Mauro, who made his famous planisphere for Alphonso IV of Portugal. Formaleoni was especially interested in a 1471 marine atlas by Grazioso Benincasa, which he found in the library of San Michele on Murano (Campbell 1986), because it included both Frisland and a scale of latitude. Even though the mistakes in the latitude scale led him to suggest that it was a late addition by 'an ignorant monk,' nonetheless used it as evidence. Venetian mariner, Bianco is remembered as having helped Fra Mauro make his world maps in about 1450/1459. Earlier we have the Francesco Pizigano's 1367 chart in the Biblioteca Palatina, Parma (Campbell 1986). Frisland and Estotiland, neither of which appear on Bianco's chart, Formaleoni played up the size and location of Antilia instead, preserving the primacy of the Venetian discovery of the new world. The Portuguese historian, Armando Cortesao (1953) made a similar argument for the Portuguese priority in the discovery of the Americas based on the presence of Antilia on a 1424 chart by Zuane Pizzigano (see Campbell 1987).

On 12 February 1343,
the Pope Clement VI announced the big event, in a letter written by Montemor-o-Novo. And this is expressed:
"... who found the islands mentioned in the West ... drove in there eyes of our understanding, and desiring to implement our intent, our people and send some naos to explore the quality of land, which, approaching those islands, if captured, by virtue of men, animals and other things and have a great pleasure to our kingdoms...".
Joined the letter discovered a map of the region and it sees the inscription: "Insula de Brazil".
Since then the Portuguese monopolize the trade of redwood. So much so that in documents of the fourteenth century the names are linked to Brazil from Portugal. The Brazil of Portugal.

In the year 1380 the word appeared in England in Brazil verses: He locketh as a sparhawk his eyen. Him nedeth not his colour for to dyen. With Brasil, no with grain, of Portugal.

In 1376 - Brasil of Portugal.

Large maps of the fourteenth century, after 1343, forming an island in the Atlantic Ocean, about the current position of the northeastern region of South America and with a configuration similar to this. This means that after the year of 1343 to South America was explored by the Portuguese and considered a possession. In 1375, Charles V, then King of France, established a cartographer of Majorca to copy the Portuguese map, with orders to also fix and extend the map based on the holdings made between 1343 and 1375. This statement is that the "island", where it was found the redwood, the approximate position and shape of South America.
In the world map of Ranulfo Nyggeden established in 1360, is also the design of South America, as said island.

1448 and 1489:
Pero or Pero Vaz de Caminha (ca 1450 - 15 December 1500),
also spelled Pedro Vaz de Caminha, a Portuguese knight that accompanied Pedro Alvares Cabral to India in 1500 as a secretary to the royal factory. Caminha wrote the detailed official report of the April 1500 discovery of Brazil by Cabral's fleet (Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha, dated 1 May 1500). He died in a riot in Calicut, India, at the end of that year.

On the map of Pero Vaz Bisagudo also shows the "island" of redwood from 1,550 miles away in Cape Verde. The bachelor John Martin, cosmography and doctor of Cabral's fleet, in a letter to the king of Portugal, dated May 01, 1500, indicates its sovereign seeking the "Bisagudo Map", which was very old, he says, and where find the true location of the land on which contributed Cabral,
see the text:
"When, Lord, the place of this land have bring a Mapamundi that Pedro Vaaz Bisagudo has there and you could see the majesty of this land sytyo, but this Mapamundi on this earth be certify no people or no: Mapamundi is old."

Vaz Bisagudo, the bastard son of Nuno da Cunha, the Elder, Chamberlain-Major of the infant D. Fernando, Duke of Viseu. Pero Vaz Bisagudo was well placed in the royal court from a very early age due to his father's influence. In 1489, D. Joao II of Portugal entrusted him with the command of twenty caravels to help a Senegalese prince of the Jalofos, baptized with the Portuguese name D. Joao Bemoin.

D. Joao Bemoin's local authority was seriously compromised. Thus, D. Joao II, in the interest of establishing alliances and authority through local regents, sent an armada of 20 caravels. His name appears linked to the discovery of Brazil, but only due to his interest in cartography.
He is mentioned in the Letter of Mestre Joao as the holder of a map that indicated "the site of this land, although that world map does not certify that this land is inhabited, or not: it is an old world map and there your highness will also write about the mine", which reinforces the thesis of those who maintain an earlier knowledge of Brazil.

It is assumed that the map is a reproduction of Andrea Bianco (1448), where the "otinticha axis, 1500 miles away" seems to be indicated. How he obtained this map is still a matter of speculation today.
Bibliography:
I. da Costa Quintela. Annals of the Portuguese Navy , Part I, 2nd memoir, Lisbon, 1975; A. Teixeira da Mota, D. Joao Bemoin and the Portuguese expedition to Senegal in 1489.

1498:
Joao Fernandes - Portuguese sailor, landlord at AZORES (port. lavrador), was at LABRADOR in 1498. Joao Fernandes b. at Terceira (port. lavrador). He traded with Bristol from 1486 and he was one or two times in Labrador.

In 1498-1504:
Portuguese sailors, including Joao Fernandes, the brothers Gaspar (1450-1501) and Miguel Corte-Real (1448-1502?), went in search of new lands in the North Atlantic. Joao Fernandes probably traded with Bristol from 1486 and had contacts with English sailors.

1498:
FERNANDES probably took part in Cabot's expedition in 1498 as a navigator to GREENLAND and NEWFOUNLAND. While Cabot was lost at sea with four ships, Fernandes would return in a fifth ship, bringing maps and knowledge of Greenland and Newfoundland.

1499:
In 1499, King Manuel I the Happy (1469-1521) granted a privilege to Fernandes, promising him the position of governor of any islands he was to discover [1499-1501].

1501:
In 1501, King Henry VII Tudor (1457-1509) granted a privilege of discovery to the English-Portuguese syndicate, which included Joao Fernandes, Francisco Fernandes and Joao Gonsales.

1502:
However, the privileges granted to the syndicate in 1502 excluded Fernandes from traveling to the lands discovered by the English. This was probably done due to Fernandes' participation in rival Portuguese expeditions - Fernandes may have taken part in the expeditions of the Corte-Real brothers. Other sources, however, say that Fernandes disappeared during a trip to America in 1501 [Newfounland].

1408-1492:
A young, married couple who relocated to Iceland from Greenland in the early fifteenth century were required to provide written evidence of their marriage to the bishop. Thorstein Olafsson, married Sigrid Bjornsdottir in the church on the Hvalsey Fjord on September 14, 1408. Aside from this evidence, most of the information about the Greenlanders' final days is found in archaeological data taken from the sites of the former settlements. European contact with settlements in Greenland is shown to have lasted up until 1492 when a bishop appointed to Gardar was exempted from having to fulfill this duty since 'this bishopric had for a long time had no income' from tithes. This information suggests that the Norse had left Greenland well before this time.

1448:
Prior to this in 1448, Pope Nicholas V instructed Icelandic bishops to send a bishop along with priests to Greenland, but there is no evidence of them actually having travelled there.

1400/1460:
Poul Norlund's finds in the Herjulfsnes cemetery are revealing in this respect. The skeletons, dating from the late 14th and early 15th centuries, are significantly smaller than the older finds unearthed in the Brattahlid cemetery. The men are rarely taller than 1.60 m, the women on average only 1.40 to 1.50 m. A noticeably high number of child burials indicates a high child mortality rate. Most skeletons have defects, such as spinal crookedness or narrowing of the pelvis; rachitic symptoms are common. However, the anthropologist Niels Lynnerup rejects the theory of extinction due to malnutrition for lack of sufficient evidence. The archaeologist Jorgen Meldgaard found the remains of a well-stocked pantry and equipment in the western settlement that do not indicate malnutrition. It is argued that the spreading of the 'Eurois occulta moth' played a role, although evidence is only found in the farmstead of Anavik in the Western Settlement.

1413: Western Settlement, Sandnesf (W51, Kilaarsarfik) - evidence
1297 or 1275-1317;
1301 or 1282-1322;
1301 or 1284-1320;
1307 or 1290-1328;
1390 or 1323-1412;
1413 or 1393-1432.

1412/1414/1424:
Antilia is located west of the Azores, and the old sources claim that it was first sighted by a Spanish ship in 1412.
The second time in 1414 by Portuguese ship? In the year 1414, a Spanish ship approached very near this Island. And Portugal ships of 1422/1423 acc to me.
The first appearance of that island is on a map dated 1325. As a disc of land well at Sea Westward from Hibernia but a map of 1375 turns the disc into a ring surrounding a body of water.

In 1911 by Encyclopedia Britannica:
The origin of the name is quite uncertain. The oldest suggested etymology (1455) fancifully connects it with the name of the Platonic Atlantis. The island that is reached 'before' (Cipango), or from the Jezirat al Tennyn, 'Dragon's Isle,' of the Arabian geographers.
Antilia is marked in an anonymous map which is dated 1424 and preserved in the grand-ducal library at Weimar [opinion in 1911].
It reappears in the maps of the Genoese B. Beccario or Beccaria (1435),
and of the Venetian Andrea Bianco (1436),
and again in 1455 and 1476. The main island of Antillia is shown in red with the inscription 'ista ixola dixemo antilia' ('this island is called antillia'). The first certain indication of Antilia is fixed at the year 1414, when, according to Behaim, a Spanish ship approached for the first time this island.
In most of these it is accompanied by the smaller islands of Royllo, St Atanagio / Satanazes, and Tanmar, the whole group [Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico] being classified as 'insulae de novo repertae', 'newly discovered islands.'

The Florentine Paul Toscanelli, in his letters to Columbus and the Portuguese court (1474), takes Antilia as the principal landmark for measuring the distance between Lisbon and the island of Cipango or Zipangu (Japan).

In 1472/1475:
Due to the declining involvement of Church officials and the absence of both tithe and tax revenue generated in Greenland, King Christian I of Denmark sent an envoy to assess the situation sometime between 1472 and 1475. The men sent reported that some Norsemen still remained in the Eastern colony. While sailing along the east coast, Christian I's men were ambushed by natives travelling on 'small ships lacking keels, in great number.'

1422:
We do know that at least two people made it out of Greenland alive: Sigrid Bjornsdottir and Thorstein Olafsson, the couple who married at Hvalsey's church. They eventually settled in Iceland, and in 1424, for reasons lost to history, they needed to provide letters and witnesses proving that they had been married in Greenland. Whether they were among a lucky few survivors or part of a larger immigrant community may remain unknown.

It is a matter of wonder how Pizzigano put pieces of other maps together in the first half of 1424. Of course Pizzigano did not know how far these islands were from the Portuguese coast, and even if he did he could not have kept the small map to scale. This is a well-known fact of 15th century mapmaking.
These three islands, plus two smaller companions, are arranged from north to south.
Balimas / Balmas west to Canary Island. Antilia and one island, small to west. That is, the natives provided information about the continent beyond [to western] Antilia / Haiti. Satanaza / Satanazes and one small island to north. Pizzigano should have arranged them from east to west, that is Satanazes more to the west as Cuba, and according to Columbus it was Cipangu / Japan. Pizzigano simply put everything along a vertical line, when it should be a horizontal line. Then Antilia would be more to the east. It is accompanied by a small island - maybe Puerto Rico. Satanazes has a small island accompanying it - maybe Jamaica. These are exactly the islands that Columbus saw again, after the information from the natives in the Bahamas on how to sail in October 1492.
Haiti / Antilia was discovered by Pinzon; Cuba was discovered by Columbus.
Later, Columbus' brother, Bartholomeo, will discover Venezuela, going south from Haiti, during the second expedition, 1493/1496. There was information about blacks who traded there. Then, in the third expedition in 1498, Columbus searched for traces of traders from Africa to Trinidad and Venezuela. This is how Columbus and his brother wrote it.
As for Balimas / Balmas, let's look straight west of the southern Canaries. We have The Bahamas.
This is how Columbus sailed in October 1492. The arrangement of these islands above may have been slightly different:
Balimas / Balmas = Puerto Rico;
Antilia = Haiti;
the small island behind Antilia is Jamaica;
Satanazes is Cuba / Cipangu;
the small island near Satanazes is the Cayman Islands. Basically, Pizzigano's point was to show the Greater Antilles.
The Lesser Antilles would be shown on later maps from the mid-15th century as a vertical row of small islands.
This was exactly what Columbus wanted to see in November 1493. He issued a ration of drinks two days before he saw the first island of the Lesser Antilles. These islands have retained the Portuguese name Antilles. Because Columbus recorded that on the beach of one of these Lesser Antilles, he found the keel of a Portuguese ship. That's how he wrote it in 1493.
Nautical chart of 1424:
Data collected (among others) of the authors and Manuel Luciano Manuel Rosa. In 1424 appears in a letter filed in a London museum, tailored for such a Zuane Pizzigano, Italian cartographer in the service of Portugal, it seems born and raised in Venice. It is exactly reproduced in Atlantic, with islands with names of Portuguese roots, called Saya, Satanazes, Ymena and that Antilia.

This is clearly Cuba and Haiti with Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
The Prof. Armando Cortesao after four years of research, revealed their studies in a book written in English, The Nautical Chart of 1424, published by the University of Coimbra in 1954.
Unknown islands to the center.
The extreme left is the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of its author, cartographer Zuane Pizzigano. Then, vertically, are the four islands - the North is a small island in the shape of a quarter call Saya and below a great with the name Satanazes; further south, another large island known Antilia [HAITI]; and west of these, another island short call Ymana, In the middle of the map are many small islands, which belong to archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde. And the right side of the navigational charts are very well delineated, the beaches and coasts of Europe and Africa, from Ireland to the archipelago of Cape Verde.

The authenticity of the nautical charts of 1424 is not doubtful by the exposed topographical features, typical of the time. In the 1424 nautica chart are clearly recorded the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of the author, Zuane Pizzigano, an Italian cartographer of Venice. Although the map was made by an Italian in the names of four islands - Antilia, Satanazes, Soya and Ymana - are written in Portuguese, to testify so the round trip from Portuguese navigators to land of America, before 1424.
We should note that Antilia or Antilha, has always been only a Portuguese word. The corresponding word in Italian is Antiglia, but the Italian cartographer, Zuane Pizzigano, used the word Portuguese, certainly, to certify that the island was Portuguese. A Antilia word is composed of "ante" which means 'in front of', more "Island". So Antilia is an island that is in front of anything, in this case of the Americas.

Vicente Yanez Pinzon carried out his own expedition in 1499, discovering the Amazon river and large parts of the BRAZILIAN coast before doubling back to PARIA and Hispaniola.

The Pizzigano chart of 1424 [September 1424] shows unknown trip to Haiti by Alvaro Almada probably [October 1422/May 1423 ??].
Alvaro Vaz de Almada (ca 1390 - 1449), a son of Joao Vaz de Almada, a merchant family which made its fortune in overseas trade. Alvaro accompanied his father to England in early 1415. Alvaro fought of Ceuta in 1415. In June 1423, Alvaro was appointed by D Joao I as Admiral of the Fleet.
In 1422/1423 Alvaro Almada doscovered maybe Haiti / Antilia, Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. The letter of appointment gave him unusually extensive powers, encroaching on areas normally reserved to the Admiral of Portugal.
In the late 1420s, Alvaro accompanied Duke Pedro on his tour of Europe. During the 1430s, he was rewarded by the new king, D Duarte, with a share of the taxes imposed on the Jews of the kingdom. After Morocco declared its independence from the Caliphate in 1423 Portugal seized several of its rich ports in an opportunistic grab.

In 1436 Andea Bianco showed map with Antilla with great bay on north and chain of islands: 8 bigger. We have rare Italian copy of a portolan chart of Europe or the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa, drawn by Andrea Bianco in 1436. The chart is the fourth chart in Bianci's atlas of ten leaves, with nine charts or maps, dated 1436 and preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice. The chart illustrates the Iberian Peninsula and the West African coastline from Cape Spartel to Cape Bojador and includes the Atlantic Islands of the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries as well as 'Antillia' and another fragment of land 'Y (sol) to de la satanaxio man' [Cuba with tobacco in nose ?]. The map includes compass roses and loxodromes. The map also shows Atlantic islands, including the Antilia / Antillia island. The legend of Antillia (or Antilia), also known as the Isle of Seven Cities, originated in an old Iberian legend about seven bishops from the eighth century who fled Muslim conquerors by fleeing westward to the island. Andrea Bianco included the island in his map of 1436, but it was omitted in his later map of 1448 [he known about far distance of Haiti on western side ?].
Carta di Andrea Bianco Veneto of 1436, confirmed Portuguese discovery. Publication in 1436 (copy in 1782).
Title - Bianco World Maps of 1432-1436. The Venetian antiquary Vincenzio Antonio Formaleoni (1752-1797) argued in 1783 that medieval Venetian sailors had reached the new world well before Columbus. The crux of his argument was the delineation of a large, rectangular island called Antilia far out in the western ocean, as shown on a 1436 chart by the Venetian mariner, Andrea Bianco. Andrea Bianco, untitled chart of the Straits of Gibraltar and the western ocean, as reproduced by Vincenzio Antonio Formaleoni (1783). Inverted so north is at top, to make the geography recognizable. 'La Antilia' is the large, rectangular island at the very left (western) of the map. Bianco's 1436 original is Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, R.I.

One of the chief early descriptions of Antilia is that inscribed on the globe which the geographer Martin Behaim made at Nuremberg in 1492. Behaim relates that in 734, a date which is probably a misprint for 714, and after the Moors had conquered Spain and Portugal, the island of Antilia or 'Septe Cidade' was colonized by Christian refugees under the archbishop of Oporto and six bishops.
The inscription in 1492 adds that a Spanish vessel sighted the island in 1414.
According to an old Portuguese tradition each of the seven leaders founded and ruled a city. Later Portuguese tradition localized Antilia in the island of St Michael's, the largest of the Azores.

Antilia is located west of the Azores or west to Canaries, and the old sources claim that it was first sighted by a Spanish ship in 1412 or by Portuguese ship in 1414, it debuted in maps in 1424.
Armando Cortesao, author of the major study devoted to the 1424, said in fact Antilia is composed of two Portuguese words: ante or anti and ilha. In the 1424 chart Antilia is about 450 km long and 100 km wide. This nautical chart, lost for five centuries, gives evidence that Portuguese captains had found the New World by 1424.
Acc to Alvin M. Josephy Jr. in April 1955, volume 6 by 'americanheritage.com/was-america-discovered-columbus', the pre-Columbians believe that the true discoverer of the New World was a Portuguese navigator. Who he was or when he made the first landfall they cannot say. Pedro de Velasco in 1452; Joao Vaz Corte-Real in 1472, claimed their discoveries. the Portuguese navigators before 1492 did suspect or even know of lands lying west of the Azores, and that Portuguese navigators were sailing out through the misty reaches of the great Ocean Sea looking for those lands. Recently, there came to light in England an aged nautical chart of 1424, showing what an outstanding Portuguese cartographical expert, Armando Cortesao, asserts is a representation of the New World made almost seventy years before Columbus' first voyage, and possibly proving therefore that someone, perhaps unknown Portuguese navigators, had reached America by that time.
This document came from the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps who, during the first three-quarters of the Nineteenth Century, amassed the biggest library of old vellum manuscripts. When Sir Thomas died in 1872, his great, bulging collection of some 60,000 parchment manuscripts and maps, many of them still uncatalogued, represented a fabulous storehouse of unsuspected historical treasures. In 1946 the still-considerable remainder was bought by William H. Robinson, Ltd., a distinguished London firm dealing in rare books and manuscripts, in reputedly the largest single purchase ever made by a dealer.
Alter eight years, it is still not all unpacked. The well-preserved sea (hart of 1424 was one of the first items revealed. It was numbered 25,924 in the Phillipps Collection, but cataloguing of the library had stopped on Sir Thomas' death with Number 23,837, and there was no clue concerning the background of the map, where Sir Thomas found it or anything else about it.
The document was tested at once for authenticity and found to be entirely genuine; there was no doubt that the date and writing were of the early Fifteenth Century. Upon the recommendation of scholars at the British Museum, Professor Cortesao, a Portuguese representative at UNESCO, was then invited to make a study of it. Especially after noting quickly no less than 23 Atlantic islands on the map, including a conspicuous red rectangle with the legend, 'ista ixola dixeno antilia,' a combination of old Portuguese and Venetian, meaning 'This island is called Antilia,' an isle or representation of mainland which has played a key role in the Portuguese theory of pre-Columbian discovery.
Professor Maximino Correia, Rector Magnificus of the University, refers to the work, not unexpectedly, as part of 'this really national task' of securing proper recognition for the early Portuguese navigators. The original name was erased, 'Zuane Pizzi,' finally inserted. Zuane Pizzigano, a previously unknown member of a family of Venetian cartographers who were well-known a century earlier. The 1424 chart is the first document known in which the name or representation of Antilia appears. Antilia did represent a real island, and Cortesao's study, in essence, is an attempt to prove that it got onto the 1424 chart, and all others following it, as a real island because it had been seen by some unknown Portuguese navigators. In the first chapter of his famous Historia de lax Indias, begun about 1527, Bartolome de Las Casas, wrote: 'In the seacharts made in times gone by, were depicted several islands in those seas and parts, especially the island called Antillia, and they placed it a little over two hundred leagues west of the Canary Islands and the Azores.'
Antilia, indeed, had been appearing on maps since the middle of the Fifteenth Century, usually as a large rectangle in a group of four islands far out in the western reaches of the Atlantic. The other three islands (Satanazes, Saya, Ymana) changed their names from map to map. Antilia was shown with the names of seven cities, and was considered either an island or large land mass to which seven Portuguese bishops and their flocks fled by boat in 734 A.D. when the Moors overran the Iberian Peninsula.

Many navigators of the Fifteenth Century knew about Antilia and attempted to find it. There is documentary evidence of a letter patent of Alfonso V of Portugal, dated November 10, 1475, granting to Fernao Teles 'the Seven Cities or some other islands' that he might find in the western Atlantic [Teles in Haiti / Antilia in 1474/1475 ?].

A similar grant about Antilia was issued by Joao II in 1486 to Ferdnand van Olm, a Fleming who had settled in the Azores and was known as Fernao Dulmo [in March 1493 the Portuguase King said about to Columbus in Lisbon].

Columbus firmly believed that Antilia was a real island, with shores of gold-flecked sand [see Bahamas in 1492 by Pinzon and Columbus discovered], on the route to the Indies. He based much of his thinking on a letter said to have been written in 1474 by a Florentine physician, Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, who wrote that a route to China passed by the island of Antilia 'which is known to you.'

And, among others, Martin Behaim who drew a famous globe in 1492 prior to the news of Columbus' discovery noted that Antilia had been seen by mariners as early as 1414, information he supposedly acquired in the Azores where he lived during the 1480's.

There still remains no documentary proof of a real landfall, and Professor Cortesao must build his case on circumstantial evidence of islands as the Florida Keys. Reality began to creep in again with the rise of the Italian, Majorcan and Portuguese navigators late in the Thirteenth Century. In 1424, Antilia, as the newly discovered Phillips map reveals, suddenly showed up on a sea chart for the first time.

The Portuguese mariners know of the Sargasso Sea far west of the Azores prior to Columbus' day, and there is no reason to believe they had not been through and beyond it.

Madeira, for example, was officially discovered by Portuguese mariners in 1418-1419, and the Azores in 1427, but sea charts from as far back as 1370 showed faithful representations of those islands, leading to the conclusion that navigators had reached them at that time and conveyed their knowledge to some chart-maker friend.

Antilia - somebody found the island prior to 1424, and while others, deliberately or by accident of wind and current, may also have seen it, the 'official' discovery didn't come until Columbus' court-sponsored undertaking of 1492.
Dr. Cortesao believes the true discoverer or discoverers were Portuguese because the map, though made by a Venetian, is in the Portuguese language. Moreover, Professor Cortesao points out that the name Antilia is composed of two Portuguese words, ante or anti (before) and illa, an archaic form of ilha (island), which might possibly mean 'the island before' or 'the island facing' Europe.
Antilia, the only land west of the Azores, must have been the island forefront or the eastern mainland of America, and the navigators who found it were the true discoverers of the New World. Since the completion of Dr. Cortesao's study, the map has been purchased from Robinson by the University of Minnesota Library and has become one of the prized possessions of its famous James Ford Bell Collection. The collection became part of the library in 1953 with funds provided by Mr. Bell, former board chairman of General Mills. As the first representation of the real island of Antilia, bearing the parent name of the Caribbean Antilles of today, the 1424 Chart is a 'find' of great historical importance, and a worthy addition to the Bell Collection.

In 1422:
We do know that at least two people made it out of Greenland alive: Sigrid Bjornsdottir and Thorstein Olafsson, the couple who married at Hvalsey's church. They eventually settled in Iceland, and in 1424, for reasons lost to history, they needed to provide letters and witnesses proving that they had been married in Greenland. Whether they were among a lucky few survivors or part of a larger immigrant community may remain unknown.

It is a matter of wonder how Pizzigano put pieces of other maps together in the first half of 1424. Of course Pizzigano did not know how far these islands were from the Portuguese coast, and even if he did he could not have kept the small map to scale. This is a well-known fact of 15th century mapmaking.
These three islands, plus two smaller companions, are arranged from north to south.
Balimas / Balmas west to Canary Island. Antilia and one island, small to west. That is, the natives provided information about the continent beyond [to western] Antilia / Haiti. Satanaza / Satanazes and one small island to north. Pizzigano should have arranged them from east to west, that is Satanazes more to the west as Cuba, and according to Columbus it was Cipangu / Japan. Pizzigano simply put everything along a vertical line, when it should be a horizontal line. Then Antilia would be more to the east. It is accompanied by a small island - maybe Puerto Rico. Satanazes has a small island accompanying it - maybe Jamaica. These are exactly the islands that Columbus saw again, after the information from the natives in the Bahamas on how to sail in October 1492.
Haiti / Antilia was discovered by Pinzon; Cuba was discovered by Columbus.
Later, Columbus' brother, Bartholomeo, will discover Venezuela, going south from Haiti, during the second expedition, 1493/1496. There was information about blacks who traded there. Then, in the third expedition in 1498, Columbus searched for traces of traders from Africa to Trinidad and Venezuela. This is how Columbus and his brother wrote it.
As for Balimas / Balmas, let's look straight west of the southern Canaries. We have The Bahamas.
This is how Columbus sailed in October 1492. The arrangement of these islands above may have been slightly different:
Balimas / Balmas = Puerto Rico;
Antilia = Haiti;
the small island behind Antilia is Jamaica;
Satanazes is Cuba / Cipangu;
the small island near Satanazes is the Cayman Islands. Basically, Pizzigano's point was to show the Greater Antilles.
The Lesser Antilles would be shown on later maps from the mid-15th century as a vertical row of small islands.
This was exactly what Columbus wanted to see in November 1493. He issued a ration of drinks two days before he saw the first island of the Lesser Antilles. These islands have retained the Portuguese name Antilles. Because Columbus recorded that on the beach of one of these Lesser Antilles, he found the keel of a Portuguese ship. That's how he wrote it in 1493.
Nautical chart of 1424:
Data collected (among others) of the authors and Manuel Luciano Manuel Rosa. In 1424 appears in a letter filed in a London museum, tailored for such a Zuane Pizzigano, Italian cartographer in the service of Portugal, it seems born and raised in Venice. It is exactly reproduced in Atlantic, with islands with names of Portuguese roots, called Saya, Satanazes, Ymena and that Antilia.

This is clearly Cuba and Haiti with Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
The Prof. Armando Cortesao after four years of research, revealed their studies in a book written in English, The Nautical Chart of 1424, published by the University of Coimbra in 1954.
Unknown islands to the center.
The extreme left is the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of its author, cartographer Zuane Pizzigano. Then, vertically, are the four islands - the North is a small island in the shape of a quarter call Saya and below a great with the name Satanazes; further south, another large island known Antilia [HAITI]; and west of these, another island short call Ymana, In the middle of the map are many small islands, which belong to archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde. And the right side of the navigational charts are very well delineated, the beaches and coasts of Europe and Africa, from Ireland to the archipelago of Cape Verde.

The authenticity of the nautical charts of 1424 is not doubtful by the exposed topographical features, typical of the time. In the 1424 nautica chart are clearly recorded the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of the author, Zuane Pizzigano, an Italian cartographer of Venice. Although the map was made by an Italian in the names of four islands - Antilia, Satanazes, Soya and Ymana - are written in Portuguese, to testify so the round trip from Portuguese navigators to land of America, before 1424.
We should note that Antilia or Antilha, has always been only a Portuguese word. The corresponding word in Italian is Antiglia, but the Italian cartographer, Zuane Pizzigano, used the word Portuguese, certainly, to certify that the island was Portuguese. A Antilia word is composed of "ante" which means 'in front of', more "Island". So Antilia is an island that is in front of anything, in this case of the Americas.

Based on the Legend of the Island of Seven Cities / ANTILLA / Haiti or Legend of the West, that served as a refuge for remote Seven Bishops of the Iberian Peninsula, some said that the bays on the island indicated in the Charter designed Antilles Nautica of 1424, representing the exact number of bishops who fled.
Be noted that the bays, as well drawn in the two major islands in Nautical Charter of 1424, are, all those many bays enormous, which is put inside the earth and that there are in Newfoundland and in New Scotia!
Acc. to me: Haiti and Cuba.

Isle of Satanazes the angle is 57 degrees, almost the same angle inclination of Newfoundland that is 60 degrees. Isle of Antilia the angle obtained with the same technique is 22 degrees [19-20 degrees North is HAITI], but in Nova Scotia is much greater: 62 degrees. If there is a difference numerical between the angles should be noted that there is, however, one common denominator: all islands are inclined to Europe.
Comparing the angles of inclination of the axis of the islands of the Greater Antilles - Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico - Sea of Caraibas, we see that they are all lying in its major axis length parallel to the equator and have a slope is facing to Central America rather than Europe.

In the world map of Ranulfo Nyggeden established in 1360, is also the design of South America, as said island.

1380:
South America also appears in other cartographic important letters, such as Zeno Nicolao (year 1380), Bechario (1435) and Andrea Bianco (1436 and 1448). The latter offers an explanation that clarifies the case perfectly. He says that the "island" is far from Cape Verde in the Atlantic ocean, in about 1500 miles, or the current approximate distance to the Cape Verde region more eastern South America.

1380/1385:
In 1495 a new disease hit Europe. It was deadly, devastating and attacked those who were promiscuous, well-heeled and well-travelled. Syphilis was part of "the Columbian exchange". Arriving in Spain, Barcelona in 1493, in the 1490s with Columbus and his crew, this destructive new plague spread quickly across Europe. Bones found in a medieval graveyard in Hull show signs of the ravages of syphilis. Probably from BRISTOL. But if syphilis was present in Europe before Columbus went to America, why was the 1495 outbreak so deadly? Because more people were sources.
But syphilis was in England - inf. 2017 - earlier. Maybe from North America with English ship or with Genuensies ship from Antilla / Haiti or Brasil. Pockmark lesion on head of venereal syphilis with saber shin; evidebce in the Hull friary ca 1385. But the Spanish soldiers of the NAPLES war acc. to Gruenpeck, witness, were the first. But in 1492 in Genoa and the Basque country - before back of Columbus, maybe from BRASIL or Antilia. The Sheffield team checked 300 samples of Hull. The Oxford team dated carbon bones samples - the man died ca 1300/1305/1385 - 1355/1405/1420. Trees were cutting among 1340 - 1369 [sample only 1355], for Hull' coffins and skeleton with syphilis was buried at Augustian friary.
But body was died ca 1355/1405 [sample only 1385].
New skeletal evidence suggests Columbus and his crew not only introduced the Old World to the New World, but brought back syphilis as well, researchers in Dec 2011. At the time, treatments were few and ineffective. Physicians tried remedies such as mercury ointments, some of which caused patients great pain and even killed them. Skeletons provide first DNA evidence that diverse strains of syphilis circulated in Europe before 1492. In the late 1400s, a terrifying disease erupted in Europe, leaving victims with bursting boils and rotting flesh. The syphilis epidemic raged across the continent from Barvelona in 1493 and Naples in 1495, killing up to 5 million people, inf. in 2020.
Ca 1450 - a young adult female buried in the cemetery of the Dominican Friary of Blackfriars in Gloucester, UK has been dated to the mid-15th century by traditional archaeological methods. Yes, this is from BRISTOL. This skeleton holds widespread evidence of treponematosis ranging from caries sicca and nasopalatine destruction on the skull to numerous lesions on the long bones, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, and sternum. This combination makes it a good candidate for a diagnosis of syphilis. Mid-1400s - potentially the first DNA evidence that syphilis existed in Europe prior to Columbus's contact with the Americas, the team reports in Current Biology.
The most popular theory is that syphilis was carried by sailors returning from the first transatlantic expedition led by Christopher Columbus. From Haiti viewed as the most likely source. However, there is also some evidence of treponemal disease in Europe prior to 1493 (when Columbus' crew returned), although this evidence is not as strong and is disputed by many. This very popular hypothesis states that the navigators in Columbus fleet would have brought the affliction on their return form the New World in March 1493. This theory is supported by documents belonging to Fernandez de Oviedo and Ruy Diaz de Isla, two physicians with Spanish origins who were present at the moment when Christopher Columbus returned from America. Ruy Diaz de Isla, the physician acknowledges syphilis as an 'unknown disease, so far not seen and never described', that had onset in Barcelona in 1493 and originated in Espanola Island (Isla Espanola) / Hispaniola / Haiti = Antilia. Ruy Diaz de Isla is also the one that states in a manuscript that Pinzon de Palos, the pilot of Columbus, and also other members of the crew already suffered from syphilis on their return from the New World. However, in 16 bone fragments the syphilis diagnosis could be certified and modern dating methods showed pre-Columbian origin. Harper explained in an article published in 2011 that all these skeletons were located in coast areas from Europe. In August 1494, King Charles VIII of France led his army of 50,000 soldiers into northern Italy. Gascon, and Spanish, and were accompanied by 800 camp followers including prostitutes. At the end of 1494, one year after the return of Columbus from his first expedition to America, Charles VIII entered Italy with an army of 25.000 men. Initially his army entered Rome, in February 1495 the army of Charles VIIIth entered Naples. In the battle of Fornovo in July 1495, the Italian physicians described for the first time a disease they have seen on French soldiers' bodies, manifested as a generalized eruption consisting of pustules. Giorgio Sommariva of Verona is recorded to have used mercury to treat syphilis in 1496.

Royllo / Roillo, a island located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is identical with the island originally called Ymana in a 1424 nautical chart of Zuane Pizzigano. The island is usually depicted in many 15th-century maps as a small island located slightly to the west (20 leagues or so - JAMAICA) of the much larger island of Antillia / Haiti.
It is often found in the group insulae de novo repertae, or "newly discovered islands" along with other islands.
Map of Albino de Canepa, dated 1489. The island of Antillia / Haiti, with its Seven Cities, on top; the smaller companion island of Roillo is below it. But Haiti has big bay on the western side; Canepa need to change west to east.
Antonio Galvao (1563) reports that a 1447 Portuguese ship stumbled on the Antilia island.
In 1493/1494, Lisbon and Rome were thinking that Columbus was at Hispaniola / Antilia in 1492/1493.
1475 and ANTILIA:
The island is mentioned in a royal letter of King Afonso V of Portugal (dated 10 November 1475), where he grants the knight Fernao Teles "the Seven Cities and any other populated islands" [Haiti and Cuba] he might find in the western Atlantic Ocean.
It is mentioned again in a royal letter (dated 24 July 1486), issued by King John II of Portugal at the request of Fernao Dulmo authorizing him to search for and "discover the island of Seven Cities" [Haiti].
Already by the 1490s, there are rumors that silver can be found in the island's sands.
The term Antillia is derived from the Portuguese "Ante-Ilha" ("Fore-Island", "Island of the Other", or "Opposite Island"). The island lay directly "opposite" from mainland - Mexico or Cuba. Its size and rectangular shape is a near-mirror image of Haiti.
Antilia = "Aprositus" ("the Inaccessible"), the name reported by Ptolemy for one of the Fortunate Isles. One more recent hypothesis is that Antillia may mean "in front of Thule" / Iceland.

Now we show Colon / Columbus and his voyages to Satanazes and Antilia:
Columbus' father was born in 1418; married Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of prosperous family of Porta della'Olivella by Bisagno River. Christopher was born in 1451, and the couple had 4 more children - Diego Giacomo was younger. Christopher had red heir, in 1470 he may have moved to SAVONA because a wool trade. 1475 - he sailed to the Greek island of Chios, the Genoese colony.
In May 1476 he travelled on an expedition to Portugal. Columbus moved to Lagos, then to Lisbon and in 1477 to England and to Ireland in GALWAY. He also possibly visited Iceland. Speculated there Columbus first learned about the North American continent and in 1477 navigated from Iceland to the west closest to Greenland.

Columbus made his home in Portugal [the Azores Islands in 1439 were discovered by Portuguese]. He was in ELMINA. Christopher and Bertholomew in Lisbon worked together in the map and chart business making Columbus a skilled cartographer by the 1480s.
In 1479 Columbus married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, a woman in her twenties with an Italain father and mother from Portugal's nobility. Columbus' father-in-law had been involved in the colonisation of the Madeira and received the captaincy of Porto Santo near by Madeira.
In Porto Santo Columbus listened from his mother-in-law of HER late husband's voyages, inheriting his instruments and charts. Felipa gave birth a son Diego ca 1479. Columbus was on voyage to Africa in 1482/1484, but Felipa died; a widower Columbus with a son moved out home.
In August 1481 Joao II became King of Portugal. In 1482 Diogo Cao on a voyage to the south down to cross the equator.

Columbus was widely read and was master in Latin, Portuguese and Castillian. In Lisbon he heard stories of mariners of BRISTOL sighting land to the west from Ireland, ie Newfounland in 1480 and 1481. He corresponded with Paolo Toscanelli about his theories the size of the Earth, ca 1485.
Columbus drew upon Toscanelli, the Islamic world and Greece. He made his own calculations which indicated that Japan / Cipangu was 2.400 nautical miles due west of the Canary Islands. And here Antilia was for him like JAPAN or Satanazes like CHINA. He know very well from a charts about this Portuguese discoveries from about 1422 until 1484. In 1484 Columbus asked King Joao for three caravels to Japan.
Three experts turned Columbus down.
Columbus had very broad knowledge of Antilia and sailing west from the Canary Islands but back from Haiti / Espanola / Antilia north-east to the Azores parallel and on to the Azores and from there to Lisbon.
Columbus sent his brother Bartholomew to England to King Henry VII in 1485. In mid-1485 Christopher went to King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. Columbus called on the Duke of Medina Sidonia and the Duke of Medina Celi. They requested permission from Queen Isabella.
Columbus met Beatriz de Harana, his mistress, and mother of Ferdinand in 1488. Isabella met first Columbus in May 1486.
Appointed a commission. At the Santander university were sceptical about Columbus' theory. 1487 - Columbus put on the royal payroll. In 1488 Columbus returned to Portugal, a second attempt to the King Joao. In December 1488 DIAS returned from NATAL in South Africa.
In 1489 Columbus back to Sevilla.
In 1490 he received word that the commission established by Isabella to investigate his proposed western voyage had finally reported and rejected Columbus' idea. They said in fact take THREE YEARS to sail west to Asia and back to Palos. In 1490/1491 - Columbus made attempt to sail on western Atlantic, and he was informing Isabella about this voyage in 1492 in Greneda's meeting in Summer 1491.
The commission' opinion in 1490 was neither accepted nor rejected.
The King and Queen informed Columbus in 1490 that his idea about Haiti / Antilia / Japan [in 1492/1493/1494 Columbus and orhers in Rome and Lisbon changed names: sometimes Cuba / Satanazes was China or Japan; maybe Haiti = Espanola was Antilia or Japan / Cipangu with a gold in mountains] might be considered once again after conquest of Granada.
This King's plan included change of Papa in Rome because of Papal's bulls.
At this time Columbus again thinking about FRANCE and his brother Bartholomew was hopeful about the support of the King of France.
In Spain in Summer 1491 Columbus was granted an audience with Queen in Santa Fe. Ferdinand, his son, informed that Columbus' idea was rejected yet again on this occasion. The King not accepted for his TITLES and revenues.
Columbus wanted to head to France. But in January 1492 Granada was taken.
In April 1492 an agreement was finally reached. Queen also agreed to appoint Columbus VICEROY to all the lands: Satanazes and Antilia with two/three small islands. Columbus left Granada on 12 May 1492; Palos on 22 May 1492. Palos to provide TWO caravelas. Columbus chartered himself the carrack Santa Maria with its owner Juan de la Cosa as second-in-command.

Martin Alonso Pinzon and his brother Vicente Yanez Pinzon commanded Pinta and Nina. Martin was interesting in western rout to JAPAN before met Columbus. On 3 August 1492 Columbus departed Palos for the Canary Islands.
They had order wait in Canaries in Gomera for permission because in Rome was the newly elected Pope. Pinta would not arrive in Las Palmas until the 24 August 1492. 25 August 1492 - all ships arrived at Las Palmas. 6 September / 9 September - they wait for favourable winds and inf. from Spain abot Pope.
Ships carried provisions for OVER A YEAR. On 19 September 1492 they were over a thousand nautical miles west of the Canaries.
20 September the wibds turned against them.
1/7 October made good progress.
On 6 October they had sailed further WEST and Columbus had expected [!!] to find 'Japan'.
Martin Alonso Pinzon suggested changing course. The Admiral continued WEST to find 'CHINA' [!].
Sunset on 7 October 1492 noticing a FLOCK OF BIRDS HEADING WEST-SOUT-WEST.
The cours changed to follow the birds. The Pinzons advised Columbus to turn back, around 10 October. 10 October the Santa Maria crew were in open mutiny. The Admiral was promising they would sail on for 3 or 4 days more. The cours was changing back WEST late on the 11 October 1492. 11/12 October, de Triana sighted land at 2 am on 12 October 1492, Guanahani.
After daybreak he came ashore 33 days after leaving the Canaries. At first San Salvador above named, then Fernandina and Isabela of Bahamas.
Columbus was writing about "Indians". Columbus dicovered Bahamas = "Indies" acc to his diaries NOT REACHED YET 'JAPAN'.

In October 1492 Columbus discovered BAHAMAS.

In October 1492, same 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, the Greenlandic See in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'.
The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See.
Sources: Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 nr 759 from 23th October 1492 and Norwegian text: Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Grrnland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres.

However, by the mid-1300s, Ivar Bardarson noted that the quantity of ice from the northeast was such that "no one sails this old route without putting their life in danger." The Norwegian Crown in Oslo and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros eventually abandoned the colony to its own devices, although some Popes were aware of the situation.
By 1448, Pope Nicholas V lamented reports that Greenland ("a region situated at the uttermost end of the earth") had been without a resident Bishop for 30 years (although the last known one, Bishop Alfur, actually died earlier, in 1378).
These concerns were echoed in a letter dated circa 1500 [1492 or 1493] by Pope Alexander VI, who believed that no communion had been performed in Greenland for a century, and that no ship had visited there in the past 80 years. However, even after the colony was forsaken by the Church and well into the 16th century, the empty title "Bishop of Gardar" continued to be held by a succession of at least 18 individuals, none of whom visited their nominal diocese and only one of whom (Bishop Mattias Knutsson) reportedly expressed any desire to do so.

On 14 October 1492, set sail again in search of JAPAN, on the southwest, with CHINA beyond it [Japan / Cuba and Mayas YUCATAN with big cities like 'CHINA'].
The Taino were able to supply and guide Columbus to the island Rum Cay and Long Island by the 16 October 1492.
Spaniards looking for gold in October 1492 - but no any Asia' gold on Bahamas.
On 23 October 1492 Columbus thinking he was only ONE DAY or TWO away from 'JAPAN'. They set sail for CUBA / Satanazes. The natives had indicated might be Japan. On 28 October 1492 dicovered Cuba 'the most beautiful...'.

He did NOT find any sign of the GOLD and pearls of Marco Polo description of Japan. Columbus concluded that HE MUST BE ON THE CHINESE MAINLAND. He know about two large islands here.

The local Taino said to him that the city QUINSAY / HANGZHOU was some 25 miles to the south - but here was southern beach of Cuba, not China - Taino maybe thinking about MAYAS towns at Yukatan.
Louis de Torres was sent to 'Grand Khan' like an embassy, and with the Spanish Kings letter.
On 5 November 1492 the delegation back without 'China' signs.
No GOLD but Tainos rolling cigars.
No any traces of the Chinese Emperor / Great KHAN.
Columbus wrote now that 'Indians' will be good Christians.
They took interpretors, six persons. On 10 November 1492 Columbus sailed east heading for the island BANEQUE / Great Inagua of Bahams where the Indians spoke of beaches covered in gold.

One year later -
on 3 November 1493, Columbus arrived in the Windward Islands; the first island they encountered was named Dominica by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named Mariagalante, now a part of Guadeloupe [they saw a part of Portuguese ship on beach acc to Columbus] and called Marie-Galante.
Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were Montserrat, Antigua, Saint Martin, the Virgin Islands, as well as many others ['Antilles' on the maps of the 15th century].
On 17 November, Columbus first sighted the eastern coast of the island of Puerto Rico, known to its native Taino people as Boriken.
His fleet sailed along the island's southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of Anasco, early on 19 November 1493. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island San Juan Bautista after John the Baptist, and remained anchored there for two days from 20 to 21 November 1493, filling the water casks of the ships in his fleet.
On 22 November 1493, Columbus returned to Hispaniola to visit La Navidad.

Half of year after -
in April/August 1494 - CUBA / Cipangu / China / Satanazes.
September 1494 - May 1495:
over the next 9 months Columbus continued to wage war on the native Taino on Hispaniola until they surrendered and agreed to pay tribute.

MARCH 1495:
In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid.
About 500 of the strongest slaves were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about two hundred of those dying en route in March 1495.

In June 1495, the Spanish crown sent ships and supplies to Hispaniola [June-October 1495].

In October 1495, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi, who had won the contract to provision the fleet of Columbus's second voyage and to supply the colony on Hispaniola, received almost 40,000 maravedis worth of enslaved Indians.
He renewed his effort to get supplies to Columbus, and was working to organize a fleet in Cadiz when he suddenly died in December 1495.

On 10 March 1496, having been away about 30 months [since September 1493], the fleet departed La Isabela [November 1493/November 1494 around 600 or 1000 Spanish died because sick].
On 8 June 1496 the crew sighted land somewhere between Lisbon and Cape St. Vincent, and disembarked in Cadiz on 11 June 1496.

Because information on NEGROS in Trinidad/Venezuela, Columbus sent his brother from Hispaniola to Venezuela in 1495.

On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlucar, Spain. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola [June/July 1498] and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic [to BRAZIL and Trinidad because inf. on NEGROS traded sometimes here].
It is probable that this expedition was intended at least partly to confirm rumors of a large continent south of the Caribbean Sea, that is, South America.

On 31 July 1498 they sighted Trinidad.
On 5 August 1498, Columbus sent several small boats ashore on the southern side of the Paria Peninsula in what is now Venezuela, near the mouth of the Orinoco river. Columbus realized must be a continent.
The fleet then sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita, reaching the latter on 14 August 1498, and sighted Tobago and Grenada from afar, according to some scholars.
On 19 August 1498, Columbus returned to Hispaniola.
There he found settlers in rebellion against his rule, and his unfulfilled promises of riches. Columbus had some of the Europeans tried for their disobedience; at least one rebel leader was hanged.

In 1418-1448:
In a letter dated 1448 from Rome, Pope Nicholas V instructed the bishops of Skalholt and Holar (the two Icelandic episcopal sees) to provide the inhabitants of Greenland with priests and a bishop, the latter of which they had not had in the 30 years since a purported attack by "heathens" who destroyed most of the churches and took the population prisoner.

In 1540:
It is probable that the Eastern Settlement was defunct by the middle of the 15th century, although no exact date has been established. A European ship that landed in the former Eastern Settlement in the 1540s found the corpse of a Norse man there, which may be the last mention of a Norse individual from the settlement.

1540:
Although there is no first-hand account of Norse Greenlanders living after 1410/1430, analysis of the clothing buried at Herjolfsnes suggests that there was a remnant population who continued to have some sort of contact with the outside world for at least a few more decades.
One pathos-laden account comes from a sailor dubbed Jon The Greenlander, not from origin of birth, but because "... he had drifted to Greenland no fewer than three times... Once when he was sailing with some German merchants from Hamburg, they entered a deep still Greenland fjord... upon going ashore they saw boat-houses, fish-sheds and stone houses for the drying of fish such as are in Iceland... There they found a dead man lying face downwards.
On his head was a well-sewn cap. The rest of his garments were partly of wadmal, partly of sealskin. Beside him lay a sheath-knife, much worn from frequent whetting...".
Since Herjolfsnes was the only major sea-facing homestead in Norse Greenland, and thus most visible and accessible to visiting ships, many have speculated that Jon The Greenlander's landfall was at or near Herjolfsnes, and the corpse he discovered perhaps being that of the last Norse Greenlander, who perished alone with none to bury him. This account comes from the early 16th century, but it is not clear when the incident actually happened. The Icelandic seafarer Jon Greenlander, who visited Greenland around 1540, described the dead Norse Greenlander as a:
"Dead man lying face downwards on the ground. On his head was a hood, well made, and otherwise good clothing of frieze cloth and sealskin. Near him was a sheath-knife, bent and much worn and eaten away". This was reportedly the last time any European saw any of the Norse Greenlanders dead or alive.

1345-1406-1480:
Roman papal records report that the Greenlanders were excused from paying their tithes in 1345 because the colony was suffering from poverty. The last reported ship to reach Greenland was a private ship that was "blown off course", reaching Greenland in 1406, and departing in 1410 with the last news of Greenland: the burning at the stake of a condemned male witch, the insanity and death of the woman this witch was accused of attempting to seduce through witchcraft, and the marriage of the ship's captain, Thorsteinn Olafsson, to another Icelander, Sigrodur Bjornsdottir.
However, there are some suggestions of much later unreported voyages from Europe to Greenland, possibly as late as the 1480s from Bergen and Hamburg.

The Greenlanders were unable to fill this gap with their own ships because there was a lack of suitable materials for shipbuilding. Archaeologist Niels Lynnerup contradicts this:
Burial customs were similar to those in Iceland until well into the 15th century [1400/1430].
And Jette Arneborg points out that clothing fashion followed that of the rest of Northern Europe until the end of settlement, which rules out total isolation. The opinion was also expressed that piracy, namely of the Victual Brothers, had led to the murder of the last settlers and plundered the farms.
A papal letter from 1448 and other rather dubious sources were cited for this. There is historical evidence that the Vitalien brothers attacked and robbed the rich and well-defended city of Bergen in 1429; a raid into Greenland would have been less risky, but also less rewarding. However, there are no written records of such a company. This approach is not being pursued any further today.

1420:
The Danish cartographer Claudius Clavus seems to have visited Greenland in 1420, according to documents written by Nicolas Germanus and Henricus Martellus, who had access to original cartographic notes and a map by Clavus.
In the late 20th century the Danish scholars Axel Anthon Bjarnbo and Carl S. Petersen found two mathematical manuscripts containing the second chart of the Claudius Clavus map from his journey to Greenland (where he himself mapped the area). In 1420, Danish geographer Claudius Clavus Swart wrote that he personally had seen "pygmies" from Greenland who were caught by Norsemen in a small skin boat. Their boat was hung in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim along with another, longer boat also taken from "pygmies".
Clavus Swart's description fits the Inuit and two of their types of boats, the kayak and the umiak.

Nautical chart of 1424:
Data collected (among others) of the authors and Manuel Luciano Manuel Rosa. In 1424 appears in a letter filed in a London museum, tailored for such a Zuane Pizzigano, Italian cartographer in the service of Portugal, it seems born and raised in Venice. It is exactly reproduced in Atlantic, with islands with names of Portuguese roots, called Saya, Satanazes, Ymena and that Antilia.

This is clearly Cuba and Haiti with Jamaica and Puerto Rico.
The Prof. Armando Cortesao after four years of research, revealed their studies in a book written in English, The Nautical Chart of 1424, published by the University of Coimbra in 1954.
Unknown islands to the center.
The extreme left is the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of its author, cartographer Zuane Pizzigano. Then, vertically, are the four islands - the North is a small island in the shape of a quarter call Saya and below a great with the name Satanazes; further south, another large island known Antilia [HAITI]; and west of these, another island short call Ymana, In the middle of the map are many small islands, which belong to archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde. And the right side of the navigational charts are very well delineated, the beaches and coasts of Europe and Africa, from Ireland to the archipelago of Cape Verde.

The authenticity of the nautical charts of 1424 is not doubtful by the exposed topographical features, typical of the time. In the 1424 nautica chart are clearly recorded the date of August 22 of 1424 and the name of the author, Zuane Pizzigano, an Italian cartographer of Venice. Although the map was made by an Italian in the names of four islands - Antilia, Satanazes, Soya and Ymana - are written in Portuguese, to testify so the round trip from Portuguese navigators to land of America, before 1424.
We should note that Antilia or Antilha, has always been only a Portuguese word. The corresponding word in Italian is Antiglia, but the Italian cartographer, Zuane Pizzigano, used the word Portuguese, certainly, to certify that the island was Portuguese. A Antilia word is composed of "ante" which means 'in front of', more "Island". So Antilia is an island that is in front of anything, in this case of the Americas.

Based on the Legend of the Island of Seven Cities / ANTILLA / Haiti or Legend of the West, that served as a refuge for remote Seven Bishops of the Iberian Peninsula, some said that the bays on the island indicated in the Charter designed Antilles Nautica of 1424, representing the exact number of bishops who fled.
Be noted that the bays, as well drawn in the two major islands in Nautical Charter of 1424, are, all those many bays enormous, which is put inside the earth and that there are in Newfoundland and in New Scotia!
Acc. to me: Haiti and Cuba.

Isle of Satanazes the angle is 57 degrees, almost the same angle inclination of Newfoundland that is 60 degrees. Isle of Antilia the angle obtained with the same technique is 22 degrees [19-20 degrees North is HAITI], but in Nova Scotia is much greater: 62 degrees. If there is a difference numerical between the angles should be noted that there is, however, one common denominator: all islands are inclined to Europe.
Comparing the angles of inclination of the axis of the islands of the Greater Antilles - Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico - Sea of Caraibas, we see that they are all lying in its major axis length parallel to the equator and have a slope is facing to Central America rather than Europe.

Map of Cantino of 1502:
This map is considered anonymous but, know it today that was made by a Portuguese cartographer in Lisbon in 1502. In the lower left corner has a caption which reads: "Master Alberto Cantino, to Mr Duke Hercules."
Albert Cantino was an Italian spy in Lisbon. All the details of the return journey that Gaspar Corte Real made to Newfoundland in 1501. In Lisbon on 17 and 18, October 1501, Cantino say in both letters that he heard everything directly because "the King was in the presence" when Gaspar Corte Real (son of John C. R.) made its submission to the Portuguese monarch!
The Planisferio of Cantino in 1502 is today considered a masterpiece of Portuguese cartography and map is one of the most important of the world. In this map we see that the Newfoundland and Brazil are included in the hemisphere Eastern, half the land that belonged to Portugal.
(1) Represents the Greenland with a flag of Portugal with the Five Corners.
(2) 'Land of King Portugall,' representing the Newfoundland with the pine in Canada.
(3) Line of Tordesillas dividing the area of land between Portugal and Spain.
(4) Azores. (7) Cape Verde Archipelago.
(8) island Hispaniola, now Haiti and S. Domingo. (9) Island of Cuba. (10) of the Florida peninsula.
(11) "The Antiles of castella King'. Note that this phrase the name Antiles is clearly written in Portuguese and not in Spanish antilles.

One of the great surprises is the name Antilles - These islands in the Caribbean Sea are the real Antiles.

1505:
Similarly, the Swedish clergyman Olaus Magnus wrote in 1505 that he saw in Oslo Cathedral two leather boats taken decades earlier. According to Olaus, the boats were captured from Greenland pirates by one of the Haakons, which would place the event in the 14th century.

Before 1428:
Convent (E 149, Narsarsuaq):
1265 II, 1/KAL1002 F, 35-40 886, around 48 years, 1322, 1301-1399, -16.3 55;
1264 I,10/KAL1001 M, adult 937, around 53 years, 1389, 1312-1414 -14.8 73;
1266 I,6/KAL0999 u, 15-20 852, around years 44, 1399, 1325-1418, -16.0 59,
1263 I,7/KAL1000 M, 25-30 845, around 50 years, 1404, 1329-1428.

Ca 1435:
Norlund stated in his book, Buried Norsemen at Herjolfsnes, that he'd never worked on a project that attracted such keen interest from the local inhabitants. One woman informed him that she had become so accustomed to finding pieces of preserved Norse wool that she had fashioned children's garments from the centuries-old fabric, but the wool unsurprisingly was not strong enough to make the clothing practical. Working under difficult conditions during the short digging season, Norlund and his crew were eventually successful in recovering full and partial costumes, hats, hoods and stockings.

The recovery of these clothes is considered one of the most significant European archaeological finds of the 20th century.

Prior to the Herjolfsnes diggings, these types of garments had essentially only been seen in medieval paintings. Careful analysis and reconstruction of the garments revealed the skill of the Herjolfsnes inhabitants at spinning and weaving, as well as their desire to follow European fashions such as the cotehardie, the liripipe hood and hats in the Burgunderhuen and Pillbox styles.

Later analysis using carbon dating suggests that garments were being manufactured at Herjolfsnes as late as the 1430s.

The garments had been stained a dark brown from being buried, but testing revealed the presence of iron on some of them that appeared to have been deliberately and selectively introduced during manufacture rather than through ground contamination. This suggests that the Herjolfsnes weavers created a non-vegetation-based red dye from a local source of mineral ferric oxide.
Although iron was historically used as a mordant for dyes, the Herjolfsnes samples are believed to be the only known instance of medieval Europeans using the mineral to create the red dye itself, presumably in the absence of the madder plant that was commonly used to make red dye back in Europe.
By AEJ Ogilvie in 2014, 'Graves and Churches of ... Herjolfsnes: Four Chieftain's Farmsteads in the Norse Settlements of Greenland in ... 1250 to 1430.

1438:
Nevertheless, we note that the 3 dead persons in the north chapel of the Gardar church (E47) (Norlund in 1930) were buried with their arms in position B (ca AD 1250-1350), which is consistent with the calibrated ages for the 3 skeletons (AAR-1437, AAR-1439 and AAR-1438).
Similarly at the convent in Narsarsuaq (E149) (Vebak in 1991), the arm position B (ca AD 1250-1350) is represented in 2 cases (AAR-1265 and AAR-1264), and arm position C (ca AD 1350-1450) likewise in the 2 other cases (AAR-1266 and AAR-1263).

1408:
The Eastern Settlement lasted into the 15th Century; the last recorded event was a wedding which took place in September 1408 at Hvalsey Church near present-day Qaqortoq.
That record discloses that there were many people in the church that day, suggesting that the settlement was still viable at that time. Carbon-dating of clothing found in graves indicates the Norse were still here around 1430 A.D., but by the end of the century the Norse are gone [ca 1445/1490].
Changes in situation, internal and external, appear to have brought about the end of the Norse in Greenland. The popular perception is that deteriorating climate and maladaptation to the changes brought on by cooling led to the demise, but the research suggests a multifactorial web of causation.
The Greenlandic Norse lived precariously close to deprivation even when meteorological conditions were ideal. It would not have taken but a few seasons of inclement weather to upset their dairying, fishing, and hunting. Analysis of ice-core samples from 1343 to 1362 shows that summers during that period were colder than those typical of previous years.
D'Andrea et al. demonstrated an abrupt cooling trend in West Greenland in roughly the same time frame.
jolfsnes graveyard when the ship made landfall there. Herjolfsnes as late as the 1430s.

1420/1440:
An important key to this question came from a particularly useful find from the churchyard at the locality identified as Herjolfsnes - the mostsoutherly ofthe Norse settlements. During the excavation in 1921, three skeletons were found laying close together, allwrapped in woollen clothes, which had been used for the burials presumably because of shortage of wood for coffins and fortunately preserved by permafrost through the intervening period. The textiles provide a unique opportunity to control the reservoir corrected 14C age ofthe bones. The 14C dates on a single thread of wool from each dress show that the graves are contemporaneous as expected from their relative positions.
Since sheep's wool is ofterrestrial origin, there is no reservoir correction and the graves are reliably dated to AD 1430 with an uncertainty of only 15 years, which makes it the youngest date so far with solid evidence of Norse presence in Greenland. One of the skeletons, a young woman (20-25 years), had an uncorrected date.

Ca 1360:
Ivar Bardarson, a Norwegian priest who lived in the colony for nearly 20 years in the mid 14th century as a representative of the Norwegian Crown and the Catholic church, wrote that Herjolfsnes served as the major harbour for Greenland's inbound and outbound traffic and was well known to North Atlantic sailors, who referred to it as "Sand".
It is not clear if the harbour was in the immediate area of the church and homestead. The nearby Makkarneq Bay, which offers much better shelter than Herjolfsnes proper, features several Norse ruins that appear to include the foundations of stone warehouses, and is thus a possible site of the Sand harbour that Bardarson described.

Herjolfsnes is the only Greenland settlement shown on the Skalholt Map from the late Middle Ages, which shows the North Atlantic's European and North American coastlines as perceived by Norse explorers.

Around 1410, 1418, 1419, 1430, 1437, 1447, 1449 / before 1467:
- 2 14C dates and d13C values for bone collagen and cloth from Norse churchyards in Greenland.
Eastern Settlement:
Herjolfsnes a (E111, Ikigaat) -
1271 IV/KAL1106 u, 10-15 767, around 45 years, 1430, 1407-1447, -16.3 55;
1290 D10606 Cloth 553, around 45 years, 1410, 1330-1428, -22.1;
1269 XVIII/KAL906 F, 20-25 899, around 84 years, 1418, 1329-1456, -14.4 78;
1289 D10605, Cloth, 480, around 43 years, 1434, 1419-1445, -22.3;
1270 I/KAL1105 F, 45-50 750, around 56 years, 1437, 1413-1467, -16.2 57;
1288 D10581, Cloth, 480, around 60 yeras, 1434, 1413-1449, -21.8.

Herjolfsnes was a Norse settlement in Greenland, 50 km northwest of Cape Farewell. It was established by Herjolf Bardsson in the late 10th century. Ikigaat = Herjolfsnes. Ikigait is a former community in Greenland about 4 and 1/2 km south-west to Narsarmijit and not 3 kilometers west of Narsarmijit. It was the site of Herjolfr Bardarson's farm Herjolfsnes / Herjolf's. Narsarmijit, formerly Narsaq Kujalleq and Frederiksdal / Frederiksthal, is a settlement in southern Greenland. It is located in the Kujalleq municipality near Cape Thorvaldsen. The former village of Ikigait is roughly 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) away and was the site of Herjolfr Bardarson's farm Herjolfsnes = Herjolf's Point.

Ca 1450/1459 about GROLANDA:
The Fra Mauro map is a map of the world made around 1450 by the Italian (Venetian) cartographer Fra Mauro, which is 'considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography.'
It is a circular planisphere drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame that measures over two by two meters. Including Asia, the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe, and the Atlantic, it is orientated with south at the top. The map is usually on display in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice in Italy. The studio of Fra Mauro produced two original editions of the map. In addition, at least one high-quality physical reproduction is made on the same material.
One edition was commissioned by the Signoria of Venice, the supreme body of government of the Republic of Venice. This edition is still in existence. This map was 'rediscovered' in the monastery of St. Michael in Murano, where Fra Mauro had his studio. It is normally on public display in the final room of the Sale Monumenti in Venice, in the Museo Correr.

Another edition of the map was made for King Afonso V of Portugal. This edition was produced by Fra Mauro and his assistant Andrea Bianco, a sailor-cartographer. It was completed on 24 April 1459. The map was then sent to Lisbon in Portugal. Documents show that this map was housed in the royal palace of Sao Jorge Castle at least until 1494, but sometime after that, the map disappeared.

The Fra Mauro map is one of the first Western maps to represent the islands of Japan (possibly after the De Virga world map). A part of Japan, probably Kyushu, appears below the island of Java, with the legend "Isola de Cimpagu" (a misspelling of Cipangu).

Other than Greenland, the Americas were unknown to Europeans in 1450. Greenland is included in the map as a reference to Grolanda.

The Indian Ocean is accurately depicted as connected to the Pacific. Several groups of smaller islands such as the Andamans and the Maldives are shown.

Ca 1420/1427:
Fra Mauro puts the following inscription by the southern tip of Africa, which he names the "Cape of Diab", describing the exploration by a ship from the east around 1420:
detail of the Fra Mauro map describing the construction of the junks that navigate in the Indian Ocean. "Around 1420 a ship, or junk, from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women, off Cape Diab, between the Green Islands [Madagascar] and the shadows [Mauritius ?]. It sailed [from India, Calicut] for 40 days in a south-westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water. According to these people themselves, the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round [from an area south-west to South Africa] and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days [South Africa]" [70 days - all time of above trip, that is 40 south-west + 30 east-north].
"The ships called junks ("Zonchi") that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller. They can navigate without a compass, because they have an astrologer, who stands on the side and, with an astrolabe in hand, gives orders to the navigator". Text from the Fra Mauro map, 09-P25.
Fra Mauro explained that he obtained the information from "a trustworthy source", who traveled with the expedition, possibly the Venetian explorer Niccolo de' Conti, who happened to be in Calicut, India, at the time the expedition left:
"What is more, I have spoken with a person worthy of trust, who says that he sailed in an Indian ship caught in the fury of a tempest for 40 days out in the Sea of India, beyond the Cape of Soffala [Mozambique] and the Green Islands [Madagascar] towards west-south-west [to the area south-east of South Africa]; and according to the astrologers who act as their guides, they had advanced almost 2,000 miles.
Thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those, and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles".

1447 of Vallarte, Danmark man:
Alvaro Fernandez sailed down the African coast past Sierra Leone, and more than one hundred and ten leagues beyond Cape Verde. Chapter LXXXVIII describes the voyage of another Lagos fleet of nine caravels to the Rio Grande, while the next five chapters (LXXXIX-XCIII) relate that of Gomez Pirez to the Rio d'Ouro in 1446.
Chapters XCIV and XCV are devoted to the trafficking venture of the year 1447, the unhappy fate of the Scandinavian Vallarte, and an expedition to the fisheries off the Angra dos Ruyvos.
In Chapters XCVI and XCVII Azurara winds up his narrative, ending with the year 1448. The captives brought to Portugal down to that date by the various voyagers numbered, "the greater part of whom were turned into the true path of salvation"; and this he counts as the greatest of the Infant's glories, and the most valuable fruit of his lifelong efforts. He then announces his intention to write a second part of the Chronicle, dealing with the final portion of D. Henrique's work - a purpose which to our manifest loss he never carried out - and concludes by giving thanks to the Blessed Trinity on the completion of his task.
The Chronica de Guine has many features in common with that of Ceuta.

Around 1485 / 1534 / ca 1540 / 1541 / ca 1545:
Moreover, there are some suggestions of much later unreported voyages from Europe to Greenland, possibly as late as the 1480s.

1534:
In 1534, the Icelandic bishop Ogmundur Palsson of Skalholt claims to have seen people and sheep pens on the west coast.

1541:
In the municipal archives of Hamburg there is a contemporary report that tells of the journey of a Kraweel from the Hanseatic League city to Greenland. Captain Gerd Mestemaker reached the west coast in 1541, but he "couldn't get to anyone alive" there.

A European ship that landed in the former Eastern Settlement in the 1540s allegedly found the corpse of a Norse man there, which may be the last mention of a Norse individual from the settlement.

The Icelandic seafarer Jon Greenlander, who visited Greenland around 1540, described the dead Norse Greenlander as a: "Dead man lying face downwards on the ground. On his head was a hood, well made, and otherwise good clothing of frieze cloth and sealskin. Near him was a sheath-knife, bent and much worn and eaten away".
This was reportedly the last time any European claimed to have seen any of the Norse Greenlanders dead or alive.

The Greenlanders' pastoral way of life would have been severely challenged by the onset of the Little Ice Age, much more so than their counterparts in Europe. DNA analysis of human remains from Herjolfsnes and other settlements shows that marine-based protein (especially from seals) became an increasingly large part of their diet, compared to the pastoral diet of Erik the Red's time. Other theories include the possibility of conflict with Thule Inuit and predation by European pirates. There is no indication from archaeology or human remains that the Norse intermarried with the Thule or adopted their way of life, nor any record from Iceland or Norway that hints of an exodus out of Greenland [maybe to Labrador ca 1340/1360 and Baffin Island ca 1320/1370 and around 1415/1485 to Scotland].

1442:
In 1442 Nuno Tristam reached the Bay or Bight of Arguim, where the infante erected a fort in 1448, and where for years the Portuguese carried on vigorous slave-raiding. Meantime the prince, who had now, in 1443, been created by Henry VI a knight of the Garter of England, proceeded with his Sagres buildings, especially the palace, church and observatory (the first in Portugal) which formed the nucleus of the 'Infante's Town,' and which were certainly commenced soon after the Tangier fiasco (1437), if not earlier.
In 1444-1446 there was an immense burst of maritime and exploring activity; more than 30 ships sailed with Henry's licence to Guinea; and several of their commanders achieved notable success. Thus Diniz Diaz, Nuno Tristam, and others reached the Senegal in 1445; Diaz rounded Cape Verde in the same year; and in 1446 Alvaro Fernandez pushed on almost to our Sierra Leone, to a point 110 leagues beyond Cape Verde.
This was perhaps the most distant point reached before 1461.

In 1444, moreover, the island of St Michael in the Azores was sighted (May 8), and in 1445 its colonization was begun. During this latter year also John Fernandez spent seven months among the natives of the Arguim coast, and brought back the first trustworthy first-hand European account of the Sahara hinterland. Slave-raiding continued ceaselessly; by 1446 the Portuguese had carried off nearly a thousand captives from the newly surveyed coasts; but between this time and the voyages of Cadamosto in 1455-1456, the prince altered his policy, forbade the kidnapping of the natives (which had brought about fierce reprisals, causing the death of Nuno Tristam in 1446, and of other pioneers in 1445, 1448), and endeavoured to promote their peaceful intercourse with his men.

In 1445-1446, again, Dom Henry renewed his earlier attempts (which had failed in 1424-1425) to purchase or seize the Canaries for Portugal; by these he brought his country to the verge of war with Castile; but the home government refused to support him, and the project was again abandoned.

After 1446 our most voluminous authority, Azurara, records but little; his narrative ceases altogether in 1448; one of the latest expeditions noticed by him is that of a foreigner in the prince's service, 'Vallarte the Dane,' which ended in utter destruction near the Gambia, after passing Cape Verde in 1448.

Ca 1445 / 1458:
After this the chief matters worth notice in Dom Henry's life are, first, the progress of discovery and colonization in the Azores - where Terceira was discovered before 1450, perhaps in 1445, and apparently by a Fleming, called 'Jacques de Bruges' in the prince's charter of the 2nd of March 1450 (by this charter Jacques receives the captaincy of this isle as its intending colonizer); secondly, the rapid progress of civilization in Madeira, evidenced by its timber trade to Portugal, by its sugar, corn and honey, and above all by its wine, produced from the Malvoisie or Malmsey grape, introduced from Crete; and thirdly, the explorations of Cadamosto and Diogo Gomez.
Of these the former, in his two voyages of 1455 and 1456, explored part of the courses of the Senegal and the Gambia, discovered the Cape Verde Islands (1456), named and mapped more carefully than before a considerable section of the African littoral beyond Cape Verde, and gave much new information on the trade-routes of north-west Africa and on the native races; while Gomez, in his first important venture (after 1448 and before 1458), though not accomplishing the full Indian purpose of his voyage (he took a native interpreter with him for use 'in the event of reaching India'), explored and observed in the Gambia valley and along the adjacent coasts with fully as much care and profit. As a result of these expeditions the infante seems to have sent out in 1458 a mission to convert the Gambia negroes.

Gomez' second voyage, resulting in another 'discovery' of the Cape Verde Islands, was probably in 1462, after the death of Prince Henry; it is likely that among the infante's last occupations were the necessary measures for the equipment and despatch of this venture, as well as of Pedro de Sintra's important expedition of 1461.

The infante's share in home politics was considerable, especially in the years of Affonso V's minority (1438).

1455, Papal bull Romanus Pontifex confirmed the Portuguese explorations and declares that all lands and waters south of Bojador and cape Non (Cape Chaunar) belong to the kings of Portugal.

1456 - Luis Cadamosto discovers the first Cape Verde Islands.

1461 - Diogo Gomes and Antonio de Noli discovered more of the Cape Verde Islands. 1461 - Diogo Afonso discovered the western islands of the Cabo Verde group.

1472 or 1473 - Joao Vaz Corte-Real and Alvaro Martins Homem reached the Land of Cod, now called Newfoundland.

1479 - Treaty of Alcacovas establishes Portuguese control of the Azores, Guinea, ElMina, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands and Castilian control of the Canary Islands.

1473 / 1478 - 1481 / 1496 / 1499:
The Trinity is well known to discovery historians, since it was employed in 1481 by the Bristol customer Thomas Croft and by other merchants, probably including Jay, to undertake a voyage of Atlantic exploration having, with scarcely less enterprise, completed a trading voyage to Oran, on the north coast of Africa, the preceding year.
If Weston's systematic lading on the ship was a result of a formal connection to its owners, perhaps as a purser or attorney, he would have been dealing in the fourteen-seventies with men who had the same sort of interest in expanding Bristol's commercial horizons that he would later exhibit.
There are two extraordinary exceptions to the predictable pattern of Weston's trade.
On 10 June 1473, the unusually-named Horseshoe of Bristol entered port carrying sixty tuns of wine in Weston's name, and a further twenty and a half tons of iron, woad and rosin for two other Bristol merchants.

As noted, the first key 'Weston' document was published in 2010. Henry VII's letter ran under his signet and sign manual, but was dated only as 12 March at Greenwich. Closer dating was achieved by correlation to the king's itinerary, and from its addressee, Cardinal Morton.
The analysis showed that the voyage could only have taken place in 1498, 1499 or 1500, with the most likely date of sailing being 1499. The Bristol merchant probably operated under the letters patent granted in 1496 to John Cabot, since that gave Cabot and his deputies or assigns exclusive rights to sail westwards under the king's colours.

The most important new evidence concerns rewards made to Weston by Henry VII. The first connects him to Cabot; the second relates to Weston's own expedition. In the week of 8-12 January 1498, the accounts of the king's treasurer of the chamber record this payment: 'Item to William Weston of bristoll - xl s'.

Such one-off payments typically followed personal contact with the king and represented ex gratia rewards for good service, or were an expression of the king's good will or largesse.

1499:
Vespucci joined a Spanish expedition while in his 40s, serving as an astronomer and mapmaker in search of a passage to India. Led by Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda, they set sail from Cadiz, Spain, in May 1499 and reached the northeastern coast of South America.
Despite their belief that they had arrived in Asia, Ojeda explored the coast of Venezuela while Vespucci ventured south to coastal Brazil. During the voyage, Vespucci charted the constellations, noting their differences from those seen in Europe. He also documented the diverse flora and fauna, made extensive observations about the indigenous tribes he encountered and described what he thought was the Ganges River, but is now known to be the mouth of the Amazon River.
In a letter recounting the journey, he wrote of discovering 'an infinite number of birds or various forms and colors and trees so beautiful and fragrant that we thought we had entered the earthly Paradise.'

In May 1501, Vespucci embarked on another voyage, this time under the patronage of King Manuel I of Portugal, again seeking passage to India. Sailing along the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts, Vespucci ventured further south to present-day Rio de Janeiro and the La Plata River.

1497 and 1498 in Bristol:
Weston was rewarded in January 1498 because he was already involved in the Bristol ventures.
This suggestion can be reinforced. The reward to Weston immediately followed this entry: 'to a venysian in Rewarde - lxvj s viij d'.

Although the Venetian is unnamed, it has long been assumed that this entry records a payment to John Cabot, who was at court periodically from August 1497 to February 1498 and who had already twice been rewarded in this way - without being identified by name in the king's books.
Further, we know that on some of these occasions Cabot was accompanied to court by his Bristol 'companions'.

On 18 December 1497 the Milanese ambassador, who had encountered the Bristolians, reported that when the explorers returned from their successful 1497 voyage, Cabot 'as a foreigner and a poor man, would not have obtained credence, had it not been that his companions, who are practically all English and from Bristol, testified that he spoke the truth'.

Discussing plans for the 1498 voyage, which would prove to be John Cabot's third and last venture, the ambassador went on to describe the Bristol men as 'great seamen' and the 'leading men in this enterprise'. Since the king was closely involved in matters to do with Cabot's expeditions in the winter of 1497/1498, it seems likely that Weston was one of these companions, with the January payments to the 'Venetian' and Weston following on from a meeting between Cabot, the Bristol merchant and Henry VII.

1496:
In short, although Weston's role in Cabot's expeditions is not defined, he may have been involved with the Venetian since 1496, when the explorer undertook his first, unsuccessful, voyage from Bristol.

1469 and 1470:
Weston's earliest recorded trade is to Iberia: on 7 September 1469, he imported a half-tun of olive oil and a half-ton of salt from Lisbon on the Mary Redcliffe of Bristol. Then, on 28 September, he dispatched seven woollen cloths to Lisbon on the Trinity of Bristol.
These are all commodities characteristic of Bristol's import/export trade. The one extant account for 1470 indicates that Weston again shipped on the Trinity, lading thirteen cloths when it departed for Lisbon on 10 September. Thereafter, in so far as the very imperfect account survivals record, Weston can be shown to be shipping at most twice a year, in slightly increasing amounts, to and from Lisbon and, on one occasion, Seville.
That he only twice participated in Bristol's thriving and well-documented trade with Bordeaux.

1499:
The expedition in which Vespucci sailed was organised and fitted out by Alonzo de Hojeda in 1499.

1480:
Between 1480 and 1508 Bristol sent a series of expeditions into the Atlantic to search for new lands.

1496-1498:
Once Cabot received his patent in March 1496 he was keen to sail. The only record of his voyage that summer is a letter to Christopher Columbus, written in early 1498 by the Bristol merchant, John Day:
'Concerning the first voyage which your lordship wants to know about, what happened was that they took one ship, and he [Cabot] was unhappy with the crew and he was badly provisioned and he found the weather to be unfavourable, so he made the choice to come back'.
This unsuccessful expedition seems to have been a rushed affair, undertaken too late in the year.

Ca 1503:
The World Map of King-Hamy of ca 1503 showed Greenland = Terra Laboratoris.
Or Terra de Labrador.
Also he showed Labrador and NewFounland = Terra de Corte Real = Terra Corterealis.
Greenland was doscovered by Fernandes.
In 1500 Fernandes was on Greenland and given name Terra de Labrador, but later Labrador was southern to Greenland.
Mostly maps of the 1st half of the 16th century showed Greenland with name 'Labrador'.
We haven't evidence of the Fernandes trip to Greenland.

The King-Hamy Planisphere has 58.5-77.2 cm. One of the first maps of the world to show the Americas, believed to be based on the Padrao Real and either made in Portugal or in Italy from Portuguese sources. Previously owned by Richard King and Dr. Theodore Jules Ernest Hamy, now held by the Huntington Library (HM45) in San Marino, California, USA. Date - 1502, 1503, or 1504, the author possibly Americo Vespucci.

The Padrao Real or "Royal Register" was the official and quasisecret Portuguese master map during the Age of Exploration, used as a template for the maps of all official Portuguese expeditions. It formed the complete record of Portuguese discoveries both public and secret. First compiled under Henry the Navigator.

1501/1502:
The original Padrao Real has been lost, although the Cantino planisphere copy still exists. It is thought to have been made by a Portuguese cartographer sometime between December 1501 and October 1502. Cantino presumably bribed the cartographer to produce it and then sent the map to the Duke of Ferrara, probably on 19 November 1502. It is now held by the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy.

1487,
Afonso de Paiva and Pero da Covilha traveled overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of Prester John / Ethiopia.

1488, Bartolomeu Dias, crowning 50 years of effort and methodical expeditions, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean. They had found the "Flat Mountain" of Ptolemy's Geography.

1489/1492 - South Atlantic Voyages to map the winds.

1490, Columbus leaves for Spain after his father-in-law's death.

1492, First exploration of the Indian Ocean.

1494, The Treaty of Tordesillas between Portugal and Spain divided the world into two parts, Spain claiming all non-Christian lands west of a north-south line 370 leagues west of the Azores, Portugal claiming all non-Christian lands east of that line.

1495,
Voyage of Joao Fernandes, the Farmer, and Pedro de Barcelos to Greenland. During their voyage they discovered the land to which they gave the name of Labrador (lavrador, farmer).

1494, First boats fitted with cannon doors and topsails.

1498, Duarte Pacheco Pereira explores the South Atlantic and the South American Coast North of the Amazon River.

1500, Gaspar Corte-Real made his first voyage to Newfoundland, formerly known as Terras Corte-Real.

1502, Miguel Corte-Real set out for New England in search of his brother, Gaspar.

Around 1514, the Norwegian archbishop Erik Valkendorf (Danish by birth, and still loyal to Christian II) planned an expedition to Greenland, which he believed to be part of a continuous northern landmass leading to the New World with all its wealth, and which he fully expected still to have a Norse population, whose members could be pressed renew to the bosom of church and crown after an interval of well over a hundred years. Presumably, the archbishop had better archives at his disposal than most people, and yet he had not heard that the Greenlanders were gone.

1472, 1473 with 1506 and 1507:
Documents subsequent to the disappearance of two brothers, Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real, record their deeds and those of his father Joao Vaz. Charter of 17 September 1506 and especially the 4 May 1507, donation to the Royal Court Manoel, the son of Vasco Annes and grandson of John Vaz, which is the following phrase:
'your pae and uncles sent discover Newfoundland. Bartholomeu las Casas, a friend and companion of Columbus in the Genoese his travels the West in its 'Historia of Indias' pointing naive and sincerely the indications that Columbus had to go to the West, indications, however, confessed by the Columbus, cites, among others, the travel of Corte Real, using these terms:
"The Corte Real have been in several times searching that land" [1472, 1473, aft. 1499].

In 1472 an expedition was mounted by the Danish king, Christian I, in order to explore the riches of Iceland and Greenland.

Fragmentary evidence also suggests a previous expedition in 1473 by Joao Vaz Corte-Real, their father, with other Europeans, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau (New Land of the Codfish) in North America.

In 1472 an expedition was mounted by the Danish king, Christian I, in order to explore the riches of Iceland and Greenland. Some believe they reached Newfoundland.

Hans Pothorst in the murals in St. Mary in Elsinore.
Although notorious pirates, two German brethren in arms, Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, were sent out by a royal Danish order in 1473 on an expedition to find out which of several possible policies concerning trade in Iceland should be developed, and which settlements and harbours should be preferred.
At this point in time, England and the Hanseatic League had a de facto monopoly on the arctic trade in stockfish from Iceland.
However, Pining's orders further included investigating what formerly, in the 11th century, had been called the regiones finitimae (i.e. 'the coasts opposite those still-remembered but obsolete settlements in Greenland').

1476 and 1478:
In 1476 they made a trip, which likely also went to Greenland, where they were reported to have encountered hostile Inuit. Nothing specific suggests the expedition went further west.

This hypothesis was later hijacked by German historians, who found that Pining and probably also Pothorst came from Hildesheim. Hence, the discovery of America was German and streets in both Bremen and Hildesheim were named after the two buccaneers. Later, Portuguese historians prompted by the Salazar-regime expanded the story by linking it to the well-known expeditions to Newfoundland in the 16h century.

Maybe Pining and Pothorst did reach Newfoundland, maybe not. What is known is, that Pining later (in 1478) became governor (hofudsmadr) of Iceland. From this base, he proceeded to make his mark on politics in Iceland and Norway (where he was knighted). He was present at the funeral of Christian I, continued to be a politically controversial person.

1473 and 1476:
In 1925, Soren Larsen wrote a book claiming that a joint Danish-Portuguese expedition landed in Newfoundland or Labrador in 1473 and again in 1476. Larsen claimed that Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst served as captains, while Joao Vaz Corte-Real and the possibly mythical John Scolvus served as navigators, accompanied by Alvaro Martins.
Nothing beyond circumstantial evidence has been found to support Larsen's claims.

Identity of Colombus:
During the first years of that record the life of Christopher Columbus, this one has several trips on Portuguese vessels.
In 1479 Colombus married Filipa Moniz, Commander of the Order of Santiago, whose father, Bartholomew Perestrelo, of Portuguese descent Piacenza of Italy, was one of the settlers, and captain of the donee of Porto Santo island, in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal, where Columbus lived also. Union gave a son who was born in 1480, Diogo Colombus. It was a widower in 1485.
Christopher Colombus lived in Castile, where he was lover in widow, Beatriz de Enriquez who had a son in 1488, Fernando Colombus. Colombus offered their services to the kings of Castile to reach the India by West. In 1492 Columbus reached the "Indies" (Haiti = Antilla. Columbus had reached the Caribbean islands). The first document referring to Christopher Columbus in Spain, is a document of 5 May 1487 of a payment made to Christopher Columbus foreign.
He married a Portuguese noblewoman, something unlikely for a foreign trader. Becoming intimate friend of the king. Even the tables that he used in his 1st Trip to America (1492-1493) had just been made in Portugal and constitute the most advanced that the world had.
When Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, returned from his trip to the Cape of Good Hope, though he was four years ago in Spain, moved to Lisbon to attend the arrival, talk to the king, study league the league followed the route. This trip was kept secret by Portuguese chroniclers of the time, their knowledge was to due to the Columbus. Columbus wrote in Portuguese or Spanish (winth portuguese words), never in Italian or Latin.
In 21 years who lived in Castile / Spain, was never identified as Italian or Genoese, the same happened with the two brothers.

1486:
Christopher Columbus was sent to Castile as the informant of Portuguese Fernando Martins. Toscanelli in correspondence with Christopher Columbus, said: "I surprising, therefore, for these and many other things on issue could still say, you, you are providing a very great soul, and noble Portuguese nation, where all time has always been so ennoble the most heroic made so many illustrious men, has so much interest in that travel is perform." Joan Lorosano Juris consult Spanish referred to Colombus as "such a that claim be Lusitanian." Pleyto The Priority of the 1532, the children of Pinzon, two witnesses, Hernan Alonso Fine Amacher and said to Christopher Columbus as "the infante of Portugal." President of the Royal Society of Geography (in that time) Ricardo Beltran Rozpide said: "the discoverer of America is not from Genova and come from some place of Spanish land en la zone located west of the Peninsula between the cables Ortegal and San Vicente." In correspondence with D. John II, this refers to Colombus as my faithful friend (a little strange if Joao II had refused their intentions). In Castile, Christopher Columbus was always known as Portuguese (in Chapter 2 of the payment counter-mor January 1486, it drew "Portuguese" twice, but the name was left blank. The Countess of Lemos wrote in a letter that he was his nephew, letter rewritten by Duarte de Almeida (Perestrelo) to John III. Stay time of Christopher Columbus in Portugal, with time to talk and the details of the trip, with John II, on his return from America, drawing on, to see some of his family (spent several days in Portugal before communicating the "big news to the kings of Castile"). Various names given to the lands discovered by them, with Portuguese origin (to say that there was only one Cuba in the world before Columbus perform the journey, the town in Alentejo in Portugal). Titles of Christopher Columbus, after death, were given to the descendants of the Portuguese crown and not the Italians. Just before the Vikings, the Inuit people travelled from Siberia to Alaska in skin boats. Hunting whales and seals, living in sod huts and igloos, they were well adapted to the cold Arctic Ocean, and skirted its shores all the way to Greenland. Prior to Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Caribbean in 1492 (i.e., during any part of the pre-Columbian era). Studies between 2004 and 2009 suggest the possibility that the earliest human migrations to the Americas may have been made by boat from Beringia and travel down the Pacific coast. Yup'ik and Aleut peoples residing on both sides of the Bering Strait had frequent contact with each other, and Eurasian trade goods have been discovered in archaeological sites in Alaska. Maritime explorations by Norse peoples from Scandinavia during the late 10th century led to the Norse colonization of Greenland and a base camp L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.

1448:
Henry Yule Oldham suggested that the Bianco world map depicted part of the coast of Brazil before 1448. This was immediately opposed by members of the Royal Geographical Society but later repeated by American and European historians. This was later refuted by Abel Fontoura da Costa, who proved that it actually depicted Santiago, the largest island of the Cape Verde archipelago.

1477:
Some have conjectured that Columbus was able to persuade the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon to support his planned voyage only because they were aware of some recent earlier voyage across the Atlantic. Some suggest that Columbus himself visited Canada or Greenland before 1492, because according to Bartolome de las Casas he wrote he had sailed 100 leagues past an island he called Thule in 1477. Whether Columbus actually did this and what island he visited, if any, is uncertain [Labrador ?].

1476:
Columbus is thought to have visited Bristol in 1476. Bristol was also the port from which John Cabot sailed in 1497, crewed mostly by Bristol sailors. In a letter of late 1497 or early 1498, the English merchant John Day wrote to Columbus about Cabot's discoveries, saying that land found by Cabot was "discovered in the past by the men from Bristol who found 'Brasil' as your lordship knows".

1480:
There may be records of expeditions from Bristol to find the "isle of Brazil" in 1480 and 1481. Trade between Bristol and Iceland is well documented from the mid-15th century.

Bef. 1484:
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes records several such legends in his Historia general de las Indias of 1526, which includes biographical information on Columbus. He discusses the then-current story of a Spanish caravel that was swept off its course while on its way to England, and wound up in a foreign land populated by naked tribesmen [Puerto Rico ?]. The crew gathered supplies and made its way back to Europe, but the trip took several months and the captain and most of the men died before reaching land. The caravel's ship pilot, a man called Alonso Sanchez, and a few others made it to Portugal, but all were very ill. Columbus was a good friend of the pilot, and took him to be treated in his own house, and the pilot described the land they had seen and marked it on a map before dying. People in Oviedo's time knew this story in several versions, though Oviedo himself regarded it as a myth.

1473 and 1476:
In 1925, Soren Larsen wrote a book claiming that a joint Danish-Portuguese expedition landed in Newfoundland or Labrador in 1473 and again in 1476. Larsen claimed that Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst served as captains, while Joao Vaz Corte-Real and the possibly mythical John Scolvus served as navigators, accompanied by Alvaro Martins. Nothing beyond circumstantial evidence has been found to support Larsen's claims.

Ca 1390:
The historical record shows that Basque fishermen were present in Newfoundland and Labrador from at least 1517 onward (therefore predating all recorded European settlements in the region except those of the Norse). The Basques' fishing expeditions led to significant trade and cultural exchanges with Native Americans. A fringe theory suggests that Basque sailors first arrived in North America prior to Columbus' voyages to the New World (some sources suggest the late 14th century as a tentative date) but kept the destination a secret in order to avoid competition over the fishing resources of the North American coasts. There is no historical or archaeological evidence to support this claim.

1436:
The Bianco World Map is a map created by Andrea Bianco, a 15th-century Venetian sailor and cartographer. This map was a large piece of a nautical atlas including ten pages made of vellum (each measuring 26-38 cm). These vellum pages were previously held in an 18th-century binding, but the current owner, Venetian library Biblioteca Marciana, separated the pages for individual exhibition. To confirm his authorship of the atlas, Bianco added to the first page a signature flag with the text "Andreas Biancho de Veneciis me fecit M cccc xxx vj". Roughly translated, this reads "Made by me Andreas Biancho in Venice, 1436."

1459:
Andrea Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro on the Fra Mauro world map of 1459.

ANTILLA - the Antilles:

In two voyages of 1455 and 1456, was explored part of the courses of the Senegal and the Gambia, discovered the Cape Verde Islands (1456), named and mapped more carefully than before a considerable section of the African littoral beyond Cape Verde, and gave much new information on the trade-routes of north-west Africa and on the native races; while Gomez, in his first important venture (after 1448 and before 1458), though not accomplishing the full Indian purpose of his voyage (he took a native interpreter with him on the event of reaching India), explored and observed in the Gambia valley and along the adjacent coasts with fully as much care and profit.

As a result of these expeditions the infante seems to have sent out in 1458 a mission to convert the Gambia negroes.

Gomez' second voyage, resulting in another re-discovery of the Cape Verde Islands, was probably in 1462, after the death of Prince Henry; it is likely that among the infantes' last occupations were the necessary measures for the equipment and despatch of this venture, as well as of Pedro de Sintra's important expedition of 1461.

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes writing in the 16th century considered the Antilles in the Caribbean to have been the legendary Isles of Hesperides. Hesperides refers to the Caribbean, where he is convinced that Cuba had been the home of Atlantis. History has it that the first Portuguese to set foot in the West Indies were the sailors on board Christopher Columbus' three ships-the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina-which landed on the small island of San Salvador (or Guanahani) in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.

In 1341 the Canary Islands, already known to Genoese seafarers, were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 for Castile.

Although the exact details are uncertain, cartographic evidence suggests the Azores were probably discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry's direction, and settled in 1432, suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 745 miles (1,200 km) from the Portuguese coast. At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands, the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast. Sailors feared what lay beyond Cape Bojador at the time, as Europeans did not know what lay beyond on the African coast, and did not know whether it was possible to return once it was passed. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach the source of the lucrative tran-Saharan caravan gold trade and perhaps to join forces with the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere to the east.

In 1434, one of Prince Henry's captains, Gil Eanes, passed this obstacle. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. 1443, Nuno Tristao penetrated the Arguim Gulf. Prince Pedro granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. 1444, Dinis Dias reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde).
1445, Alvaro Fernandes sailed beyond Cabo Verde and reached Cabo dos Mastros (Cape Naze).
1446, Alvaro Fernandes reached the northern Part of Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau).

1452, Diogo de Teive discovers the Islands of Flores and Corvo the western part of AZORES.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in SetAsbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and Leon), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia (Cuba / SATANAZES and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile, modifying an earlier bull by Pope Alexander VI. The treaty was signed by Spain on 2 July 1494, and by Portugal on 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal and Spain largely respected the treaties, while the indigenous peoples of the Americas did not acknowledge them.

On 18 May 1480, Weston laded cloths of various types on a Breton ship, the Mawdelyn of Quimperle, bound for Madeira. Weston's largest recorded export shipment. This consignment accounted for the bulk of the ship's lading, since the shipmaster and John Pynke, a well-established Bristol merchant, laded a mere eleven cloths between them. The venture is noteworthy in that it is the first known voyage from Bristol directly to one of the Atlantic islands.

In the first half of the fifteenth century, Bristol had been instrumental in opening up the Iceland trade; and in 1457/1458 merchants from the port had undertaken England's first expedition into the eastern Mediterranean, in an apparent attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade to this region. While this expedition fell foul of Genoese-backed pirates, Bristol merchants and their factors were sailing there again by the late fourteen-seventies, albeit on Spanish vessels [1457/1458]. Apart from these commercial expeditions, the port was also involved in exploratory ventures out into the Atlantic, probably inspired by the recent successes of the Portuguese, who, between ca 1420 and the mid fourteen-eighties had colonized various Atlantic islands and pushed down the African coast as far as the Cape.

Albino de Canepa's 1489 map.
The rectangular islands of Antillia and Satanazes to the west of Iberia. These island that is Hispaniola / Haiti = ANTILLA and CUBA = SATANAZES. Antilla acc. to Columbus and Castilla in 1492/1493 and in JUNE 1494 by pro-Castillan POPE. At maps compiled from different small maps the position of Cuba / Cipangu and Haiti / Hispaniola / Antilla was changed. The island of Satanazes (also called the Island of Devils, or the Hand of Satan) is a island once thought to be located in the Atlantic Ocean, and depicted on many 15th-century maps.
In 1424 the map of Zuane Pizzigano, the first depiction of the island of Satanazes / Cuba as a large blue rectangular isle north of Antillia - need to be west to Antilla / Haiti. Before Antilla were 6 islands:
SANZORZO = San Giorio or San Zorzo;
Insulia d colonbi;
Insula aeternica;
Antilla cebreati;
CRANA;
Lon...;
- need to be south-east and east to Haiti: Columbus in November 1493, the Second Trip, known very well position of Guadeloupe.

Small ROILLO this is [Canepa in 1489] Puerto Rico but at this map Roillo / ROLLO was at back of Antilla / HAITI, like JAMAICA. Antilla [a map of 1489] need to be turn around, with Rollo at northern side [not west] is Turks and Caicos in Bahamas Island [Pareto map in 1455 showed Antilla like Haiti / Hispaniola and in June 1492 Papa, Portugal and Spain agrred the island is now Spanish].

Small YMANA / TZIMANA was close to ANTILLA like top of Puerto Rico.

Small SAYA close to SATANAZA like Jamaica.

The SATANAZA island disappears from maps after 1436, and reappears only in 1462 when Benincasa switches it to Salvaga, meaning "savage", possibly a misreading, more probably a deliberate adjustment by Benincasa to avoid using the profanity of "devil".

In 1424 portolan chart of Venetian cartographer Zuane Pizzigano, as part of a group of four islands, lying far in the Atlantic Ocean some 250 leagues west of Portugal, and 200 leagues west of the Azores archipelago (which also usually depicted in contemporary charts).

Pizzigano drew Antillia as a large, red, rectangular island, indented with bays and dotted with seven settlements, with the inscription
ista ixola dixemo antilia ("this island is called antillia").
Some sixty leagues north [need to be west] of it is the comparable large blue Satanazes island (ista ixolla dixemo satanazes, called Satanagio / Satanaxio / Salvagio in later maps), capped by a small umbrella-shaped Saya (called "Tanmar" or "Danmar" in later maps = JAMAICA).

Some twenty leagues west [need to be NORTH] of Antilia is the small blue companion island of Ymana (the 'Royllo' of later maps = ROLLO = Turkus and Caios). These four islands will be collectively drawn together in many later 15th-century maps, with the same relative size, position and shape Pizzigano gave them in 1424. They are commonly referred to collectively as the "Antillia group" or (to use Beccario's label) the insulae de novo rep(er)te ("islands newly reported"). ANTILLA = in front of MAIN LAND, continent.

Cartographic appearances of Antillia (in chronological order):

1424 map of Zuane Pizzigano of Venice as ista ixolla dixemo antilia;
1435 map of Battista Beccario of Genoa,
1436 map of Andrea Bianco of Venice,
1455 map of Bartolomeo Pareto of Genoa - omits Satanazes,
1463 map of Grazioso Benincasa of Ancona,
1463 map of Pedro Roselli of Majorca,
1466 map of Pedro Roselli.

The 1493 Laon globe's "Salirosa" is an apparent mis-transcription of "Salvaga".

This "Laon Globe" is too small to enter into competition with the fine globe produced at Nuremberg in 1492.

Antilia and Satanazes / SATANAZA (among other islands like Ymana) were discovered bef. 1424. Columbus know very well at MADEIRA in the 1480s about Antilla / Haiti. What if Visigothic clerical elite did establish a society on a real, isolated island. Antilla was rediscovered by Columbus in December 1492 and this was confirmed in June 1494 = Hispaniola.

It is a known fact that maps of the Atlantic were compiled from smaller pieces. And the scale of the connected parts was not known. It was also not known where the north of the map was. So maps from the 1520s onwards showed Cuba/Cipangu/Japan and a second island before Satanazes/Cipangu. It was Antilla, i.e. Haiti / Hispaniola, this is what the Pope and two quarreling countries decided: Castile and Portugal. Satanazes and Antilla should be arranged horizontally on the map, not diagonally vertical. To the south-east of Haiti/Antilla stretched a row of islands, about six, vertically from north to south: from Trinidad, through Guadeloupe and Martinique. Trinidad and the edge of Venezuela were known to Negro traders, as the Colon/Columbus brothers write. Therefore, Bartholomeo Colon sailed from Haiti/Antilla south to Venezuela to check it after 1494. Already in November 1493, Colon checked the route from Europe to Guadeloupe to the day, where the steppe of a Portuguese ship lay on the beach, as it was written in the diaries. In June 1494, it was clearly recognized that Cuba, or Satanazes, was not a peninsula of Asia, but Cipangu. Here, the version between Castile and the Pope was agreed upon, which is obviously an erroneous thesis about distances.

In 1468 map of Pedro Roselli.

The 1460s anonymous Weimar map (attrib. to Conte di Ottomano Freducci of Ancona) - labelled as "septe civit" = Hispaniola [Seven citis = Antilla].

The 1470 map of Grazioso Benincasa.

Ca 1475 map of Cristoforo Soligo of Venice - omits Satanazes; Antillia labelled as "y de sete zitade".

The 1474 "map" of Paolo Toscanelli - map missing, but Antilia referenced in letter.

The 1476 map of Andrea Benincasa of Ancona (son of Grazioso) - omits Satanazes.
1480 map of Albino de Canepa of Venice.
1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa,
ca 1482 map of Grazioso Benincasa (different from above),
1482 map of Jacme Bertran of Majorca.
1487 map of anonymous Majorcan cartographer.
1489 map of Albino de Canepa.
All above data acc. to Wikipedia, under copyright.

1492 - Nuremberg globe of Martin Behaim - omits Satanazes, first with inscription relating legend.

1493 - anonymous Laon globe.

Ca 1500 [see ca 1490 Columbus map] Paris map ("Columbus map") of anonymous Portuguese / Genoese (?) cartographer.

1507/1508 map of Johannes Ruysch relocates Satanazes to "Isle of Demons" (?), relates legend.

In 1499, the long lost Christian island of Antilia [NOT - Columbus discovered in 1492/1493 Haiti = Antilla / Antila] was rediscovered, by accident, by Peter de Seville. Sailing for Isabel and Ferdinand, the Castilian explorer Peter was trying to recreate Columbus' voyage and ascertain whether a route to Asia was found or a new landmass was being uncovered. Instead, de Seville's expedition was blown north.

Earlier at The Pizzigano map, also known as the Pizzigano chart is an Italian portolan chart dated 1424. It contains islands in the Central Atlantic Ocean in the west of Spain and Portugal including Portuguese discoveries and islands such as Antillia. The cartographer may have been the Venetian Zuane Pizigano, possibly a descendant of a 14th century family of mapmakes one of whom authored another well known map also called the Pizziagano map in Parma in 1367.

1424 - Source University of Minnesota Libraries, Author Pizzigiano, Zuane.
1424 map of Zuane Pizzigano. First clear depiction of Antillia (large red rectangle), Ymana (future Royllo, small blue island to the west), Satanazes (large blue rectangle to the north) and Saya (future Damnar, umbrella-shaped red isle far north).

Vespucci finally outfitted his own voyage in quest of the passage to the Indian subcontinent that had eluded Columbus because Columbus said on Cuba is Cipangu - island. In June 1494 PAPA confirmed that Antilla / Haiti and Cuba / Cipangu are islands! Vespucci sailed in 1499, seven years after Columbus.

It is a known fact that maps of the Atlantic were compiled from smaller pieces. And the scale of the connected parts was not known. It was also not known where the north of the map was. So maps from the 1520s onwards showed Cuba/Cipangu/Japan and a second island before Satanazes/Cipangu. It was Antilla, i.e. Haiti / Hispaniola, this is what the Pope and two quarreling countries decided: Castile and Portugal. Satanazes and Antilla should be arranged horizontally on the map, not diagonally vertical. To the south-east of Haiti/Antilla stretched a row of islands, about six, vertically from north to south: from Trinidad, through Guadeloupe and Martinique. Trinidad and the edge of Venezuela were known to Negro traders, as the Colon/Columbus brothers write. Therefore, Bartholomeo Colon sailed from Haiti/Antilla south to Venezuela to check it after 1494. Already in November 1493, Colon checked the route from Europe to Guadeloupe to the day, where the steppe of a Portuguese ship lay on the beach, as it was written in the diaries. In June 1494, it was clearly recognized that Cuba, or Satanazes, was not a peninsula of Asia, but Cipangu. Here, the version between Castile and the Pope was agreed upon, which is obviously an erroneous thesis about distances.

Dr. Alwyn Ruddock (d. 2005), a former Reader at Birkbeck College and the leading authority on the voyages of discovery launched from Bristol to North America from c. 1470-1508. Two things made the article unusual and went on to capture the public's imagination. First, Ruddock's assertions were astounding. She claimed to have found evidence that Bristol men had reached North America prior to John Cabot's famous 1497 expedition, which initiated Europe's exploration and settlement of the northern continent. Ruddock also argued for a previously unknown religious colony allegedly established in Newfoundland in 1498; and that the Bristol explorers had charted much of the eastern seaboard of North America by 1500.

Bartolomeo Pareto was a medieval priest and cartographer from Genoa who is best known for his sole surviving work, a 1455 nautical chart of the known world. The 1455 chart is highly ornate and is notable for its depiction of Antillia, the island said to exist in the Atlantic Ocean. Thought to have been lost in the mid-1800s, the Italian geographer Pietro Amat di San Filippo reported having located it in a storage room in the library of the Roman College in 1877. ROLLO is on the west of ANTILLA.

Gomez' second voyage, resulting in another re-discovery of the Cape Verde Islands, was probably in 1462, after the death of Prince Henry; it is likely that among the infantes' last occupations were the necessary measures for the equipment and despatch of this venture, as well as of Pedro de Sintra's important expedition of 1461.

Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes writing in the 16th century considered the Antilles in the Caribbean to have been the legendary Isles of Hesperides. Hesperides refers to the Caribbean, where he is convinced that Cuba had been the home of Atlantis. History has it that the first Portuguese to set foot in the West Indies were the sailors on board Christopher Columbus' three ships-the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Nina-which landed on the small island of San Salvador (or Guanahani) in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.

In 1341 the Canary Islands, already known to Genoese seafarers, were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 for Castile.

Although the exact details are uncertain, cartographic evidence suggests the Azores were probably discovered in 1427 by Portuguese ships sailing under Henry's direction, and settled in 1432, suggesting that the Portuguese were able to navigate at least 745 miles (1,200 km) from the Portuguese coast. At around the same time as the unsuccessful attack on the Canary Islands, the Portuguese began to explore the North African coast. Sailors feared what lay beyond Cape Bojador at the time, as Europeans did not know what lay beyond on the African coast, and did not know whether it was possible to return once it was passed. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach the source of the lucrative tran-Saharan caravan gold trade and perhaps to join forces with the long-lost Christian kingdom of Prester John that was rumoured to exist somewhere to the east.

In 1434, one of Prince Henry's captains, Gil Eanes, passed this obstacle. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast. 1443, Nuno Tristao penetrated the Arguim Gulf. Prince Pedro granted Henry the Navigator the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. 1444, Dinis Dias reached Cape Green (Cabo Verde).

Ca 1460:
Herjolfsnes was a Norse settlement in Greenland, 50 km northwest of Cape Farewell. It was established by Herjolf Bardsson in the late 10th century and is believed to have lasted some 500 years [until ca 1460]. The fate of its inhabitants, along with all the other Norse Greenlanders, is unknown. The site is known today for having yielded remarkably well-preserved medieval garments, excavated by Danish archaeologist Poul Norlund in 1921. Its name roughly translates as Herjolf's Point or Cape.

1448:
The Greenland colony survived into the fifteenth century, and the pope had news of the conditions there, after 1418. See the letter of Pope Nicholas V, on September 20, 1448, in Documenta Selecta e Tabulario Secrete Vaticano, Rome, 1893, translated in The American Hist. Mag., April, July, and October, 1902.

1484:
Thomas Croft leads an expedition searching for the "Island of Brasil" in the North Atlantic, near Greenland. They may have found Newfoundland in 1484.

1488:
Jean Cousin, also Jehan Cousin, was a 15th-century French Normand navigator who was said to have discovered the New World in 1488, four years before Christopher Columbus, when he landed in Brazil around the mouth of the Amazon. One of his captains was named Martin Alonso Pinzon, who left Cousin in a dispute after their return to Dieppe, and who is claimed to have left for Spain from where he advised Columbus on his westward sail. Pinzon is known to have displayed a remarkable confidence in guiding Columbus in his discovery of the New World.
No indisputable written records remain, however, to support Cousin's claim to discovery.
Cousin's travel was succeeded by that of Binot Paulmier de Gonneville in 1504 onboard L'Espoir, which was properly recorded and brought back an Indian named Essomericq.

Gonneville affirmed that when he visited Brazil, French traders from Saint-Malo and Dieppe had already been trading there for several years.

Binot Paulmier was a French-Norman navigator who arrived in what is now Southern Brazil in 1504.

The Cantino planisphere, in 1501 or 1502 copy of the Padrao Real, still showing a highly inaccurate Red Sea and the influence of Ptolemy's Taprobana and Dragon's Tail in Southeast Asia, neither yet reached by the Portuguese India Armadas. The Cantino planisphere, completed by an unknown Portuguese cartographer in 1502, is one of the most precious cartographic documents of all time. It depicts the world, as it became known to the Europeans after the great exploration voyages at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century to the Americas, Africa and India. It is now kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria Estense, Modena, Italy.

Lisbon had been a European port of entry for porcelain since 1499, when Vasco da Gama returned from his historic voyage to India.

Peter de Seville in 1499:
The Isle of Demons first appears in the 1508 map of Johannes Ruysch. It may simply be a relocated version of the older legendary island of Satanazes ("Devils" in Portuguese) that was normally depicted in 15th century maps in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean just [need to be WEST of HAITI / Antilla like in the POPE claim in JUNE 1494] north of Antillia. With the Atlantic better mapped with the trans-oceanic voyages of the 1490s, Ruysch may simply have transplanted old Satanazes to a more suitable location like YUKATAN.

The voyage completed by Vespucci between May 1499 and June 1500 as navigator of an expedition of four ships sent from Spain under the command of Alonso de Ojeda. Vespucci is said to have discovered Cape St. Augustine and the Amazon River: during his 1499 voyage to South America, after reaching the coast of Guyana [compare the 1494 Tordessilas agreement].

The beautiful portolan chart was made by Albino de Canepa, a Genoese cartographer about whom little is known. Often Italian portolan charts are described three islands, "Salvagia," "Antilha," and "Roillo" on the western portion of the 1489 portolan chart are of special interest and are considered in relation to all three portolan charts. The islands strung along the west side of the map from north to south include the "Fortunate Isles" (Canaries), selected by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century as the western extremity for his maps (zero meridian). The writing on a round red island west of Ireland is somewhat obscured but may be "Insula Brazil" (NEW FOUNLAND but this is on CARABIEAN ), an island that appears on several early portolan charts. "Insula Brazil" moved about rather often on early charts and may have had its origin in a volcanic island that later disappeared. The word "brazil" or "bresil," old French for "brazier," suggests a connection to volcanic activity - Martinica ?

Vallarte the Dane in 1447/1448.

1482, Diogo Cao reached the estuary of the Zaire (Congo) and placed a landmark there. Explored 150 km upriver to the Yellala Falls. 1484, Diogo Cao reached Walvis Bay, south of Namibia.

Pedro Vaz da Cunha, o Bisagudo, bastard son of Nuno da Cunha, the Elder, Chamberlain-Major of the infant D. Fernando, Duke of Viseu.

Pero Vaz Bisagudo was well placed in the royal court from an early age due to the influence of his father. In 1489, D. Joao II of Portugal entrusted him with command of twenty caravels to help a Senegalese prince of the Jalofos, baptized with the Portuguese name D. Joao Bemoin.

D. Joao Bemoin had his local authority seriously affected. Thus, D. Joao II, in the interest of establishing alliances and authority through local regents, sent an armada of 20 caravels . However, this decision hid the true nature of the mission, which was to build a fortress on the coast of Senegal, with Pero Vaz da Cunha taking captaincy when completed. However, he was unsuccessful and the expedition ended tragically.
Once they arrived at the mouth of the Senegal River and the construction of the fortress began, Pero Vaz da Cunha murdered Bemoin on suspicion of treason. TristALo da Cunha (sometimes misspelled TristALo d'Acunha; Portuguese, ca 1460-ca 1540).
However, his CUNHA name appears linked to the discovery of Brazil, but only due to his interest in cartography. He is referred to in Mestre JoALo's Letter as having a map that indicated "the site of this land, although that map of the world does not certify that this land is inhabited, or no: it is an antique map and will ally hallarA? your highness written by the mine", which reinforces the thesis of those who support a previous knowledge of Brazil. The map is presumed to be a reproduction of Andrea Bianco (1448), where the "ixola otinticha, a ponASte 1500 mile" appears to be indicated. How he obtained this map is still a matter of speculation today.

The so-called "Atlas of Andrea Bianco" (1436), currently in the British Library in London, consists of ten sheets of parchment, measuring 29 x 38 cm. The first sheet contains a description of the "hammering rule", two tables and two other diagrams.
The following sheets contain several maps, namely:
Sheet 5 - Map of the coasts of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the islands of the Atlantic Ocean (Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde and two islands called "Antillia" and "Satanaxio", located west of the Azores); some authors maintain that Andrea Bianco was the first to correctly represent and describe the coast of Florida, as a macro-peninsula linked to a large island named "Antillia". Bianco also collaborated with Fra Mauro to create the 1459 world map.

From 1457 to 1459, Fra Mauro created a beautiful world map, which can still be seen in the monastery of San Miguel de Murano, near Venice. He mapped the entirety of the old world with remarkable precision, including comments that reflected the geographic knowledge of the time. His map is one of the first to represent distant Japan / Cipangu. It should be noted that Fra Mauro lived before the great European navigation voyages, the discoveries, and died 28 years before the Cape of Good Hope was crossed by the Portuguese, in 1488. Fra Mauro created this map with his assistant Andrea Bianco, navigator - cartographer, at the request of the King of Portugal, D. Afonso V. The execution of the map ended on April 24, 1459, and it was sent to Portugal, but it was lost.
A letter from the Venetian legislator accompanied the map, addressed to Infante D. Henrique, Alfonso V's uncle. This letter encouraged the prince to continue financing exploration trips. Fra Mauro died the following year, while making a copy of the map for the lord of Venice, this copy being finished by Andrea Bianco and which is now in the Biblioteca Marciana (Venice).

Another nautical chart of his (a portolan ) is in the Vatican Library, and another in a private collection.
That is, the fleet of Cabral was not only intentionally moving to the west, completely destroyed the lie that she was trying to get around Africa to India, but also knew the location of South America, its true destination. On 2 March 1450 the Infante of Portugal gave the Flemish nobleman Joe van den Berge, a native of Bruges, and commonly known as Jacome de Bruges, a few Azores islands. In the document of gift is a reference to the "island", discovered by Sancho Brandao.
The islands Flores and Corvo were donated in 1464 to a woman from Lisbon, D. Maria de Vilhena. The Flemish William van den Haagen, on behalf of the donations, received the document of gift. This is also a reference to the "island of redwood [Brasil ? / probably Brazil]." In the fifteenth century was the current referred to as South America and the island name or Brazil Brandao / above Sancho BRANDAO. On some maps of the century XIV and XV is only an indication of "Island of soft', applied to South America is what you see, for example, the map of Paul Toscanelli.
With the name "Island of Brazil" appears on the globe of Martin Behaim established in 1487 and played in Germany in 1492, before the "discovery of America" (the discovery in October 1492).
Martin Behaim, Nuremberg globe (1492) - in the year 734 after the birth of Christ, when all Spain was overrun by the miscreants of Africa, this Island of Antillia, called also the Isle of the Seven Cities, was peopled by the Archbishop of Porto with six other bishops, and certain companions, male and female, who fled from Spain with their cattle and property. In the year 1414 a Spanish ship approached very near this Island. Translated by Charles Beazley.

A portulaan Jacobus Russus from Messina. See Manuscript on vellum. A portolan chart by Jacobo Russo (Giacomo Russo) of Messina in 1528/1533.

1477:
In Ferdinand Columbus's biography of his father Christopher, he says that in 1477 his father saw in Galway, Ireland, two dead bodies which had washed ashore in their boat. The bodies and boat were of exotic appearance, and have been suggested to have been Inuit who had drifted off course.
The available evidence suggests that Portuguese fishermen were active in Newfoundland early in the 1500s. But they were not the first to record fishing voyages.

On 28 Dec 2016 - A museum in Toronto wants to recognize the Portuguese presence and prove that the navigator Joao Vaz Corte-Real was in Canada in 1473.

In 1473-1484
Afonso Sanches / SANCHEZ discovered the Antilles. Based on statements Bartholomeu of las Casas wrote that "some escriptores hespanhoes Affonso Sanches call and provide as natural of bark, collected by Columbus in their residency on the island of Madeira, to feel him close to death revealed the secret and you wish escripto by the directions and paths that had taken and brought a letter from marear and the times and place where was the island [Antilla / Hispaniola / Haiti or maybe PUERTO RICO ?]". Las Casas also said that when he was with Columbus to the first discovery in Cuba, "the Indians of that neighbors have reported to have reached this island HESPANHOL other white men bearded and, others like us, antes we annos many others do not.
John V and Cristiano of Denmark organize and travel in place all the West.

1487 - Trip to America for Fernao Dulmo (Flemish) and Joao Affonso Estreito, with Martin Behaim which has then that built the world and the land map of the Portuguese real money, the existence the peninsula of Florida, the Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico [maybe only Bahamas and Florida ?].

Early expeditions of French Norman sailors to the New World have been suggested: Jean Cousin has been said to have discovered the New World in 1488, four years before Christopher Columbus, when he landed in Brazil around the mouth of the Amazon, but this remains unproven. His travels were succeeded by that of Binot Paulmier de Gonneville in 1504 onboard L'Espoir, which was properly recorded and brought back a Tupi Indian named Essomericq. Brazil - Cosme Fernandes before 1500.

However, Ruy Diaz de Guzman, in La Argentina of 1612 states that the bachelor's name would have been Duarte Perez. This hypothesis is corroborated by the Portuguese historian Jaime Cortesao , who states in his book Discoveries Portugueses that the character would have been brought in an unofficial expedition by Bartolomeu Dias in 1499.

Gonneville affirmed that when he visited Brazil, French traders from Saint-Malo and Dieppe had already been trading there for several years [1488-1504].

1492 - Discovery, between January 30 and April 14, the land of Labrador by John Fernandes and Pedro de Barcellos. See the Papa letter on Greenland in or ca 1492.

In 1499 made by D. Manuel to Joao Fernandes Labrador donation to the captaincy of island or islands that elle - found or find again. Since resources to pay for shipping, Joao Fernandes Labrador was associated with Francis Fernandes and Joao Goncalves, squires, naturae Azores, with three Inglez merchants of Bristol, the quaes, probably provided the capital needs, and they won the King Henry VII of England new letter of donation of land to discover. However, Joao Fernandes Labrador, where organized the expedition, knew of existence of land that - go find - because in there been with Pedro de Barcellos in January to April 1492, and the end of his expedition to the dealers in Bristol but was not otherwise take possession of land previously found.
In 1486, Columbus was granted an audience with the Catholic Monarchs, and he presented his plans to Isabella. She referred these to a committee, which determined that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia [Satanazes / Cuba]. Pronouncing the idea impractical, they advised the monarchs not to support the proposed venture. To keep Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and perhaps to keep their options open, the Catholic Monarchs gave him an allowance, totaling about 14,000 maravedis for the year, or about the annual salary of a sailor.
In 1488 Columbus again appealed to the court of Portugal, receiving a new invitation for an audience with John II. This again proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Dias returned to Portugal following a successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa. With an eastern sea route now under its control, Portugal was no longer interested in trailblazing a western trade route to Asia crossing unknown seas.
In May 1489, Isabella sent Columbus another 10,000 maravedis, and the same year the Catholic Monarchs furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging at no cost [1489-1491].
As Queen Isabella's forces neared victory over the Moorish Emirate of Granada for Castile, Columbus was summoned to the Spanish court for renewed discussions. He waited at King Ferdinand's camp until January 1492.
Isabella I also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: Isabel la Catolica), was Queen of Castile and Leon from 1474 until her death in 1504. As Queen Isabella's forces neared victory over the Moorish Emirate of Granada for Castile, Columbus was summoned to the Spanish court for renewed discussions. He waited at King Ferdinand's camp until January 1492, when the monarchs conquered Granada. A council led by Isabella's confessor, Hernando de Talavera, found Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible. Columbus had left for France when Ferdinand intervened, first sending Talavera and Bishop Diego Deza to appeal to the queen. Isabella was finally convinced by the king's clerk Luis de Santangel, who argued that Columbus would bring his ideas elsewhere, and offered to help arrange the funding [all known onAntilla / Haiti]. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had travelled several kilometers toward Cordoba. In the April 1492 "Capitulations of Santa Fe", Columbus was promised he would be given the title "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" and appointed viceroy and governor of the newly claimed and colonized for the Crown; he would also receive ten percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity if he was successful. He had the right to nominate three people, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. The terms were unusually generous but, as his son later wrote, the monarchs were not confident of his return.
On the morning of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, going down the Rio Tinto and into the Atlantic. Three days into the journey, on 6 August 1492, the rudder of the Pinta broke.
Martin Alonso Pinzon suspected the owners of the ship of sabotage, as they were afraid to go on the journey. The crew was able to secure the rudder with ropes until they could reach the Canary Islands, where they arrived on 9 August. The Pinta had its rudder replaced on the island of Gran Canaria, and by September 2 the ships rendezvoused at La Gomera, where the Nina's lateen sails were re-rigged to standard square sails. Final provisions were secured, and on 6 September the ships departed San Sebastian de La Gomera for what turned out to be a five-week-long westward voyage across the Atlantic.

They waited for information on Papa in Rome [11 August in Rome / 23 August maybe inf. in Barcelona; maybe by ship to Canary on 5 September 1492]. Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

On March 8, 1493, the admiral received a letter from the king of Portugal, inviting him to visit him at Valparaiso, some thirty miles from Lisbon. About nine years earlier the two had met, when the petition of Colon / Columbus was rejected as mere prattle of the island of Cipango, an echo of Marco Polo.
Now, the admiral of the Ocean Sea proudly announces that he has returned from the discovery of the islands of Cipango and of Antilia, and shows his Indians, gold, and other trophies, and reminds King John of his failure to accept the opportunity offered to him.
In the king's opinion, however, the discoveries were embraced in his dominion of Guinea. The contemporary chronicler, Ruy de Pina, who describes the interview, says that the said admiral went beyond the bounds of truth, and made out the affair as regards gold and silver and riches much greater than it was. By-standing courtiers suggested that the intruder could be provoked into a quarrel and then killed without any suspicion of connivance on the part of the king. But the king, a God-fearing prince, forbade it, and showed honor to the admiral.
On Friday, in the early afternoon of March 15, 1493, Columbus cast anchor in the harbor of Palos. The joy and pride of the villagers may be imagined. The whole population turned out to receive Columbus with a procession and to give "thanks to our Lord for so great favor and victory."
The news of Columbus's voyage was disseminated rapidly, first through private correspondence, and later through the publication of his own narrative, addressed in the form of letters to Luis de Santangel and to Gabriel Sanchez. The most important accounts in private correspondence, although not the earliest, are found in the letters of Peter Martyr of Anghiera, an Italian resident at the court of Spain, later the author of the first history of America.
On May 14, 1493, he wrote to Count Giovanni Borromeo from Barcelona, where Columbus had appeared before the king and queen a month previous:
"A few days since, one Christopher Colon, a Genoese, returned from the antipodes in the west. From my kings he had obtained three ships to visit this province, with some difficulty, indeed, for what he said was esteemed fables."
In October 1492, Colon discovered a small coral island in the Bahamas, called by the natives Guanahani, which Columbus renamed San Salvador (Holy Saviour), and which is probably Watling Island.?
That he had reached the Indies, Columbus had no doubt, and in his first mention of the natives he calls them "Indians,"? thus attaching the name forever to the aborigines of the New World.
When on October 21, 1492, he heard of Cuba for the first time, he believed it to be Cipango, and planned to go on "to the main-land and to the city of Guisay, and to give the letters of your highness to the Gran Can [Colon in October 1492 was thinking he can discover Cuba / Japan / Cipangu and this Bahamas island were closest to China / Mongol Empire. In 1493 in Portugal and Rome all known about Antilia / Haiti / Hispaniola and Satanazes / Cuba but Colon confirmed that is Cuba / Cipangu]."
This belief soon became a fixed idea, immovable in the face of the most telling evidence. The very qualities that had insured Columbus's success contributed to his failure to realize just what he had achieved. Gazing at the naked Indians paddling their canoes, he could write, "It is certain that this is the main-land, and that I am in front of Zayto and Guinsay, a hundred leagues - a little more or less - distant the one from the other" - Guinsay with its Oriental splendor and twelve thousand stone bridges,? and Zaitun with its hundred pepper ships a year.

Christopher Columbus, 'Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus,' in Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492-1493), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real, edited and translated by Clements R. Markham (London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), 15-193.
Pedro de Medina, in his Grandezas ..., says that at no great distance from the island of Madeira there was another island called Antilia [Hispaniola / Haiti], which is not now seen [but in Lisbon all were thinking that Hispaniola = Antilia / Antilla], but which is found figured on a very ancient sea-chart [1424];
and Viera affirms that some Portuguese and inhabitants of Madeira saw lands to the westward which they were never able to reach, although they tried [in the 1480s]. From this took its origin the representing on the charts, which were then drawn, of some new islands in those seas, especially Antilia and San Borondon [Brendan]. This is found on the globe which was drawn by Martin Behaim at Nuremberg in 1492, to the S.W. of Hierro, though the Cape Verde Isles are interposed between them [BRASIL].

Toscanelli' [1474] said, in his letter, that Cipango was an island 225 leagues from Antilla, and that it so abounded in gems and gold that the temples and palaces were covered with golden, plates. Marco Polo 'describes it (Book III, cap. ii), and also says that the quantity of gold is endless,' 'that the palace is roofed with gold, and that pearls are abundant'.
Cipango / Cipangu / Citijangu is derived from Zhi-pan, the Chinese form of Japan.
The chart, drawn for the Admiral, must have been that which 'aulo Toscanelli, the celebrated Florentine astronomer, sent to Lisbon in 1474. It included from the north of Ireland to the end of Guinea, with all the islands situated on that route; and towards the west it showed the beginning of the Indies, and the islands and places whither they were proceeding. Colon saw this chart and read the accounts of travellers, especially Marco Polo, which confirmed him in the idea of finding India by the west, though it had hitherto always been approached by the east.

Saturday, 6th of October, 1492:
'The Admiral continued his west course, and during day and night they made good 40 leagues, 33 being counted. This night Martin Alonso said that it would be well to steer south of west, and it appeared to the Admiral that Martin Alonso did not say this with respect to the island of Cipango. He saw that if an error was made the land; would not be reached so quickly, and that consequently it would be better to go at once to the continent and afterwards to the islands.
Colon wrote in October 1492: "I shall keep it, and shall allow no one. To take it, preserving it all for your Highnesses, for it may be obtained in abundance. It is grown in this island, though the short time did not admit of my ascertaining this for a certainty. Here also is found the gold they wear fastened in their noses. But, in order not to lose time, I intend to go and see if I can find the island of Cipango. Now, as it is night, all the natives have gone on shore with their canoes".
Sunday, l4 of October, 1492:
"At dawn I ordered the ship's boat and the boats of the caravels to be got ready".

Columbus, returning from his first voyage to America, was driven by storms into the river Tagus. On March 9, 1493, he was received by the King of Portugal, who "showed that he felt disgusted and grieved because he believed that this discovery [of the lands found by Columbus] was made within the seas and bounds of his lordship of Guinea which was prohibited and likewise because the said Admiral was somewhat raised from his condition and in the account of his affairs always went beyond the bounds of the truth".
The king said
"that he understood that, in the capitulation between the sovereigns [of Castile] and himself, that conquest [which Columbus had made] belonged to him".
The admiral replied that "he had not seen the capitulation, nor knew more than that the sovereigns had ordered him not to go either to La Mina or to any other port of Guinea, and that this had been ordered to be proclaimed in all the ports of Andalusia before he sailed".
Thus, before Columbus had arrived in Spain, his discoveries in the New World threatened to create an international difficulty.

Treaty between Spain and Portugal concluded at Tordesillas; June 7, 1494. Ratification by Spain, July 2, 1494. Ratification by Portugal, September 5, 1494.
Tordesillas on June 7, 1494 between the representatives of Isabel and Ferdinand, kings of Castile and Aragon, on the one hand, and those of King John II of Portugal, on the other. The treaty established a division of the navigation and conquest zones of the Atlantic Ocean and India / Cipangu / Antilia by means of a line situated 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, to avoid a conflict of interests between the crowns of Spain and Portugal in BRAZIL.
In practice, this agreement guaranteed the Portuguese kingdom that the Spanish would not interfere with its route to the Cape of Good Hope, and vice versa: the former would not do so in the recently discovered Antilles / Antilla = Hispaniola / Haiti and Satanazes / Cuba / Cipangu.
Although the Treaty of Tordesillas is known as the agreement on limits in the Atlantic Ocean, another treaty was also signed in Tordesillas that day by which the fisheries of the sea between Cape Bojador and the Rio de Oro were delimited, and the limits of the Kingdom of Fez in North Africa.
The actual circumference of the Earth is 40,120 km, with a difference from Ptolemy's calculation of 11,770 km, and between the American and Asian coasts there is a maximum arc of approximately 11,200 km. Taking into account this measurement error, and that since Marco Polo's arrival in China, Europe had known of the eastern coastal profiles of Asia, Columbus expected to find the Cipango [Cipangu / Cuba / Satanazes] coast exactly in the current location of the Antilles [Antilia at the 1424 nautical map was on 19 degree]. It should not be forgotten that the measurement of Eratosthenes, of 252,000 stadia, much closer to reality, a measurement that was used in the report requested from the University of Salamanca to determine that Columbus's voyage was impossible.
To resolve the conflict that arose from the 1481 papal bull Aeterni regis which affirmed Portuguese claims to all non-Christian lands south of the Canary Islands after Columbus claimed the Antilles for Castile [Hispaniola = Antilla], and to divide trading and colonising rights for all lands located west of the Canary Islands between Portugal and Castile (later applied between the Spanish Crown and Portugal) to the exclusion of any other Christian empires [compare Cabot in 1497 and Bristol in 1480, 1481].
That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (Antilla claimed for Castile and Leon), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia (Cuba and Hispaniola).
"In order that the said line or bound of the said division may be made straight and as nearly as possible the said distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, as here in before stated, the said representatives of
both the said parties agree and assent that within the ten months immediately following the date of this treaty their said constituent lords shall despatch two or four caravels, namely, one or two by each one of them, a greater or less number, as they may mutually consider necessary.
These vessels shall meet [beginning of 1495 ?] at the Grand Canary Island during this time, and each one of the said parties shall send certain persons in them, to wit, pilots, astrologers, sailors, and any others they may deem desirable. But there must be as many on one side as on the other, and certain of the said pilots, astrologers, sailors, and others of those sent by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc., and who are experienced, shall embark in the ships of the said King of Portugal and the Algarves;
in like manner certain of the said persons sent by the said King of Portugal shall embark in the ship or ships of the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc.; a like number in each case, so that they may jointly study and examine to better advantage the sea [compare Columbus in November 1493 at Lesser Antilles: Dominica and Guadeloupe], courses, winds, and the degrees of the sun or of north latitude, and lay out the leagues aforesaid, in order that, in determining the line and boundary [in South America], all sent and empowered by both the said parties in the said vessels, shall jointly concur.
These said vessels shall continue their course [from Canary Islands] together to the said Cape Verde Islands [compare Columbus in 1498 in Capo Verde; but from here to south-western to 5 degrees and then pararel to Guyana / GUIANA and Trinidad], from whence they shall lay a direct course to the west [to Dominica / Guadeloupe], to the distance of the said three hundred and seventy degrees, measured as the said persons shall agree, and measured without prejudice to the said parties."

The Papal Bull "Inter Caetera," issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World [Antillia and Satanazes / Cuba]. The document supported Spain's strategy to ensure its exclusive right to the lands [Antillia / Hispaniola and Cuba / Cipangu / Satanazes] discovered by Columbus the previous year. It established a demarcation line one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands and assigned Spain the exclusive right to acquire territorial possessions and to trade in all lands west of that line.
According to Ruy de Pina, 'that conquest' was the 'islands of Cipango and Antilia'.
Vignaud points out (Histoire Critique, I. 368 ff) that there is no evidence that the Indies were mentioned in this interview [only Cipangu / Cipango], but, as Vander Linden remarks, Columbus placed the island of Cipango in the "sea of the Indies".
American Historical Review, XXII, 12, note 30.
Inter caetera ('Among other works') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south [south-west of Cape Verde Islands we have Brazil]" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands.
Inter Caetera informed about Cipangu and Antila / Antillia. That is Cuba and Hispaniola.
"We have indeed learned that you, who for a long time had intended to seek out and discover certain islands and mainlands remote and unknown and not hitherto discovered by others, to the end that you might bring to the worship of our Redeemer and the profession of the Catholic faith their residents and inhabitants, having been up to the present time greatly engaged in the siege and recovery of the kingdom itself of Granada were unable to accomplish this holy and praiseworthy purpose."
"... to make diligent quest for these remote and unknown mainlands and islands through the sea, where hitherto no one had sailed; and they at length, with divine aid and with the utmost diligence sailing in the ocean sea, discovered certain very remote islands and even mainlands that hitherto had not been discovered by others."
Inter caetera and its supplement Dudum siquidem (September 1493) are two of the Bulls of Donation, by the Pope decreed that all lands discovered west of a meridian 100 leagues (one league is 3 miles or 4.8 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain while new lands discovered east of that line would belong to Portugal. This papal bull also specified that all lands already under the control of a "Christian prince" would remain under that same control.
On 25 June 1493, King Ferdinand secured another papal bull, Piis fidelium, appointing him apostolic vicar in the Indies. Father Bernardo Buil of the Order of Minims left Cadiz for America on 25 September 1493, on the second Columbus expedition. Once on the island of Hispaniola, Buil saw the effects of the conquistadors and quarreled with Columbus over the harsh treatment of colonists and Indians.

Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja on 1 January 1431 - 18 August 1503) (epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian")) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503.

The Canary Islands, where they arrived on 9 August. The Pinta had its rudder replaced on the island of Gran Canaria. And by September 2 the ships rendezvoused at La Gomera, where the Nina's lateen sails were re-rigged to standard square sails. Final provisions were secured, and on 6 September the ships departed San Sebastian de La Gomera for what turned out to be a five-week-long westward voyage across the Atlantic.
On the morning of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, going down the Rio Tinto and into the Atlantic.

Pope Alexander VI born into the prominent Borgia family in Xativa in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain). Late in 1491, with an army that bridged the medieval world of armored knights and lancers with the new era's first artillery weapons, Spanish surrounded Granada. A force of some eighty thousand men, including ten thousand knights, began the siege that would complete la Reconquista in January 1492.

Torquemada wrote the royal edict of March 31, 1492 that ordered the Jews from Spain, unless they were baptized. Over time, some thirteen thousand people were found guilty of carrying out secret Jewish practices, often making their confessions after torture. During this time, at least 2,000 people were executed for heresy by the Inquisition. Thousands of others were imprisoned or had their properties confiscated. The number of Jews expelled from Spain is uncertain, and old estimates ranged from 200,000 to as many as 800,000.

On the death of Pope Innocent VIII on 25 July 1492, the three likely candidates for the Papacy were the 61-year-old Borgia. He was ordained deacon and made a cardinal in 1456 after the election of his uncle as Pope Callixtus III. In 1492, Rodrigo was elected pope, taking the name Alexander VI.

Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October 1492 [Satanazes / Cipangu]. On the night of 26 November, Martin Alonso Pinzon took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque", which the natives had told him was rich in gold.
Columbus arrived on the north shore of Hispaniola on December 5, 1492. The island, known by its indigenous inhabitants as Quisqueya (Kiskeya) or Ayti (Mountainous Land), was given the name of La Isla Espanola (the Spanish Island), eventually anglicized as Hispaniola. Columbus persisted in believing that he had arrived at islands in Asia for the duration of his life.
Columbus, for his part, continued to the northern coast of Hispaniola [Antilla ac. to Papa in 1494], where he landed on 6 December 1492. There, the Santa Maria ran aground on 25 December 1492 and had to be abandoned. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples.
After spending more than a week in Portugal, Columbus set sail for Spain. Returning to Palos on 15 March 1493, he was given a hero's welcome and soon afterward received by Isabella and Ferdinand in Barcelona. To them he presented kidnapped Tainos and various plants and items he had collected.

Alexander's papal bulls of 1493 confirmed or reconfirmed the rights of the Spanish crown in the New World following the finds of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas. A letter written by Christopher Columbus on February 15, 1493, is the first known document announcing the results of his first voyage that set out in 1492. Inf. was sent from LISBON [14 March 1493], by a courier who was ready close to Spanish border, to Barcelona [29 March 1493] and then to Rome [17 April 1493], around 31 days.
On his third attempt, in another bull also called Inter caetera, written in the summer and backdated to May 4, 1493, the Pope once again confirmed the Spanish claim on the Indies more explicitly with a longitude line of demarcation granting all lands 100 leagues west of Cape Verde (not merely those discovered by "her envoys") as the exclusive dominion of the Crown of Castile (with no explicit safeguards for prior Portuguese treaties or grants). (There is some confusion whether Eximiae devotionis preceded or followed the second Inter caetera; it is commonly supposed that the first Inter caetera ("May 3") was drafted in April and received in Spain on May 17, the second Inter caetera ("May 4") drafted in June, and received in Spain by July 19 (a copy was forwarded to Columbus in early August 1493); while Eximiae diviones ("May 3") is normally assumed written sometime in July. In official time, Eximiae precedes the second Inter caetera, but in actual time may have actually followed it.)
The earliest Spanish record of the news, reporting that Columbus "had arrived in Lisbon and found all that he went to seek", is contained in a letter by Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, Duke of Medinaceli, in Madrid, dated March 19, 1493.
The Portuguese king suspected (rightly, as it turns out) that the islands discovered by Columbus lay below the latitude line of the Canary Islands (approx. 27'50''), the boundary set by the 1479 Treaty of Alcovas as the area of Portuguese exclusivity (confirmed by the papal bull Aeterni regis of 1481).
Urgent reports on the Portuguese preparations were dispatched to the Spanish court by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Ferdinand II dispatched his own emissary, Lope de Herrera, to Lisbon to request the Portuguese to immediately suspend any expeditions to the west Indies until the determination of the location of those islands was settled (and if polite words failed, to threaten). Even before Herrera arrived John II had sent his own emissary, Ruy de Sande, to the Spanish court, reminding the Spanish monarchs that their sailors were not allowed to sail below Canaries latitude, and suggesting all expeditions to the west be suspended. Columbus, of course, was in the middle of preparing for his second journey.
The letter was written in the middle of a storm around the Azores on February 14, 1493.
There is some uncertainty over whether Christopher Columbus sent the letters directly from Lisbon, after docking there on March 4, 1493, or held on to them until he reached Spain, dispatching the letters only after his arrival at Palos de la Frontera on March 15, 1493. It is highly probable, albeit uncertain, that Columbus sent the letter from Lisbon to the Spanish court, probably by courier. Columbus's journal says that upon docking in Lisbon, Bartholomew Dias (on behalf of King John II of Portugal) demanded that Columbus deliver his report to him, which Columbus strenuously refused, saying his report was for the monarchs of Spain alone.
A small postscript dated March 14, written in Lisbon, noting that the return journey took only 28 days (in contrast with the 33 days outward), but that unusual winter storms had kept him delayed for an additional 23 days.
Columbus only obtained confirmation of his title on March 30, 1493, when the Catholic Monarchs, acknowledging the receipt of his letter, address Columbus for the first time as "our Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Vice-Roy and Governor of the islands which have been discovered in the Indies" ("nuestro Almirante del mar Oceano e Visorrey y Gobernador de las Islas que se han descubierto en las Indias").
Columbus sailed into Lisbon on March 4th, driven before another storm. From there he sent letters to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who were then holding Court in Barcelona. Enclosed in the packet was a letter to the "escriuano deracio" (modern Spanish: 'escribano de Racion'), the secretary of the royal treasury. A Spanish version of the letter (presumably addressed to Luis de Santangel), was printed in Barcelona by early April 1493, and a Latin translation (addressed to Gabriel Sanchez) was published in Rome around a month later (ca. May 1493). Columbus was not aware that he had stumbled upon a new continent. He described the islands, particularly Hispaniola and Cuba, exaggerating their size and wealth, and suggested that mainland China probably lay nearby. A Spanish version of the letter (based on the letter he sent to Luis de Santangel) was printed in Barcelona probably in late March or early April 1493. A Latin translation of the letter (addressed to Gabriel Sanchez) was printed in Rome about a month later. Christopher Columbus does not describe the journey itself, saying only that he traveled thirty-three days and arrived at the islands of "the Indies" (las Indias), "all of which I took possession for our Highnesses, with proclaiming heralds and flying royal standards, and no one objecting". He describes the islands as being inhabited by "Indians" (Indios). In the printed letters, Columbus relates how he bestowed new names on six of the islands. Four are in the modern Bahamas: (1) San Salvador (for which he also gives the local name, Guanaham in the Spanish edition and Guanahanin in the Latin letter; modern English texts normally render it as Guanahani), (2) Santa Maria de Concepcion, (3) Ferrandina (Fernandinam in the Latin version, in modern texts Fernandina), and (4) la isla Bella (given as Hysabellam in the Latin version, and La Isabela in modern texts). He also names (5) La Isla Juana (Joanam in Latin in 1492, modern Cuba / Satanazes bef. 1492 / CIPANGO in 1494) and (6) the island of La Spanola (Hispana in the Latin letter, modern Hispaniola). In the letter, Columbus says that he believes Juana is actually part of the continental mainland (terra firme) of Cathay (Catayo, archaic for China), even though he also admits some of the Indians he encountered informed him that Juana was an island - in 1494 like Cipangu. Later in the letter, Columbus locates the islands at the latitude of 26' N, more north of their actual location ("es distinta de la linea equinocial veinte e seis grados"). (Note: in the Copiador version, Columbus makes no mention of the latitudes nor the native name Guanahanin.) Columbus exaggerates the size of these lands, claiming Juana is greater in size than Great Britain ("maior que Inglaterra y Escocia juntas") and Hispaniola larger than the Iberian peninsula ("en cierco tiene mas que la Espana toda"). Columbus connects the monsters story to another local legend about a tribe of female warriors, who are said to inhabit the island of "Matinino" east of Hispaniola ("first island of the Indies, closest to Spain", possibly referring to Guadeloupe). Indians of Hispaniola also told him about a very large island nearby which "abounds in countless gold" ("en esta ay oro sin cuenta"). (He doesn't give this gold island a name in the printed letters, but in the Copiador version, this island is identified and named as "Jamaica".) It also refers to an island called "Borinque" (Puerto Rico), unmentioned in the printed editions, that the natives report to lie between Hispaniola and Caribo. The Copiador letter notes Juana is called "Cuba" by the natives ("aquellos llaman de Cuba"). He also gives more details about the gold island, saying it is "larger than Juana", and lying on the other side of it, "which they call Jamaica", where "all the people have no hair and there is gold without measure" ("que llaman Jamaica; adonde toda la gente della son si cabellos, en esta ay oro sin medida").

During the second Italian war, Alexander VI supported his son Cesare Borgia as a condottiero for the French king.
On March 31, 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand issued the royal edict that forced Jews to convert and be baptized or leave Spain.
Alexander formed a league against Naples (25 April 1493) and prepared for war.
Pope Alexander VI (an Aragonese national and friend of Ferdinand II) was brought into the fray to settle the rights to the islands and determine the limits of the competing claims. His first bull on the matter, Inter caetera, dated May 3, 1493, was indecisive. The pope assigned the Crown of Castile "all lands discovered by their envoys" (i.e. Columbus), so long as they are not possessed by any Christian owner (which Columbus's letter confirmed). On the other hand, the Pope also safeguarded the Portuguese claims by confirming their prior treaties and bulls ("no right conferred on any Christian prince is hereby understood as withdrawn or to be withdrawn").
Thus, on his first shot, the pope effectively left the matter unsettled until the determination of the islands' actual geographic location.
Although most of the negotiations were masterminded by Ferdinand II, who took a personal interest in the second voyage, the actual official claim of title on the islands belonged to his wife, Queen Isabella I. The rights, treaties and bulls pertain only to the Crown of Castile and Castilian subjects, and not to the Crown of Aragon or Aragonese subjects.
Ferdinand allied himself with Florence, Milan and Venice. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered New World. Alexander, in the bull Inter caetera on 4 May 1493, divided the title between Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas.
In the wake of Columbus's landing in the New World, Pope Alexander was asked by the Spanish monarchy to confirm their ownership of these newly found lands.
The bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI:
Eximiae devotionis (3 May 1493),
Inter caetera (4 May 1493) and
Dudum siquidem (23 / 26 September 1493),
granted rights to Spain with respect to the newly discovered lands in the Americas similar to those Pope Nicholas V had previously conferred on Portugal with the bulls Romanus Pontifex and Dum Diversas.

Morales Padron (1979) concludes that these bulls gave power to enslave the natives. Minnich (2010) asserts that this "slave trade" was permitted to facilitate conversions to Christianity.

Eximiae devotionis declared on 3 May 1493 is one of three papal bulls of Pope Alexander VI delivered purporting to grant any and all overseas territories in the west [Satanazes / Cuba and Antilla / Haiti] and ocean to kings of Castile and Leon that were found by the kings of Castile and Leon provided those territories were not already in the possession of another Christian lord. The document in addition to Inter caetera delivered on 4 May 1493 and Dudum siquidem delivered on 26 September 1493 make up what is known as the Bulls of Donation.

The 1st was
Eximiae devotionis recognized the claims of the kings of Castile and Leon and their successors to any discovered lands not already held by a Christian prince, similar to previous recognition granted to the Kings of Portugal regarding trading rights in the regions of Africa and Guinea.

Christian I of Denmark purportedly sent an expedition to the region under Pothorst and Pining to Greenland in 1472 or 1473;
Henry VII of England sent another under Cabot in 1497 and 1498;
Manuel I of Portugal sent a third under Corte-Real in 1500 and 1501.
It had certainly been generally charted by the 1502 Cantino map, which includes the southern coastline.

It was apparently soon realized that the islands probably lay below the latitude boundary, as only a little while later, Pope Alexander VI issued a second bull Eximiae devotionis (officially dated also May 3, but written in July 1493), that tried to fix this problem by stealthily suggesting the Portuguese treaty applied to "Africa", and conspicuously omitting mention of the Indies.

On September 24, 1493, Christopher Columbus departed on his second voyage to the west Indies, with a massive new fleet. The Pope chimed in with yet another bull on the matter, Dudum siquidum, written in December 1493 but officially backdated September 26, 1493, where he went further than before, and gave Spain claim over any and all lands discovered by her envoys sailing west, in whatever hemisphere those lands happened to be.
Dudum Siquidum had been issued with a second voyage in mind - should Columbus indeed reach China or India or even Africa on this trip, the lands discovered would come under the Spanish exclusive sphere.
Subsequent negotiations between the crowns of Portugal and Spain proceeded in Columbus's absence. They culminated in the Treaty of Tordesillas partitioning the globe between Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exclusivity at a longitude line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde (about 46' 30'' W).
On the day the treaty was signed, June 7, 1494, Columbus was sailing along the southern shore of Cuba, prodding fruitlessly at that lengthy coast. On June 12, 1493, Columbus gathered his crew on Evangelista island (what is now Isla de la Juventud / Satanazes / Cipangu), and had them all swear an oath, before a notary, that Cuba was not an island but indeed the mainland of Asia and that China could be reached overland from there.

In October 1492 Columbus discovered BAHAMAS.
In October 1492, same 11 days after Columbus first saw the New World, the Greenlandic See in Gardar still had several churches going and the Pope who had elected Bishop Mathias as the new Bishop of Gardar not only sent letters to the Archbishop who administrated Greenland's See, not only the Danish King Hans under who's juridistiction Greenland and the islands in the Atlantic (observe Iceland not included) was administrated at that time, but also letters to the people in Gardar 'town'. The Pope also saw to relics being transported from Rome to Gardar's See.
Sources: Diplomatarium Norwegicum bind 17 nr 759 from 23th October 1492 and Norwegian text: Sammendrag: Gardar Kirke paa Grrnland fritages for alle Afgifter til Kammeret paa Grund af Landets og Indbyggernes Tilstand, hvilken skildres.

However, by the mid-1300s, Ivar Bardarson noted that the quantity of ice from the northeast was such that "no one sails this old route without putting their life in danger." The Norwegian Crown in Oslo and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros eventually abandoned the colony to its own devices, although some Popes were aware of the situation. By 1448, Pope Nicholas V lamented reports that Greenland ("a region situated at the uttermost end of the earth") had been without a resident Bishop for 30 years (although the last known one, Bishop Alfur, actually died earlier, in 1378). These concerns were echoed in a letter dated circa 1500 [1492 or 1493] by Pope Alexander VI, who believed that no communion had been performed in Greenland for a century, and that no ship had visited there in the past 80 years. However, even after the colony was forsaken by the Church and well into the 16th century, the empty title "Bishop of Gardar" continued to be held by a succession of at least 18 individuals, none of whom visited their nominal diocese and only one of whom (Bishop Mattias Knutsson) reportedly expressed any desire to do so.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that arose following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed under the Crown of Castile. On his way back to Spain, he first stopped in AZORES and at Lisbon, where he requested another meeting with King John II to prove to him that there were more islands to the southwest of the Canary Islands [Antilles].
After learning of the Castilian-sponsored voyage, the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, stating that by the Treaty of Alcaovas signed in 1479 and by the 1481 papal bull Aeterni regis that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal, all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged, in fact, to Portugal. The Portuguese king also stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet (an armada led by Francisco de Almeida) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands [April-May 1493].
The Spanish rulers replied that Spain owned the islands discovered by Columbus and warned King JoALo not permit anyone from Portugal to go there.
Finally, the rulers invited Portugal to send ambassadors to begin diplomatic negotiations aimed at settling the rights of each nation in the Atlantic.

On 4 May 1493, Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), an Aragonese from Valencia by birth, decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile, although territory under Christian rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched [GREENLAND]. The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands, so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line [BRAZIL].
Another bull, Dudum siquidem, entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493, gave all mainlands and islands, "at one time or even still belonging to India" to Spain [Cuba / Cipangu / Satanazes / China], even if east of the line.

The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too little land - it prevented him from possessing India, his near-term goal.
By 1493, Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus [Antilla / Hispaniola and Satanazes], but the explicit mention of India was a major issue. As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line [BRAZIL].
In the bargain, John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west, protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands [BRAZIL] that now constitute the eastern quarter of Brazil. As one scholar assessed the results, "both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed, and each thought that the other was deceived", concluding that it was a "diplomatic triumph for Portugal, confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India, but most of the South Atlantic".
On 24 September 1493, Columbus sailed from Cadiz with 17 ships, and supplies to establish permanent colonies in the Americas. He sailed with nearly 1,500 men. The fleet included two naos, Columbus' flagship Marigalante and Gallega. The rest were caravels: Fraila, San Juan, Colina, Gallarda, Gutierre, Bonial, Rodriga.
According to his published memories, in 1503 de Gonneville, challenging the Portuguese policy of mare clausum, sailed from Honfleur in Normandy with his crew and the help of two Portuguese pilots, heading for the East Indies. When he reached the Cape of Good Hope his ship L'Espoir (The Hope) was diverted to an unknown land by a storm. In 1505 he returned claiming to have discovered the "great Austral land," which he also called the "Indes Meridionales". According to de Gonneville, he had stayed six months in this idyllic place.
Since then, Binot Paulmier de Gonneville's purported feat as the first European to arrive in Southern Brazil, is celebrated annually both in his hometown of Honfleur, in Normandy, and curiously in the island of Sao Francisco do Sul in Brazil, where a memorial plate has been erected commemorating the French explorer's arrival in 1504, notwithstanding the affair is more of a tale than a proven fact.

In 1502, two years after the discovery of Brazil, the Portuguese king created a monopoly company to trade in brazilwood.
In 1503 - the French appeared along the coast, trading metal goods for Brazilwood. Frenchmen were often left along the coast to learn the languages and organize the next year's load. Brazilian Indians were taken to France where they, and reports of them, inspired European ideas of the state of nature and the noble savage. Portuguese and French traders fought each other and Portuguese warships were sent to drive off the French without clear success, notably in 1516.

On 3 November 1493, Columbus arrived in the Windward Islands; the first island they encountered was named Dominica by Columbus, but not finding a good harbor there, they anchored off a nearby smaller island, which he named Mariagalante, now a part of Guadeloupe [they saw a part of Portuguese ship on beach acc to Columbus] and called Marie-Galante. Other islands named by Columbus on this voyage were Montserrat, Antigua, Saint Martin, the Virgin Islands, as well as many others ['Antilles' on the maps of the 15th century].
On 17 November, Columbus first sighted the eastern coast of the island of Puerto Rico, known to its native Taino people as Boriken. His fleet sailed along the island's southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of Anasco, early on 19 November 1493. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island San Juan Bautista after John the Baptist, and remained anchored there for two days from 20 to 21 November 1493, filling the water casks of the ships in his fleet. On 22 November 1493, Columbus returned to Hispaniola to visit La Navidad.
April/August 1494 - CUBA / Cipangu / China / Satanazes.
September 1494 - May 1495:
over the next 9 months Columbus continued to wage war on the native Taino on Hispaniola until they surrendered and agreed to pay tribute.
MARCH 1495:
In February 1495, Columbus rounded up about 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled, in a great slave raid. About 500 of the strongest were shipped to Spain as slaves, with about two hundred of those dying en route.
In June 1495, the Spanish crown sent ships and supplies to Hispaniola [June-October 1495].
In October 1495, Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi, who had won the contract to provision the fleet of Columbus's second voyage and to supply the colony on Hispaniola, received almost 40,000 maravedis worth of enslaved Indians. He renewed his effort to get supplies to Columbus, and was working to organize a fleet in Cadiz when he suddenly died in December 1495.
On 10 March 1496, having been away about 30 months [since September 1493], the fleet departed La Isabela [November 1493/November 1494 around 1000 Spanish died because sick]. On 8 June 1496 the crew sighted land somewhere between Lisbon and Cape St. Vincent, and disembarked in Cadiz on 11 June 1496.

Because information on NEGROS in Trinidad/Venezuela, Columbus sent his brother from Hispaniola to Venezuela in 1495.
On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlucar, Spain. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola [June/July 1498] and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic [to BRAZIL and Trinidad because inf. on NEGROS traded sometimes here]. It is probable that this expedition was intended at least partly to confirm rumors of a large continent south of the Caribbean Sea, that is, South America.
On 31 July 1498 they sighted Trinidad.
On 5 August 1498, Columbus sent several small boats ashore on the southern side of the Paria Peninsula in what is now Venezuela, near the mouth of the Orinoco river. Columbus realized must be a continent.
The fleet then sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita, reaching the latter on 14 August 1498, and sighted Tobago and Grenada from afar, according to some scholars.
On 19 August 1498, Columbus returned to Hispaniola. There he found settlers in rebellion against his rule, and his unfulfilled promises of riches. Columbus had some of the Europeans tried for their disobedience; at least one rebel leader was hanged.
In October 1499, Columbus sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern.
Ca December 1499:
By this time, accusations of tyranny and incompetence on the part of Columbus had also reached the Court.
Ca Summer 1500:
The sovereigns sent Francisco de Bobadilla, a relative of Marquesa Beatriz de Bobadilla, a patron of Columbus and a close friend of Queen Isabella.
Ca Sepetember 1500:
Bobadilla reported to Spain that Columbus once punished a man found guilty of stealing corn by having his ears and nose cut off and then selling him into slavery. He claimed that Columbus regularly used torture and mutilation.
In early October 1500, Columbus and Diego presented themselves to Bobadilla, and were put in chains aboard La Gorda, the caravel on which Bobadilla had arrived at Santo Domingo.
Summer 1502 -
The sovereigns expressed indignation at the actions of Bobadilla, who was then recalled and ordered to make restitutions of the property he had confiscated from Columbus.
On 9 May 1502, Columbus left Cadiz with his flagship Santa Maria and three other vessels. The ships were crewed by 140 men, including his brother Bartholomew as second in command and his son Fernando.
June/July 1502:
On 15 June, the fleet arrived at Martinique, where it lingered for several days. A hurricane was forming, so Columbus continued westward, hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola.
He arrived at Santo Domingo on 29 June 1502, but was denied port, and the new governor Francisco de Bobadilla refused to listen to his warning that a hurricane was approaching. Instead, while Columbus's ships sheltered at the mouth of the Rio Jaina, the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane. Columbus's ships survived with only minor damage, while 20 of the 30 ships in the governor's fleet were lost along with 500 lives (including that of Francisco de Bobadilla).

The World Map of King-Hamy of ca 1503:
Greenland = Terra Laboratoris = Terra de Labrador; the area of Labrador and Newfounland = Terra de Corte Real = Terra Corterealis. Greenland was re-discovered by Fernandes. In 1500 Fernandes was on Greenland, and named it Terra de Labrador. Later Labrador southern to Greenland. All maps showed bef. 1550 Greenland like Labrador. No any evidence about Fernandes in Greenland.

1499:
The first European settlements in Sao Paulo were unofficial. Cosme Fernandes Pessoa, a Portuguese exile and castaway known as "the Bachelor of Cananeia", is considered the original founder of the Sao Vicente settlement by many historians.
Pessoa governed Sao Vicente and controlled the region's trade. A document dated April 23, 1499, found by historian Jaime Cortesao suggests that Pessoa lived in Brazil before Pedro Alvares Cabral arrived in 1500:
the document reports an unofficial trip by Bartolomeu Dias to Brazil [1489 ?].
Another document, from 1526, describes Sao Vicente as a village of a dozen houses, only one of them built of stone, and one tower for defense.

On January 22, 1502, Amerigo Vespucci named Sao Vicente Island, the location of the settlement of the same name, after one of the patron saints of Portugal, Saint Vincent of Saragossa, while mapping the coast of Brazil.

The Bachelor of Cananeia or Cosme Fernandes, Portugal, was a Portuguese convict and later slave trader, interpreter and navigation guide. He was taken to Brazil, on the south coast of the current state of Sao Paulo, sometime in the early 16th century, where he began to live among the Carijo indigenous people of the area. He probably landed in South America at some point in the early 16th century, possibly during the first voyages of Amerigo Vespucci [1499 ?].
After that he spent a few years living alone among the indigenous people before joining Francisco de Chaves, a possible survivor of Aleixo Garcia's expedition to the Inca Empire, and a few more Castilians who were also possible survivors of that expedition.

However, in the last century of the Norse colonization of Greenland the Vikings' refusal to adapt to their changing conditions was the most significant reason for their failure. The decomposed bodies at Herjolfsnes wore traditionally European style clothing rather than dress acquired from the Thule, indicative of a Viking refusal to abandon their European identity. By refusing to adapt further, the Norse in Greenland doomed their settlements. Yet from this failed adventure came knowledge of lands west of Europe.
Vikings in North America
Extensive papal documentation of Iceland and Greenland led to the spread of knowledge of the North Atlantic amongst Southern Europeans like the Zeno Brothers and the Portuguese, Joao Vaz Corte-Reale. This information was undoubtedly passed along to Columbus. The seemingly isolated Viking presence in the North Atlantic when approached with global history in mind produces a larger picture of how their exploration impacted the rest of Europe and eventually led to the discovery of North and South America.

Ca 1521:
Around the same period, Bishop Ogmundur Palsson reported having been blown off course to Greenland while en route from Norway to Iceland and came close enough to Herjolfsnes to discern its inhabitant tending their sheep, before reversing course and reaching Iceland the next morning. While the Bishop had clearly not drifted to Herjolfsnes, his belief in having done so is a testament to Herjolfsnes' enduring importance as a landmark among North Atlantic sailors, even after more than 100 years since the last known landfall there.

1488:
Martin Alonso Pinzon, b. in Palos de la Frontera or Huelva ca 1441, d. 1493, shipbuilder, navigator and explorer, oldest of the Pinzon brothers. He sailed with Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492, as captain of the Pinta.
His youngest brother Vicente Yanez Pinzon was captain of the Nina, and the middle brother Francisco Martin Pinzon was maestre (first mate) of the Pinta.
A French tradition holds that Alonso Pinzon sailed to the New World with the navigator Jean Cousin, and that together they discovered the continent in 1488, four years before Columbus.
Back in Dieppe, Pinzon left Cousin in a dispute, and is claimed to have left for Spain, from where he advised Columbus on his westward sail. Pinzon is known to have displayed a remarkable confidence in guiding Columbus in his discovery of the New World.
On 3 August 1492, the Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina left Palos on their voyage of discovery. It was from the Pinta that Rodrigo de Triana would be the first to sight land in the Americas. During the voyage, Pinzon demonstrated on several occasions his gifts as an expert mariner and as a leader. When the tiller of the Pinta broke en route to the Canary Islands, Columbus, who could not get close enough to help from the Santa Maria.
At that time, Pinzon suggested to Columbus the change of course on 6 October 1492. This change brought the expedition to landfall on Guanahani on 12 October 1492. These and other acts by Pinzon and by his brothers, especially Vicente, have led historians to see the brothers as "co-discoverers of America".
Columbus's published diary of the voyage was heavily edited by Bartolome de las Casas, so it is impossible to know what was actually written at the time and what was added later, but the diary launches a series of accusations against Pinzon beginning with his separation on November 21, 1492.
During the voyage back to Spain, Pinzon's ship was separated from Columbus in stormy conditions, southwest of the Azores. Pinzon arrived in Baiona in Galicia, near Vigo, 1 March 1493; Columbus reached Lisbon on March 4, 1493; he later faced problems with the Court for having touched down in Portugal out of necessity in bad weather. It is not clear whether Pinzon's letter or Columbus's from Lisbon reached court first, nor is it clear whether the failure to invite Pinzon to court resulted from Columbus's primacy of position, possible accusations by Columbus against Pinzon, or simply reports of Pinzon's illness and death. Pinzon returned home to Palos, arriving on 15 March 1493, precisely the same day the Nina reached the voyage's starting point. It has been claimed that Pinzon's recurring fever was syphilis.

1476 and 1477, 1480, 1481:
Some have conjectured that Columbus was able to persuade the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon to support his planned voyage only because they were aware of some recent earlier voyage across the Atlantic. Some suggest that Columbus himself visited Canada or Greenland before 1492, because according to Bartolome de las Casas he wrote he had sailed 100 leagues past an island he called Thule in 1477. Whether Columbus actually did this and what island he visited, if any, is uncertain. Columbus is thought to have visited Bristol in 1476.
Bristol was also the port from which John Cabot sailed in 1497, crewed mostly by Bristol sailors.
In a letter of late 1497 or early 1498, the English merchant John Day wrote to Columbus about Cabot's discoveries, saying that land found by Cabot was "discovered in the past by the men from Bristol who found 'Brasil' as your lordship knows". There may be records of expeditions from Bristol to find the "isle of Brazil" in 1480 and 1481. Trade between Bristol and Iceland is well documented from the mid-15th century.

1497:
It is known that Vespucci and Columbus met in Spain, and their shared appreciation of exploration and similar enterprises only furthered Vespucci's interest in the field. During this time, the crown was in search of explorers to navigate the Atlantic and help explore the West Indies. Vespucci reportedly joined a Spanish fleet in 1497 for his first expedition.
On May 10, 1497, explorer Amerigo Vespucci embarked on his first voyage to Mexico Bay. On his third and most successful voyage, he discovered present-day Rio de Janeiro and Rio de la Plata. Believing he had discovered a new continent, he called South America the New World.
He discovered Gulf of Mexico in 1497.
The first alleged European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497. Vespucci is purported to have followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba.
However, this first voyage of 1497 is widely disputed, and many historians doubt that it took place as described. In his letters, Vespucci described this trip, and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain, a famous world map was produced.

1484:
The Danish History relates, that in the year 1348, a great pestilence, which was called the black plague, depopulated a great part of the North. It carried off most of the sailors and merchants of Norway and Denmark who were engaged in the trade between Greenland and those kingdoms.
About this period the navigation to Greenland became less frequent, and the traffic began to be discontinued. But the learned Wormius assured Peyrere, that he had read in a Danish manuscript, that down to the year 1484 there was a company of more than forty sailors, at Bergen, in Norway, who went every year to Greenland and brought back some valuable products. Some German merchants had come to Bergen for the purpose of purchasing these products, which the Greenlandmen were not willing to dispose of; and it is added, that the Germans, resenting this disappointment, invited the Greenland traders to a supper, at which they put them treacherously to death.

1436, Andre Bianco (cartographer in the service of Portugal) in their letters and their discoveries of portulano Brazil or Antilia, figuring that as a large island, Sea Berry and the Sargasso Sea.

1447, a ship from the Oporto goes to Greenland where the sailors land.

1448, Andrew Bianco notes in his letters to the existence of Brazil exact distance of 1500 miles between the islands of Cape Verde and the Cape de S. Roque.

1452, Diogo de Teive and his son John discovered the island of Flores and reach the latitude of Labrador's land, not by bad weather landing in that land.

1472, Find Joao Vaz Corte Real the land of Joao Vaz = Terra Nova = Newfoundland or Land of the Cod in North America.
Evidence of this discovery of Joao Vaz not scarce and are:
1. In the letter on the North America's Atlas of Fernao Vaz Dourado, exists in Torre do Tombo (Lisbon), where it reads, in part on the Terra Nova, the following: B. Land of John, of John Vaz.
2.
In mappa-mundi of the Atlas of Jomard made on parchment by order of Henry II of France (1547-1559), where the same name for the Terra Nova is.
3.
In mappa-mundi of Mercator, Atlas of the same Jomard, which comes by words, referring to Newfoundland - Terra de Joam Vaz, Rio de Joam Vaz.
4.
In a manuscript made between 1672 and 1711 in the Azores, where better to knew the discoveries of John Vaz, which is found in the following reference to donation of D. Beatriz to John Vaz: "In the things that way, the master Bruges died, leaving no heirs. Then came the two aristocratic island who came to discover Terra of Cod; these asked the island to d. Beatrix, wife of the Infante D. Fernando, for services he had done, they did through the captaincy of Terceira island, the which she gave him. The Royal Court Joao Vaz, who was one of the aristocratic, was that of Angra.
5.
Finally, these stretches of Saudades of Terra of Gaspar Fructuoso, born in the Azores in 1522:
"Joao Vaz Royal Court, first Third master of the island from Angra, for services that did the king - Portugal in the wars against Castella, walking by capitao of thick armada, which say 'tao great adventurer was at sea in this Kingdom has no segundo' and some want to say who discovered the same island Third and 'algumas and the component parts of Brazil, Cape Verde' where he was the first there was the view of 'ilha ... Fogo and coming, as I have said, Joao Vaz Royal Court of descobrimento da Terra of Cod that by warrant of the king - was fazer', he was given the captaincy of Angra, the Island Third and the island of St. Jorge. They say that some of Jacome Bruges, first master of the island of Terceira Jesus Christo, was Flemish. And, while it came to populating ahi Joao Vaz Corte Real and the vine descobrimento of Newfoundland and the Bacalhau, Jacome Bruges of the collected and said that it leaves half of the island, which accepted, then Jacome de Bruges went to their land and gone, so that no become, and the infanta d. Beatriz, a wave, the island has said Joao Vaz Corte Real".

1495:
Travel navigator Joao Fernandes Labrador, and Pero of Barcelos to Greenland and the "Land of Labrador."

1498:
Travel of Duarte Pacheco Pereira and exploitation of the South Atlantic American coast north of the Amazon. In 1498, D. Manuel told the captain secretly Duarte Pacheco Pereira explore South America and verify its astronomical position.
Duarte is refers to the D. Manuel as follows:
"And so, lucky Prince, we have known and seen as Reyna of your third year of Our Lord of Hanoi, one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight, in which your Highness had discover the oucidental, moving beyond the grandeur of the sea ociano, honda he found human and navigate also with large land many large and adjacent Islands and that she extends to seventy graaos of Ladeza equinoctial line against the Arctic pole.
Sobredita by the coast of the equinoctial circle in front of twenty-oyto graaos of Ladeza against the pole he found antarctica nella find much brazil, with many other things that this is greatly Reyno loaded in ships".

Duarte Pacheco returned to Portugal, and later served as a guide in journey of exploration of Pedro Alvares Cabralon possetion of Brazil.

A series of expeditions to the mailings. One day docked in Lisbon one of the captains, Sancho Brandao. Tears in the "West Sea", beaten by storms and driven by a mysterious current, the master Sancho addressed a new land, inhabited by naked men in trees and opulent red ink. Afonso IV baptized a large island with the name "Island of Brazil", indicating that it was the place where was the redwood tree.

1343:
On 12 February 1343, as was customary, the Pope Clement VI announced the big event, in a letter written by Montemor-o-Novo.
And this is expressed:
We say reverently to Your Holiness that our natural were the first who found the islands mentioned in the West, drove in there eyes of our understanding, and desiring to implement our intent, our people and send some naos to explore the quality of land, which, approaching those islands, if captured, by virtue of men, animals and other things and have a great pleasure to our kingdoms.

Joined the letter discovered a map of the region and it sees the inscription:
"Insula de Brazil".
Since then the Portuguese monopolize the trade of redwood. So much so that in documents of the fourteenth century the names are linked to Brazil from Portugal. The Brazil of Portugal.

In the year 1380 the word appeared in England in Brazil verses: He locketh as a sparhawk his eyen. Him nedeth not his colour for to dyen. With Brasil, no with grain, of Portugal.

1436,
Andre Bianco (cartographer in the service of Portugal) in their letters and their discoveries of portulano Brazil or Antilia, figuring that as a large island, Sea Berry and the Sargasso Sea.

1448, Andrew Bianco notes in his letters to the existence of Brazil exact distance of 1500 miles between the islands of Cape Verde and the Cape de S. Roque.

Documents subsequent to the disappearance of two brothers, Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real, record their deeds and those of his father Joao Vaz. "The Corte Real have been in several times searching that land".

1473/1484,
Afonso Sanches discovered the Antilles. Based on statements Bartholomeu of las Casas wrote that "some escriptores hespanhoes Affonso Sanches call and provide as natural of bark, collected by Columbus in their residency on the island of Madeira, to feel him close to death revealed the secret and you wish escripto by the directions and paths that had taken and brought a letter from marear and the times and place where was the island."
Las Casas also said that when he was with Columbus to the first discovery in Cuba, "the Indians of that neighbors have reported to have reached this island HESPANHOL other white men bearded and, others like us, 'antes we annos' many others do not.

John V and Cristiano of Denmark organize and travel in place all the West.

1487,
Trip to America for Fernao Dulmo (Flemish) and Joao Affonso Estreito, with Martin Behaim which has then that built the world and the land map of the Portuguese real money, the existence the peninsula of Florida, the Antilles and the Gulf of Mexico?

1492,
Discovery, between January 30 and April 14, the land of Labrador by John Fernandes and Pedro de Barcellos.
In 1499 made D. Manuel Joao Fernandes Labrador donation to the captaincy of island or islands that 'elle found or find again'. Since resources to pay for shipping, Joao Fernandes Labrador was associated with Francis Fernandes and Joao Goncalves, squires, naturae Azores, with three Inglez merchants of Bristol, probably provided the capital needs, and they won the King Henry VII of England new letter of donation of land to discover. However, Joao Fernandes Labrador, where organized the expedition, knew of existence of land that 'go find' because in there been with Pedro de Barcellos in January to April 1492, and the end of his expedition to the dealers in Bristol but was not otherwise take possession of land previously found.

1495,
Travel navigator Joao Fernandes Labrador, and Pero of Barcelos to Greenland and the "Land of Labrador."

1498:
Travel of Duarte Pacheco Pereira and exploitation of the South Atlantic American coast north of the Amazon. In 1498, D. Manuel told the captain secretly Duarte Pacheco Pereira explore South America and verify its astronomical position.
Duarte is refers to the D. Manuel as follows:
"And so, lucky Prince, we have known and seen as Reyna of your third year of Our Lord of Hanoi, one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight, in which your Highness had discover the oucidental, moving beyond the grandeur of the sea ociano, honda he found human and navigate also with large land many large and adjacent Islands and that it extends to seventy graaos of Ladeza equinoctial line against the Arctic pole. ... the pole he found antarctica nella find much brazil, with many other things that this is greatly Reyno loaded in ships".
In quoting the details of the land and with abundant fine redwood, Duarte Pacheco leaves no doubt that it's South America. Duarte Pacheco returned to Portugal, and later served as a guide in journey of exploration of Pedro Alvares Cabralon possetion of Brazil.
Pero Vaz de Caminha in its letter of 1 May 1500 says:
"... And assy followed our path on this sea of long, until Tuesday the octave of Easter, which were twenty-one days of April, which see some signaes of land".

1481:
Christopher and his brother Bartholomew had developed a plan to travel to the Indies (then construed roughly as all of southern and eastern Asia; or only Cipangu) by sailing directly west across what was believed to be the singular "Ocean Sea," the Atlantic Ocean. By about 1481, Florentine cosmographer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli sent Columbus a map depicting such a route, with no intermediary landmass other than the mythical island of Antillia [Haiti acc. to the 1494 agreement].

1484:
In 1484 on the island of La Gomera in the Canaries, then undergoing conquest by Castile, Columbus heard from some inhabitants of El Hierro that there was supposed to be a group of islands to the west [about Antilles].

During the first years of that record the life of Christopher Columbus, this one has several trips on Portuguese vessels. In 1479 Colombus married Filipa Moniz, Commander of the Order of Santiago, whose father, Bartholomew Perestrelo, of Portuguese descent Piacenza of Italy, was one of the settlers, and captain of the donee of Porto Santo island, in the archipelago of Madeira, Portugal, where Columbus lived also. Union gave a son who was born in 1480, Diogo Colombus. He was a widower in 1485.
Christopher Colombus lived in Castile, where he was lover in widow, Beatriz de Enriquez who had a son in 1488, Fernando Colombus. Colombus offered their services to the kings of Castile to reach the India by West. In 1492 Columbus reached the "Indies" (Columbus had reached the Caribbean islands). The first document referring to Christopher Columbus in Spain, is a document of 5 May 1487 of a payment made to Christopher Columbus foreign.

1488:
The first solid references come from 1488, when Juan de la Cosa was in Portugal. At that time, navigator Bartolomeu Dias had just arrived in Lisbon, after having reached the Cape of Good Hope. The Catholic Monarchs may have sent de la Cosa to that city as a spy to obtain information and details of the discovery. He managed to return to Castile before Portuguese officers captured him.

1491:
Early in the 1490s, Juan de la Cosa was living in El Puerto de Santa Maria and owned a ship called Marigalante or Galician. It is believed that it was there that he established a business relationship with the Pinzon brothers.

1492:
Juan de la Cosa sailed with Christopher Columbus on his first three voyages to the New World. He owned and was master of the Santa Maria (second-in-command to Columbus), flagship of Columbus's first voyage in 1492. The vessel shipwrecked that year on the night of 24-25 December off the present-day site of Cap-Haitien, Haiti = Antilla. De la Cosa, in a notable act of cowardice (or treason, in Columbus's documented opinion), fled the sinking Santa Maria (his partial ownership of the vessel notwithstanding) in the flagship's boat, rather than endeavor to assist Columbus in kedging the stricken vessel from off the coral reef on which it had run aground. He and a handful of loyals made for La Nina, waiting a few hundred yards astern of the flagship, but they were turned back by La Nina's captain Vicente Yanez.